L

Bulletin No. 12.

Agroa. 31.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY.
[CJrass nixl Forage Plant IiiveNtisatioiiH.l

,-''^--.

A REPOR

UPON THE

GRASSES AND FORAGE PLANTS

.VXD

FORAGE CONDITIONS

OF THE

EASTERN ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION.

BY

THOMAS A. WILLIAMS,

ASSISTANT A(;m)STOLOc;iST.

PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE AGROSTOLOGIST.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1898.

y

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

U. S. Department of Agbiculture,

Division of Agrostology,
Washington, I). C, April 23, 1898.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith, and recommend for
publication as Bnlletin Xo.l2of this Division, a report upon the grasses
and forage plants and forage conditions of the eastern Rocky Moun-
tain region, by Thomas A. Williams, assistant agrostologist. Field
agents of the division have been carrying on investigations in the region
embraced in this report during the past three years, and Mr. Williams,
of tbe division staff, has visited, during the seasons of 1S96 and 1897,
the more important grazing districts, where, under the direction of the
Agrostologist, he has studied the present forage problems of the region
and investigated the native grasses and forage i)lants, noting their
characteristics, distribution, general prevalence, and economic impor-
tance; he has endeavored to ascertain how the most desirable sorts
may be preserved or increased, and has also made close personal obser-
vations with the view of determining some practical means of restoring
the ranges to their original grazing value, or at least preserving them
from further injury through careless and short-sighted practices. The
present report is based upon these studies and investigations, as well
as upon the results of work done by the field agents of the division.
While carrying on these investigations the work of the field agents
has not been confined to the districts easily accessible from the rail-
roads and other common lines of travel, but, by means of wagon trips and
side excursions on horseback, they have penetrated into the less-known
localities, in every case making extensive collections of specimens and
seeds, as well as obtaining all the data possible relating to the question
of forage supply. One field agent thus covered nearly 1,(100 miles in a
wagon trip of two months during the past season. (See fig. 1.) There
has also been included much valuable information acquired through
correspondence with i)rominent citizens and leading stockmen, who
have most cordially resi)onded to letters of inquiry relative to the
matters in question and materially aided the Department in the prose-
cution of these grass and forage-plant investigations. Hearty thanks
are here expressed to all those correspondents who have thus cooper-
ated in the work of the division.

3

4

Some idea of the importance of the subject of this Eeport upon the
Grasses and Forage Tlauts and Forage Conditions of the Eastern
Kocky Mountain Kegion is indicated by the following statements:

It is estimated from Report Ko. 7, Division of Statistics, that in the
State of Wyoming about 15,000,000 acres are taken up by mountains and
forest areas, about 10,000,000 acres are irrigable and hence suitable for
general agriculture, while nearly 40,000,000 acres, or almost two-thirds
of the entire State, may be regarded as pasture lauds only. In Mon-
tana the proportion of pasture lands is fully as great as in Wyoming,
while in Colorado it will probably fall but little below.

At the beginning of the year 18U7 there were in these three States
about 350,000 head of horses and mules, valued at about 89,000,000,
over 3,000,000 head of cattle, valued at nearly $56,000,000, and over
6,200,000 head of sheep, valued at over $10,500,000, or a total valuation
for the stock supported chiefly by these native pasture and meadow
lands of about $75,500,000.

The first report on the investigations of the forage plants of the
Northwest, from this division, was Bulletin No. 5, on the Grasses and
Forage Plants of the Eocky Mountain Region, by P. A. Rydberg and
C. L. Shear. This was followed by Bulletin No. 6, on the Grasses
and Forage Plants of the Dakotas, by T. A. Williams, aided by Prof.
M. A. Brannon, of North Dakota, aud E. N. Wilcox and 1 )avid Griftiths,
of South Dakota. Embracing much the same field is Prof L. H. Pam-
mel's Notes on the Grasses and Forage Plants of Iowa, Nebraska, and
Colorado, published as Bulletin No. 9 of this Division ; and another, on
The Red Desert of Wyoming and its Forage Resources, by Prof. Aven
Nelson, is now in press. In the present bulletin the topographical
features of the region are considered, including a discussion of the
soil, water supply, etc. This is followed by detailed accounts of the
cultivated grasses and forage plants and the more important forage
plants, both grasses aud species of other families, native to the region,
concluding with suggestions on methods of improvement of the forage
conditions of the ranges.

Respectfully, F. Lamson-Scribner,

Ayroatoloyist.

Hon. James Wilson,

^Secretary of Agriculture.

CONTENTS.

Page.

Introduction 7

General topographical features of the region 11

The soil 13

The water supply 15

Present aspect of the forage problem 16

Forage oonditious on the range of western South Dakota and northeastern

Wyoming 20

Cheyenne Agency to Belle Fourche River 20

Butte Post-office to Devils Tower 23

Devils Tower to New Castle 26

The southern Black Hills i-egion 28

EapidCity to Pierre 29

Cultivated grasses and forage plants 29

Timothy 30

Redtop 31

Kentucky l)lue grass 31

Smooth or Hungarian brorae-grass 32

The fescues 33

Orchard grass 34

Alfal fa 34

Red clover 35

Alsike - 36

"White clover 36

Miscellaneous forage crops 37

Native grasses and forage plants 38

Native meadow or hay grasses 38

Lowland meadows 38

Mountain meadows 44

Native pasture grasses . 50

Grasses of the plains 51

Grasses of the foothills and mountains 58

Native clovers, vetches, and lupines 60

The clovers 60

The vetches and vetchlings 62

The lupines 63

The milk-vetches 64

Rushes and sedges 65

Rushes 65

Sedges 66

Miscellaneous native forage plants 66

The bitter sages 67

The salt-sages 67

Winterfat 68

Greasewood 69

Miscellaneous -, 69

Improvement of the ranges 71

5

ILLUSTRATIONS.

I'ase.

Fig. 1. In the field 8

2. The ideal summer range - 12

3. An "alkali spot," showing characteristic greasewood vegetation ... 14

4. Fresh-water cord-grass { Spartinu cynosiiroides) 21

5. Buifalo-grass ( liiinHis dactylouJes) 28

6. Smooth or Hungarian brome-grass {Broviua inermis) 32

7. Sheep fescue {Fesiuca ovlna) 33

8. Slender wheat-grass {Ayropyron tenerum ) 39

9. Reed meadow-grass {Panicidaria amerimna) 40

10. Bunch-grass {Poa huckleyann) - 4:1

11. Bench-bind spear-grass (7'oa anVZ«) . 42

12. Nevada blue grass {Poa ncvmJensis) 43

13. AVyoming blue grass ( Poa wlieeUri ) 4.5

14. Mountain foxtail {Alopecurun ocddentalis) 46

15. Short-awned brome ( Bromus hreviaristafiis) 47

16. Rocky Mountain oat-grass (Danthonia Intermedia) 48

17. Blue grama {Hoatelona oUgosiachya) 52

18. Tall or side-oats grama ( Bindeloua vurtipendula ) 53

19. A bit of the " range " in northeast Wyoming 55

20. Prairie .1 une-grass ( Kochria criatata ) 56

21. Fine-top salt-grass (5po?-o/;o/((s wf'roif/fN) 57

22. Salt-grass (Disiichlis npicata) 58

23. King's fescue ( Festuca kingii) 59

24. ]M()untain red clover ( Trifoliiim megacephahim) 61

25. Dakota vetch {Loiitu amtricinuis) 63

26. Prairie milk-vetch {Aatraguhi^ adsiirycnn} .• 64

27. Shad scale {Atvlplcx ranescens) 67

28. Winterfat {EnroHa lanata) 69

29. Gr«;ascwood {Surcohatiis vermicnlalnn ) 69

30. Montana bush-iiea ( Thermopaiis montana) 70

6

A REPORT UPON THE GRASSES AND FORAGE PLANTS AND
FORAGE. CONDrnONS OF THE EASTERN ROCKY MOUNTAIN
REGION.

INTRODUCTION.

Stock raising will always be an importaut iiidastry in the vast
expanse of territory lying between the Kocky Mountains and the one-
hundredth meridian. The early settlers recognized its many natural
advantages for this purpose, and at once began to cover the hills and
valleys with cattle and other stock. Under the stimulating influence of
high prices, resulting largely from the demand created by the civil war,
stock raising rajiidly grew to be an industry of immense proportions.
At til St forage was plentiful ; everywhere the supply seemed inexhaust-
ible, and the ranchnmn's chief concern was to get more stock in order
that he might turn into cash the grasses of the prairies. Stock grew
and fattened on no other feed than the native grasses throughout the
entire year.

At length, however, stockmen became aware of the fact that not only
was there a possibility, but a probability, that the supjdy of forage would
soon be exhausted if they continued to follow the old methods of stock
raising. Under this old system of mismanagement the ranges were
stocked to their utmost capacity, even for the most favorable conditions,
and consequently the past series of dry seasons resulted in a great
shortage of feed. Eanchmen are already confronted with the necessity
of ])roviding extra forage supplies for use in seasons when the grasses
on the range are short.

With a view to finding some practical means of bettering existing
conditions and encouraging stockmen in their efforts to grow forage
crops, a series of investigations of the various forage problems existing
in the West and Xorthwest, particularly in the States of Montana,
Wyoming, and Colorado, is being carried on by the direction of the
Secretary of Agriculture through the Division of Agrostology. These
investigations are designed to secure full and accurate information
regarding the present condition of the forage problem; what the great-
est needs are, and how they can be met in the most practical manner;
to study the native grasses and forage plants, their characteristics, dis-
tribution, abundance, and value; to ascertain the best means of pre-
serving the more desirable sorts, and to introduce into cultivation such
as promise to be of value; to devise some practical treatment for the

8

ranges whicL will not only restore tlieir original grazing valne but
guard against future injury through overstocking and other careless
and shortsighted practices.

The information upon which this report is based has been gathered
from various sources. During the past three seasons iield agents of
the division have been working in the different parts of the region in
question studying matters pertaining to the forage supply. The writer
has made two trips into the more important grazing districts, and,
under the direction of the chief of the division, has studied the condi-
tions and needs by consulting with the stockmen and collecting all
facts likely to aid in the work of getting at a i^ractical solution of the

Fig. 1.— In the field.

various forage problems confronting the ])eople at the present time,
and thereby laying the foundations for more intelligent and economical
practices in the future.

In April, 1897, the following circular letter with the aj^pended (jues-
tions was sent to prominent stockmen, farmers, and others interested
in the forage problem :

Unitkd States Dei-aktment oi' Agricultcre,

Division of Agrostology,

IVashhigfon, T). C, Ajfril, 1S07.

Deaii Sir: Under tlio direction of the Secretary of Agriculture this division is

investigating the forage question in tlie Northwest, particularly in the States of

^lontana, Colorado, and Wyoming. In this investigation particular attention is

being given to the native grasses and for.ige ])laats, their characteristics, distribu-

9

tion, abundance, and valne; the best means of preservinf;; the more valuable kinds,
and the methods to be employed in reclaiming those ranges which have been ren-
dered of little or no value for grazing, through overstocking or other causes. In
order to obtain a more definite idea as to what the present conditions and greatest
needs are, and to gain all possible information that will aid us in determining the
most practical methods of improving these conditions, by the introduction and cul-
tivation of new grasses aud forage plants or by the preservation and cultivation of
native species, correspondence is hereby invited with all interested in the develop-
ment and preservation of the stock-raising and dairying industries.

There are over 225 different grasses native to this region, and it would be difficult
to give an adequate estimate of their immense value as a natural resource. Ever
since the Northwest has been settled these grasses have been the chief source of food
for the many thousands of horses, cattle, and sheep raised there, and many of them
will undoubtedly prove more valuable under cultivation than they are in the native
state.

Any assistance you may render in this undertaking, either by sending us the names
and addresses of leading farmers, stock raisers, and dairymen of your region, or by
furnishing information relative to the points above indicated, will be highly
appreciated

Yours, truly, F. Lamson-Scribnkr,

Agrostologist.

Approved :

James Wilson,

Secretary of Agriculture.

(1) What is the chief forage problem in your section — that is, do you need hay
plants, soiling crops, drought-resistant crops, winter forage, or early spring or late
autumn forage?

(2) How many head of cattle, horses, or sheep can be safely pastured to the square
mile under existing conditions?

(3) Has the stock-carrying capacity of the ranges and pastures in your section been
diminished through overstocking or other causes? If so, to what extent?

(4) What treatment do you recommend for restoring, renewing, and improving
the rauges where they have been overstocked?

(5) What are the most highly valued native grasses and forage plants, and are
there any tame grasses or forage plants which might be profitably introduced on the
ranges to take the place of the valuable wild grasses of former years?

(6) What is the general character of the land in your locality, and what grasses
flourish best on it?

Answers were received from about 600 persons, and the following
may be taken as representative of the ideas expressed by the great
majority of them.

From Governor Robert B. Smith, of Montana, tbe following answers
were received:

(1) We need drought-resistant crops and winter forage.

(2) Fifty head of horses or cattle or 2,^0 sheep.

(3) Where sheep range, destroyed at least one-half.

(4) If sheep were compelled to be kept in certain portions of the range and the
remainder left free for cattle or horses, the range would be fully restored in three
years. Sheep destroy the range ; cattle and horses do not.

(5) Blue-joint and buffalo-grass are the best native grasses. Do not know of any
tame grasses to take their places.

(6) Light gravelly land; soil not deep but rich, and with large per cent of alkali.
Buffalo-grass and blue-joint flourish best.

10

From Hon. John C. Bell, M. C, of Colorado:

(1) In the rncompaligre, Gunnison, and C4ran(l valleys, the San Luis Valley, and
the upper portion of the Arkansas Valley, our great field plant is alfalfa. The
mountain sides, mesas, and foothills are covered with bunch grass which supplies
all herds from about April 1 to December 1. If we could find some grass that would
flourish in the low foothills without irrigation for winter feed it would bo a great
boon to all of Colorado. Our summer forage is ample and of the very best (luality.

(2) The ranges vary so that no approximate estimate can be made. On some
hiuh mesas where the snow is deep in winter the grass is very abundant, but lower
down it decreases. But these ranges are ample for all the stock that can be wintered
in the valleys below.

(3) Not in the mountainous regions.

(i) Cattle and horses rarely impoverish a range, as they do not feed in close
bunches, but sheep tramp out and practically destroy the grasses wherever they are
kept. Horses and cattle will not remain or feed with them on the range.

(5) Buncb-grass and blue-stem in the mountain regions can not be surpassed unless
some grass could bo found that would stand the drought in the foothills.

(6) We have three varieties — adobe, black loam soil on the river bottoms, and the
high " red oxide " mesa lands. Vegetables grow best on the black loam, wheat and
oats on the adobe, fruit trees and alfalfa on the high mesa, though it is all better
than the average lands of the country for any of the ordinary crops, and would
probaljly produce most of the common grasses, though but little experiment has
been made in this direction.

From Hon. Jos. M. Carey, Cheyenne, Wyo.:

(1) The introduction of a forage plant that will mature during our short seasons
and will afford good grazing all the year, the seed of which would germinate and
grow by simply being raked or '-disked in"on the native soil. The native grasses are
so valuable that it would ho unwise to destroy them, but with nutritious grasses to
supplement them the capacity of a given section for grazing purposes might be
greatly increased.

(2) This depends upon circumstances. Some sections as they were left by nature
would scarcely carry an animal ; others, 30 to 40 head. Should say average 1.5 head
for three hundred and sixty-five days.

(3) Yes; but as soon as cattle are removed the ranges again grow up to the native
grasses. When I speak of cattle I mean neat cattle and horses. Where sheep graze
for a number of years weeds take the place of native grasses.

(4) Kest.

(5) Bunchi-grass, blue-stem, and buflalo-grass are the varieties best known to
stockmen. I do not know of any.

(6) Sod free from brush of any kind. The native grasses referred to; with irriga-
tion all of the small grains and forage plants that are common in this latitucU' pro-
duce well. Alfalfa does well everywhere in this State when irrigated, where the
altitude is not over 5,000 feet. Three crops may be harvested; season's production,
from 3 to 6 tons an acre.

A glance tlirou<ili this correspondence shows at once that not one
but many problems relating- to the forage supply demand attention.
Localities having like soil and climatic conditions may still differ widely
as to the most pressing needs. Thus, in one locality the greatest need
may be early spring forage, in another it may be winter forage, and in
still another it may be summer feed, while in many localities it is a
question of a general shortage for the entire year.

The study of the forage question in the West and Northwest has not

11

been carried far euougii to give us solutions to all the problems con-
frontiug the stockman, but it has been sufficient to reveal pretty clearly
the causes that have led up to the preseut exhausted condition of the
range. It shows that the past methods of handling the range have
been shortsighted, and that while these practices are being in a meas-
ure corrected by the natural course of events, it is imperative that steps
should be taken to restore and preserve tlie productiveness of the native
meadow and pasture lands before the destruction has g'one too far.
The improvement in the native forage noticeable in some localities dur-
ing the past one or two seasons is likely to be but temporary, as already
stockmen in these localities are trying to increase their herds, and the
lands will soon be overstocked again.

The investigation has also resulted in a large amount of valuable
data regarding the native grasses and forage plants, the wealth of spe-
cies found in the region, their value in the natural condition, and their
possibilities under cultivation. There can scarcely be any doubt that
vsome of these native forms will ultimately become as valuable for
general cultivation as many of the so-called " tame " sorts.

GENERAL TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF THE REGION.

The topograi^hical features of the three States comprising the greater
part of the Eastern Eocky Mountain region are, in umny respects, very
similar. The continental divide, which traverses Montana about LOO
miles east of the western boundary and nearly parallel with it, enters
Wyoming a little to the southward of the northwestern corner of that
State and continues its general trend to the southeast until it reaches
central Colorado, where it turns rather abruptly "to the southwest.
Approxiuiately fivo-sixths of Montana, three-fourths of Wyoming, and
two-thirds of Colorado lie east of this divide. While in each State the
greater part of the mountain area is found in the immediate vicinity of
this divide, numerous outlying ranges occur which exert a great influ-
ence, not only upon the physical character of the country, but also
upon the climatic conditions, particularlj^ in the distribution of the
moisture; as, for example, the Big and Little Belt Mountains, Snow
Mountains, Bears Paw ]\Iountains in Montana, Shoshone Mountains,
Big Horn Mountains, Bear Lodge Mountains, and Laramie Mountains,
in Wyoming, and the Sangre de Cristo and other ranges in Colorado.

In most cases the mountains along the main divide are rugged, with
precipitous sides, more or less thickly covered with timber, which is
chiefly evergreen, or coniferous. Sometimes the forest covering is so
heavy that the growth of grasses is very limited, but usually there are
numerous "parks" or "opens," in which flourish certain grasses and
other forage plants. The slopes of the mountain ranges are cut up by
numerous gulches and canyons, through which flow streams of water,
fed largely by the melting snows on the mountain tops. The valleys
of these streams widen out here and there into grass-covered areas of

12

various sizes, formiug the "mountain meadows" for wLicb this region
is justly famous. The valleys of many of the larger mountain streams,
uniting with those of their more important tributaries, often form areas
of considerable extent, in which, because of the rich soil and abundant
supply of moisture, luxuriant growths of native grasses are produced.
These areas, variously called "basins,'' "parks," etc., protected as they
are by mountains on all sides and provided with an abundance of
excellent forage and pure water, are magnificent natural pastures,
whose only drawback is that often the altitude is so high and the snow-
fall is so great that they can be used for only a limited portion of the
year. (See fig. 2.) Excellent examples of these areas are Spanish Creek
basin, in southern Montana ; Centennial Valley, at the head of the Little
Laramie liiver, in Wyoming, and the numerous "parks" of Colorado.

Fig. 2. — The ideal summer range. (From pbutograiili by I'rof. A. Nclsnii.)

In some of the outlying ranges the mountains are less rugged, the
sloi)es are often but sparsely or not at all wooded, and hence otter pro-
portionately larger forage producing areas. For example, the Big
ITorn and Bear Lodge ranges, in Wyoming, contain large areas of grass
lands, the former exi)anding towaid tlie south into a broad, irregular
plateau, a very considerable portion of which is covered with a fine
sod of native grasses. In many iwrtions of this region the mountains
are fringed with an irregular series of foothills, which iiass sometimes
abru])tly, sometimes gradually, into table-lands or mesas, and these in
turn are followed b}^ broad valleys and open prairies or plains proi)er.
The freciuent arrangement of the land along streams into terraces or
successive '-benches" is of considerable importance from an agricul-
tural point (»f view, since very often the table-lands (lifter considerably
from the valleys below as to the supply of moisture and the earliness
and length of the growing season. This is well illustrated by the
Gallatin Valley about Bozeman, Mont., where the season is much

13

earlier on the table-lands. Often it is a difficult matter to get water
for irrigation upon these benches, and farmers must depend upon the
snow and rain for the supply of moisture for their crops. Along some
of the streams, as in the case of the Big Horn Eiver in Wyoming,
there are no benches or terraces, the valley being limited by high,
abrupt bluffs leading to the uplands which rise gradually to the foot-
hills and mountains.

Extending to the eastward from the principal ranges of the Conti-
nental Divide are the vast stretches of level plain, rolling prairie, and
rough, eroded bad lands, constituting the great range region east of
the Eocky Mountains. Over a considerable portion of this region
rugged buttes are scattered here and there in addition to the previously
mentioned outlying mountains, relieving the monotony of prairie and
plain and affording welcome landmarks for the cowboy and traveler.
Occasionally considerable portions of the plains area are cut off" from
the remainder by natural barriers of hills and mountain ranges, form-
ing drainage basins of considerable extent, as in the case of the Judith
basin, in Montana, and the Big Horn basin and the Laramie plains, in
Wyoming.

THE SOIL.

The character of the soil in the eastern Eocky Mountain region is
exceedingly varied. According to Prof. W. C. Knight, "the various
geological formations which have entered into the soils of Wyoming
range from Archiean to the Pliocene Tertiary," and the great variability
in the composition of the different soils is readily explained from the
fact that "some of them have been derived from the entire series of
rocks ranging from the Archaean to the close of the Tertiary, while
others are the result of the decaying of a single geological horizon."
These statements are essentially true of ^Montana and Colorado. The
soil in the valleys varies from light sandy loam to a heavy black loam
or a stiff clay. Sometimes a great deal of gravel is present, and
often, particularly in the higher valleys, the surface is strewn with
bowlders of various sizes brought down by glaciers or mountain tor-
rents. These bowlders are particularly abundant In the valleys of
some of the streams rising in the Big Horn, Shoshone, and Medicine
Bow mountains, often rendering it practically impossil)le to drive
through with a wagon. The ranchers assert that when the land is
brought under irrigation these bowlders gradually work into the soil
and in a few years all the smaller ones disap])ear beneath the surface,
making it possible to use the land for hay meadows. The soil is
usually fertile and gives excellent yields of grass. In many places
the clay contains quantities of "alkali" and constitutes the so-called
"gumbo" and "adobe" soils. The soil of the foothills and mesas is
usually quite sandy or gravelly, and is warmer, and hence earlier, than
the heavier soil of the valleys. On the prairies and plains the soil
varies from a sandy to a clay loam, in some places thick and well sup-

14

plied with bumus, iu others thin and poor. Throughout the greater
part of this region the subsoil is clayey, but in some localities, i^articu-
larly near the mountains, where the drift aud wash is great, it may be
(juite gravelly in nature. Over the entire region, outside of the moun-
tains and higher foothills, the soil is characterized by the presence of
a greater or less amount of alkali. In the well-drained soils of the
footliills, mesas, and rolling prairies the amount of alkali present is
usually small, but in the broad, flat valleys and level plains it is often
hirge — sometimes so great as to completely change the character of the

vegetation. (See tig.
3.) The water from
rains and melting
snows passes over
and through the sur-
face soil and leaches
out the alkali, which
is carried to the
streams, lakes, and
ponds. Naturally,
much of this water is
gathered into low
places in the plains
and valleys, where
it is evaporated rap-
idly, leaving the al-
kali in the surround-
ing soil. In many
places the alkali has
been brought to the
surface in consider-
able ([uantitics as a
result of improper
irrigation. This is
especially likely to
occur if water is used
in large (piantities
and then allowed to
evaporate from the surface. This maybe avoided in a large degree by
frecpient and shallow cultivation after each application of water. Often
the water used in irrigating is heavily charged with alkali, which, added
to that already present in the soil, ultimately renders the latter unlit
for the successful growing of the ordinary farm crops. In pojjular par-
lance there are two kinds of "alkali'' lands — "black alkali'' and
"white alkali." The former owes its peculiarities to the jiresence of
salsoda (sodium carbonate) and the latter to tlie presence of (ilauber
salt (sodinm sulphate) and lOpsom salt (magnesium sulphate i. The
"black alkali" is much more injurious to vegetation than the "white
alkali," and fortunately is much less cominon in this region.

4;

'^i

y.

Tig. 3. — An ''.Mkali sjiot." sliowiiii; cliaiiu tcrislic greascwooil Vf;;e-

tatioii.

15

THE WATER SUPPLY.

Over a considerable portion of tbe region under consideration the
annual precii)itation, or rainfall, is quite limited. In the great plains
area it is not probable that the average would be over 10 or 12 inches
per annum — more in the favored localities and less elsewhere. On the
mountains and in their immediate vicinity water is usually abundant,
and were it not for the many lofty peaks, whose perennial snows supply
the streams originating in them, the country would be a desert indeed,
and agriculture impossible. As it is, the farmer or stockman is filled
with joy when he sees the mountain tops becoming whitened with heavy
snows; for they promise him a plentiful supply of water for his crops
and his stock during- the summer months. Countless streams fed
by these snows find their way down to the plain, where they unite to
form the larger water- courses — the Missouri, Yellowstone, Platte, and
Arkansas rivers. Were it possible to properly husband the water
flowing in these streams so that it could be distributed over the land
when it is most needed, the forage problem would be a simple one and
easily settled in a very large portion of this ^region for a long time to
come.

Under the present condition much of the water runs off during the
spring freshets and is lost, wL yops and stock often suffer severely
for water later in the season. This trouble is sometimes aggravated by
the removal of the forest cover in the mountains by fires or by the
wholesale cutting of timber. The proper maintenance of this forest
cover about the source of the streams furnishing water for irrigation is
a matter of vital importance to this whole region, and every possible
effort should be put forth to secure it from destruction. A correspond-
ent from Eoutt County, Colo., writes, "The greatest evil to the range
is the destruction of the timber and underbrush at the head of the
streams through fires," and many other correspondents have expressed
similar views. A good illustration of the injurious effect of the
destruction of the forest cover was observed the past season in the
Big Horn Mountains, where thousands of acres of spruce and pine tim-
ber have been killed by fire, allowing the early and rapid running off
of water from the melting snows, and a consequent shortage later in
the season in the streams depending upon them for their supply.

Out on the plains, away from the mountains, not only is the i)recipi
tation less, but the streams are farther apart, and many of them, because
of the excessive evaporation or porous character of the bed, become dry
during the summer and autumn months, so that the water supply is
insufficient for irrigation, and often it is difficult and sometimes even
impossible for the rancher to obtain enough to water his stock. Ani-
mals wandering back and forth in search of water trample out and
destroy many of the valuable grasses which would otherwise be able
to survive the drought. During freshets resulting from melting of the
snows in the spring on such a wide expanse of territory, with little if

16

anything to retard the rush of the water into the streams and low
phices, immense quantities of water are entirely lost. Again, the raiu
often comes in such sudden and violent storms that but a small propor-
tion of it has time to soak into the soil, the rest rushes into the water-
courses, and is speedily carried away. Thus many localities suffer from
lack of water, although the annual precipitation, could it be preserved,
would, perhaps, be amply sufficient for present needs.

The Belle Fourche Eiver drains a considerable territory in north-
eastern Wyoming, and during the spring it becomes a raging torrent,
carrying off immense quantities of water, while it is often so low dur-
ing the dry season that no water runs through it in the upper part of
its course. The construction of reservoirs to catch and retain the water
from the rains and melting snow would undoubtedly go a long way
toward the solution of the forage question in many localities on the
open ranges. In many i)laces there are natural basins which could be
made into reservoirs at a very small expeuse compared with the great
good to the farmers and stockmen which this conservation of water
would accomplish.

The excessive trampling of the stock and consecpient packing of the
soil and the destruction of vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the
springs and small streams are no doubt largely responsible for the fact
that many of them are now dry for some time during the summer and
autumn, though in former years they furnished water throughout the
season. Very naturally the stock eats the forage nearest to the water-
ing places first. Soon the vegetation becomes closely cropped, and as
the animals visit the watering places daily, the plants are allowed no
opportunity to recuperate, and as a result the ground is soon almost
or quite destitute of vegetation.

PRESENT ASPECT OF THE FOKAGE PROBLEM.

The as])ect of the forage question has changed very materially
throughout the eastern Kocky Mountain region in the past ten or
fifteen years. Formerly comparatively little general agriculture was
I)racticed, except in a few localities near the larger cities and towns.
Lack of moisture or of facilities for irrigation made itdiflicult to secure
good crops. Many of the early settlers were engaged in mining, and
in the eager search for gold and silver found little time or inclination
to engage in agricultural i)ursuits unless forced to do so by the faihire
of tlieir mining ventures; others, noticing the great abundance of nutri-
tious forage, bent their energies toward getting together as much stock
as possible in order that they might take full advantage of this great
natural resoun^e. This course soon resulted in the establishment of
numerous large ranches, each controlling a wide stretch of territory,
and Tiatnrally discouraged the taking up of tillable lands for general
agiicultnral i)uri)oses. Hence, farming was largely confined to small
inclosed areas on the ranches and to the more protected localities

17

near the larger settlements. Owing to the light rainfall during the
summer and autumn the native grasses cured on the ground in such
excellent condition that little if any hay or grain was necessary to
Citrry the stock through the winter, and the rancher preferred to buy
imported flour and canned fruits and vegetables than to bother about
farming.

Upon the advent of the recent series of dry seasons it soon became
evident that the ranges were too heavily stocked. Ranchmen were
forced to provide forage for their stock in order to carry it through the
winter. This has led to the fencing of hay meadows and the cultiva-
tion of alfalfa, timothy, and other hay and forage crops. But this
made stock raising more expensive and forced many of the large con-
cerns to go out of business. Then, too, as irrigatiou began to be
practiced it soon became evident that many portions of the region were
adapted to general farming, and settlers began to take up the land
along the streams and to i)lant it to crojjs of various kinds. This
interfered with the methods of ranging stock practiced on the large
ranches, and the stockmen were forced to reduce their herds or seek new
ranges. Very often it was found to be more profitable to divide the
big ranch into small holdings and sell or rent to farmers and small
ranchmen than to continue in the stock business.

In many instances the stockmen owned but little, or noue, of the land
over which their stock grazed, and their improvements were of little
value. In other cases large tracts of land had been purchased or
leased and considerable sums of money expended in building fences
and making other improvements. As the country has become more and
more settled, the former class has largely disappeared. The ranches
of the latter class have either accommodated themselves to the changed
conditions and developed into the large successfully conducted stock-
growing establishments of to-day or have given way entirely to the
smaller ranch and farm, where a combination of stock raising and croo
growing is practiced.

This changed condition of things is very apparent in northern Wyo-
ming, where in many places the land of the valleys has recently been
brought under irrigation and affords fine crops of wheat, oats, rye,
barley, early corn, timothy, clover, redtop, and alfalfa. On the Gray
Bull River and elsewhere in the Big Horn Basin the change has been
brought about largely within the past five or ten years. Instead of
the large herds, controlled by a«comparatively few wealthy men or by
stock companies, the tendency is toward the smaller herds of the indi-
vidual rancher. Instead of depending so largely upon the Southwest
for young cattle the ranchmen are beginning to raise more young stock
themselves, and they are beginning to handle better-bred animals and
to bring them to a marketable condition at an earlier age.

One of the most pressing needs of this region is a hay plant that Avill
endure the dry weather and afibrd profitable yields. In localities where
20013— No. 12 2

18

water can be had for irrigation there is usually little difficulty in rais-
ing plenty of alfalfa, and then the need is for a supplementary hay or
forage of some sort in order that the alfalfa may be fed to the best
advantage. For much the greater portion of the region, however, irri-
gation is either impossible or impracticable, and here a drought-resistant
grass or forage crop is very much needed. Nearly six hundred farmers
and stockmen, representing nearly every county in the States of Colo-
rado, Wyoming, and Montana, and many from adjoining States, in
answer to the question, what is your present greatest need in the way
of forage, place hay and winter forage first, almost without exception.
In some localities winter pasturage is deemed more necessary than
hay or coarse forage, but with the changes in the methods of handling
cattle and the growing tendency toward winter feeding the use of
various kinds of hay and fodder crops is yearly becoming more general.
This, together with the fact that in many localities the range has
been so reduced by drought and overstocking that it is hardly suilicient
for summer paturage alone, making winter feeding absolutely neces-
sary, renders the demand for hay and fodder crops imperative. Then
again, the heavy losses of stock during some of the severe storms of
recent years have taught the ranchmen the necessity of providing
winter feed as a precautionary measure, if for no other reason.

Of scarcely less importance than winter feed, and by some ranchmen
regarded of even more importance, is the need of early pasturage. There
is a period of a month or more, after the breaking up of winter and
before the native grasses get started, which is one of the most critical
for the ranchmen of this region. Stock is more or less weakened as a
result of the winter season, and palatable food is usually exceedingly
scarce. The stockmen say that if some grass (iould be introduced that
would provide pasturage earlier than the native grasses do, it would be
worth many thousands of dollars to them annually.

Another matter of great importance to the ranchmen of the North-
west is the question of autumn forage. The native grasses on the
open ranges dry up in the latter part of the summer. Formerly the
growth was sufficiently abundant to provide plenty of well cured nutri
tious forage, but now the ranges are so baie in many localities at the
end of the summer that stock can get practically no autumn grazing
outshle of the fenced areas. Near the mountains the custom is to
range the stock in the liigher foothills and mountain valleys during the
sununer, and upon the appearance of the early snows to take it down
into the lower foothills, where it is kept during the autumn, or often
the entire winter; but in many places dionglit and overstocking have so
depleted these fall and winter grazing lands that they now afford com-
paratively little forage and are becoming covered with worthless weeds.
In such l(»calities it is necessary to begin feeding the stock long before
winter begins in order to keep it in good condition. The rancher
regards as his most favorable season one in which there is a heavy

19

rainfall during the spring and early summer months, a dry autumn and
an open winter, with little snowfall or with high winds to blow the snow
into the ravines and gullies. This gives a heavy growth of grass,
which cures on the ground, where it can be grazed by the stock during
the late fall and winter.

A considerable portion of this region has an altitude too great for
the successful growing of alfalfa and other commonly cultivated forage
crops, although it includes a great deal of rich land well supplied with
natural moisture or capable of being irrigated readily. Thus in Mon-
tana the altitudinal limit for the successful growing of alfalfa ranges
from about 4,500 to 5,000 feet, and more than one-half of the total area
of the State is above this limit; in Wyoming its altitudinal limit seems
to be not far from 5,000 feet, and over three fourths of the State is above
this altitude ; in Colorado it can be successfully grown up to about
G,500 feet in the northern and 7,500 feet in the southern part of the
State, and nearly one-half of the State is above this limit. Timothy
can usually be successfully grown at an altitude of from 500 to 1.000
feet above that of the limit for alfalfa, and hence replaces it to a greater
or less extent, but there is a very decided demand by tbe farmers and
stockmen for a forage crop adapted to these higher altitudes. Mr.
T. P. McDonald, of Carbon County, Mont., expresses the sentiment of
many when he writes, " We need a good forage plant that will grow
and mature above the 5,000-foot level."

In addition to the above-mentioned needs, all of which are of quite
general importance, there are many of more or less local significance
demanding the attention of the investigator and the farmer. Although
alfalfa and other coarse crops can be raised successfully in most local-
ities and are good for hay, they are not satisfactory for general jiastur-
age, and there is a demand for a good pasture grass to be grown under
irrigation. In other localities the land is too strongly impregnated with
alkali, either from natural causes or through injudicious irrigation, for
the successful cultivation of the ordinary forage crops, and plants are
desired that will flourish on such soil. In still other localities, particu-
larly near the larger cities and towns, crops suitable for soiling are
needed.

In some instances the present lack of forage is due quite as much to
the slowness of the farmers and stockmen to adapt themselves to the
existing conditions as it is to the want of suitable crops for cultivation.
It is hard to get out of the old slip-shod ways, even though it is known
that a little well-directed effort will make a given amount of land yield
several times as much forage as it did formerly. Careful attention to
the development of native meadows and pastures and a more general
cultivation of miscellaneous forage crops that can be grown with at
least a fair degree of success in nearly all localities will do much toward
solving the forage problem.

The effect of such effort is well illustrated by the excellent native

20

meadows that have been produced by intelligent irrigation, examples
of which may be seen along the valleys of the Platte, Bear, Gallatin,
and Belle Fourche rivers, in the Big Horn Basin, as well as along
many other streams of the region. On the other hand, the injurious
effect of careless treatment is very apparent on many ranches where,
because there is a great abundance of water, the meadows are kept so
wet that the better grasses are driven out and their places taken by
sedges and rushes, producing an inferior quality of hay.

The following description of the conditions prevailing on the range
between the Missouri River, in South Dakota, and the Upper Belle
Fourche Eiver, in Wyoming, may be taken as typical of those obtain-
ing over the Northwest generally and illustrative of the marked effect
that an isolated mountainous region like the Black Hills may have
upon forage production and agriculture in general. The notes were
taken during a wagon trip from the (Jheyenue Indian Agency, on the
Missouri River, up the Moreau River and across to the Belle Fourche
River, in northeastern Wyoming, and back through the southern Black
Hills to Pierre, S. Dak.

FORAGE CONDITIONS ON THE RANGE OF WESTERN SOUTH DAKOTA
AND NORTHEASTERN WYOMING.*

CHEYENNE AGENCY TO BELLE FOUECHE RIVER.

This region varies greatly in the character of its surface. The laud
near the streams, especially the Moreau and the Missouri rivers, is
exceptionally rough. There are no great elevations or depressions, but
the smaller ones are a host. Back 3 or 4 miles from the river there are
table lands of considerable extent which are comparatively level, even
in the lower course. Farther west the country is not so rough, the
region from the mouth of Thunder Creek to the Belle Fourche being
an undulating prairie.

The soil over a large part of the eastern portion of the region resem-
bles that east of the Missouri River very much. The humus decreases
gradually to the westward and one encounters more gumbo. The
whole region is covered with grass except occasional small si)ots of
gumbo and the steeper bluffs along the Moreau and Missouri rivers.
The eastern portion of the region differs from the western also in hav-
ing fewer sandy knolls.

All the streams tributary to the Moreau and Cheyenne are wooded
to some extent. There are two or three conditions which are suggestive
in regard to the growth of timber. The soil is heavy and does not
allow the water to percolate through it very easily, but when once
started washes badly. This leads to washouts and holes in the stream

*A1>striict from the report of Mr. David firiffitlis, who served as field a<;<'nt for the
divinion in South Dakota and Wyoming under a commission extending fri>m the
middle of July to the middle of September, 18137.

21

beds which hold water until late iu the summer. The trees getting
started around these water-holes are supplied with sufficient moisture
during- the growing season. The stockmen and Indians have exercised
much vigilance of late in keeping out fires. Near Bixby it was stated
that it has been ten years since fire has passed over that region.
When fire does get started, it
is not so destructive to trees
and shrubbery as it would be
if there was more grass on
the ground. Almost invari-
ably we found the feed very
short near the water- lioles.
During the summer the range
cattle feed near the water,
working back on to the o])en
range as feed conditions de-
ma n d . Consequently, by
the time vegetation is dry
enough to burn, the grass
in the vicinity of the water-
holes is very short and fire
does not do so much damage.

The timber along the Mo-
reau is made up of cotton-
wood, willows, buffalo berry,
box elder, green ash, white
elm, plums, and cherries,
with buck-bush, poison oak,
and various species of rose as
uudershrubs. On the bluffs
on either side are found Rhm
trilohata and an occasional
red cedar. Sage-brush ( A rte-
misia JongifoUa) is common
over limited areas in the
western portion of the region,
while species of cactus are
common everywhere.

The feed on the Indian reservation is much superior to that farther
west, the main reason for this being that it is not pastured so closely.
The Indians have only a few cattle, and it appeared that they were
taking considerable pains to keep the feed along the Moreau River for
winter use. However this may be, Ave saw but few cattle on the river
bottom while on the reservation. Neither were any Indians seen except-
ing at three points on the river. Their log houses and stables were in
evidence all along, but no Indians or cattle to speak of. They were

Fig. 4. — Fresli-water cord-grass (Spartina cynosuroides) :
a, spikelet, showing three stamens; &, spikelet, show-
ing the projecting stigmas of the pistil; c, the same,
with the outer glumes removed.

22

congregated at Wliite Horse camp and tlie agency. Near each one of
tliese bouses was a small piece of ground, from 2 to 3 acres, fenced and
under cultivation. Their crops consist of corn, potatoes, pumpkins,
and melons. These were usually well tended and a good crop. There
were a few pieces of wheat which were an average crop. The Indians
evidently do not cultivate the same piece of ground for many years in
succession. It was not an uncommon thing to find patches of ground,
which had once been under cultivation, all grown up to weeds, and the
fence removed from it, possibly to get fresh soil, but probably more
often to get rid of the weeds. It was learned that the Indians make
almost no preparation for winter feeding, except to save, as much as pos-
sible, the feed around their winter quarters. As they have but a small
bunch of cattle, they are able to keep close watch of them. (^)uite a
number of cattle were seen which were being driven down to the agency
to be sold for beef They were invariably in good condition.

After leaving the Missouri bottoms no big sand-grass {Calamovilfa
longifoUa) was noticed until the party arrived at the Moreau near White
Horse camp. Big cord-grass {Spartina cynosuroides) (fig. 4) is the
principal grass along the ravines and gullies, and big sand-grass is
very common on the knolls farther west. The distribution of big sand-
grass, of course, throws much light on the character of the soil. Both
of these grasses were pastured closely in the western portion of the
region where the feed was short. Usually these grasses are not cut
for hay, but this season it is said that they will form the bulk of it,
owing to the scarcity of wheat-grass,

Prairie June-grass {Koekria cristata) is a much more important grass
on the high prairie in the eastern portion of this region than anywhere
else we visited. The small table lands back 3 or 4 miles from the river
invariably contain fine growths of this grass, at times almost to the
exclusion of the other grasses. There was a large area near Virgin
Buttes that stood 10 inches high and so thick that the heads which
were then ripe gave a brown appearance to the whole area. It is very
common on all the high ground.

rorcui)ine-grass {Stipa spariea) and needle-grass {Stipa comata) are
found to some extent all along the Moreau bottoms, the latter becoming
a very important pasture grass to the westward. Feather bunch-grass
{S. viriclula) is more important on the highland regions eastward. Here
it is a very valuable pasture grass and is often found with western
wheat-grass {A(/ropi/ron spicatum) and blue grama [BouicUma oUfi<>-
stachya) in sufficient (piantity to nnike considerable hay.

The more important grasses and forage plants of the region are as
follows: Blue grama {Boiiteloua olujostaclnja), western wheat-grass
{Agropyron Hpicatum)^ big blue stem {Andropogon provhicialis), prairie
June-grass (Koeleria cristata), big cord-grass (.S>rrr^/?ja cynosnroides),
needle-grass {Stqjci comata), feather bunch-grass {S. riridula), big sand-
grass {Calamovilfa longifoiia), buffalo-grass [Bulbil is dactyloides),

23

Dakota vetch {Lotus amtricanus), wild rye {Elymns canadensis), and
Carex fiUfoJia. The hist is of special value early iu the season.

Dakota vetch {Lotas amcricanus) is very abundant along the river
bottoms. There are often large patches of it which are almost pure.
If this proves valuable under cultivation it will be easily propagated,
for it produces an abundance of seed. It has, however, the disadvan-
tage of ripening its seed unevenly. Usually the older pods have burst
open before the later ones have ripened.

BUTTE POST-OFFICE TO DEVILS TOWER.

The change that takes place as one proceeds along the Owl Butte
road from Dead Horse Creek toward the foothills of the Black Hills is
something wonderful. One passes from a region where the ranches are
5 to 40 miles apart, where there is practically no cultivation, and where
there is nothing to break the monotony of the scene but bunches of
cattle feeding in the "draws" and an occasional patch of scrubby box
elder and ash on the creek bottoms, to a thickly settled region, where
thei c are good buildings, excellent crops of grain and hay, and where
everything iu the shape of vegetation makes a thrifty growth. The
greater part of the land along the Belle Fourche from Butte to the
Tower is fenced, either for growing cultivated crops or for winter feed.
For about half the distance from Butte to Belle Fourche the route was
through a narrow lane left for a road and in which there was no feed
whatever — everything being pastured closely. The farmers fence their
crops, pastures, and hay land, and turn their cattle out into the roads
which lead into the Black Hills on one side and into the open range on
the other. The party, at times, experienced some trouble in finding
feed for their horses.

Nearly everything depends on irrigation here, the water being car-
ried from tributaries of the Belle Fourche by a system of ditches
and sluices onto the land. Nowhere is water taken from the Belle
Fourche itself, the reason being that the river has not sufficient fall to
enable farmers to get the water onto the land without too great an
expense. It was learned also that the volume of water in the river
fluctuates greatly, a rise of many feet occurring in a few hours at times
when heavy rains fall in portions of its drainage basin. Damming has
been tried in several localities without success. As the tributaries from
the hills are quite numerous, the farmers are usually able, by judicious
management, to get a sufficient volume of water for their crops from
them. Usually the water is exhausted before the middle of July, but
by an intelligent use of their supply during May and June they are
able to raise fine crops. In many instances the farmers get along by
building a dam across a gully and holding the water derived from
melting snows and spring rains until it is needed later iu the season.
In the immediate vicinity of Belle Fourche opportunity was afforded
to study the effect of an abundant supply of water the entire season.
It is here obtained from one of the tributaries of the Bed Water.

24

Here was found a most luxuriant growth of both native and culti-
vated vegetation. As flue fields of wheat were found here as in the
great small-grain belt in the eastern part of the State, while the hay
croj) was something wonderfal. The uuirrigated lands, however, pre-
sented an appearance not unlike the drier portions of the open range
farther east.

The principal hay crop is alfalfa, of which, they obtain about 4 tons
per acre from three cuttings, which is the usual method of handling.
The farmers were experimenting with a fourth cutting this year, and
were considerably encouraged over the prospect at the time the region
was visited. This crop is prized very highly because of the fact that
they are able to get such a yield per acre. Many other hay crops are
grown very successfully, but none yields such a quantity of feed as
this one.

Kedtop makes the finest growth here of any place visited on the trip.
On the Seth Bullock ranch there is a large meadow which w;is sown to
redtop and timothy eight or ten years ago. The timothy is now nearly
all run out, while the redtop this year is a fine stand about two feet
high.

Besides the above may be mentioned timothy, white sweet clover
{Melilotus alha), millet, and June clover, all of Avhich make good
growths. White sweet clover {Melilotus alba) is so persistent in its
habits that it assumes much of the characteristics of a weed along the
ditches and among otlier jierennial forage crops. It makes an immense
growth wherever it gets started on irrigated land. At Belle Fourche
was seen near a spring about an acre that stood about 9 feet high.

Native grasses are also irrigated with good success. When, however,
a piece of ground is irrigated year after year, that invaluable species,
Aiiropyron spicatum, runs the other grasses out. Several instances of
this were seen and attention was called to it, not only in the vicinity
of Belle Fourche, but farther west, in Wyoming, as well. The most
striking example was near Snoma, S. Dak., where there was a meadow
of 30 or 40 acres of this grass, with a crop of about 2 tons to the acre.
About one-fourth of it was headed out. It was raining at the time of
the visit and the grass, therefore, looked fresh and thrifty. Such a
large field of this glaucous leafed grass made a very pretty sight. It
was ascertained that this meadow had l>een irrigated and cut lor five
consecutive years with a good crop of hay upon it each year. Such a
condition is really extraordinary, for ranchmen on the range and even
the farmers in the eastern part of the State are seldom able to cut
crops of this on the same ground for more than two years in succession.
Even when pastured closely year after year the quantity of feed becomes
very small. P>ut this is sim[)ly one more evidence of Avhat a ])roper
amount of water will accom])lish when applied to this soil.

llarnyard-grass (Panicum cnis-galli) makes a fine growth along the
ditches and roadsides where the sod has been ])artially subdued. It

25

has two distinct forms of growth. Along the ditches and among other
grasses it assumes an upright form, while along roads and in barnyards,
where the ground is packed down to some extent, it is almost prostrate
and often strikes root at the joints. It appears to thrive as well under
this form of irrigation as it does under artesian irrigation in the eastern
part of the State.

Squirrel-tail grass {Hordeum Juhatum) is a bad weed wherever the
perennial grasses are ii^rigated on low, alkaline ground.

Besides the usual forage crops there is a great deal of rye, wheat,
and oats cut for hay. Winter rye is usually sown. These crops are
resorted to only in the drier portions of the region or where no water is
available for irrigating purposes. Although small grain is raised here
successfully with irrigation, the main crop is hay. There is consider-
able feeding done during the winter. The big cattle companies make
provision with the settlers here, and also with the ranchmen farther
out on the range, for the wintering of calves and weak cows which are
picked up during the last beef " round-up " in the fall.

The distribution of precipitation is very peculiar. The rainfall is
much more abundant in the vicinity of the Black Hills than on the open
range on either side. While irrigation is resorted to with profit
wherever practicable, the region is not dependent on it entirely. Occa-
sionally good crops of grain are raised without irrigation, but it is
rather uncertain. When wheat and oats are sown for the grain and
the crop proves to be a failure, it can usually be told in time so that it
can be cut early enough to make good hay, which is always in demand.
In the vicinity of Sundance, Wyo., and elsewhere along the base of the
Bear Lodge Mountains, very fair crops are usually raised with no arti-
ficial watering. This year the prospects near Sundance were very good,
but they had the misfortune of being "hailed" out.

The Bear Lodge Mountains are in general covered with pine {Pint(s
sco2)uIo}'um), with an occasional grove of oak, poplar, and birch. The
pine is especially heavy on the outer slopes of the mountains and in the
"draws" and gulches farther up. Along the divides and edges of
"draws" there is very fine pasturage. The range cattle do not get in
here to any extent, partly from choice but principally on account of the
fact that ranchers have fenced most of the land along the base of the
mountains separating the open range from the mountain pasture lands.
Common along the Bear Lodge Mountains is King's fescue (Festuca
kingii), which makes a fine growth below the lower timber line and is
very common at higher elevations. It is highly prized by the ranchmen
along the base of the mountains on account of its early spring growth.
It furnishes pasturage at a much earlier date than any other native
grass. Occasionally it makes some hay, but it is looked upon as a
pasture rather than a hay grass.

26

DEVILS TOWER TO NEW CASTLE.

As one proceeds up the Belle Foiircbe from the Tower he can not
helj) but notice the gradual decrease of the pine timber. It becomes
more and more scrubby until it practically disappears at the mouth of
Wind Creek. On the bluffs ou either side of the stream is a growth of
jtine, with some oak, and on the bottoms there is a good growth of Cot-
tonwood, with more or less of the bufi'alo berry, green ash, box elder, and
an occasional plum and cherry thicket. There is always a very vigor-
ous growth of roses, buck-bush, and sage-brush. There are large areas
on the bottoms covered with long-leafed sage {Artemisia longifoUa),
almost to the exclusion of other vegetation.

Some difficulty was experienced iu finding feed for the horses in the
upper Belle Fourche region, not that the country is not productive,
but there are too many cattle. It would be difficult to tell what grasses
grow ou the river bottom were it not for the winter pastures which are
fenced in. During the two nights spent here the party managed to
camp in these winter pastures where there were good growths of blue
grama {Bouteloua olifjostachya), needle-grass {Sfipa comata), feather
bunch-grass {S. riridula), western wheat-grass {Agropijron spinitum),
jirairie June-grass {Koeleria cristata), big sand-grass [Calamovilfa
longifnlid), big cord-grass {Spartina eynosHroide.s), slender cord- grass (<S^.
gracilis), wild rye {Ulymiis canadensis), sand rush-grass {Sporoh<di(s
cryptandrns), and Montana sand grass {Calamagrosiis montanensis).
The main hay grass is western wheat-grass, which is cut in fenced areas
along the river bottoms and farther back ou the range, along creek
bottoms. Water for irrigating purposes is rather scarce, but wherever
foun<l and used good crops of alfalfa are raised. The rainfall is much
less than it is in the vicinity of the Bear Lodge Mountains. As near
as we were able to learn the rainfall is seldom sufficient to mature a crop
of snuill grain after one gets 10 miles west of the Bear Lodge Mountains.

It appears to be the common experience that native sod when irri-
gated grows up almost exclusively to Agropyron spicatum, which is
known by the name of wheat-grass. Several instances of this were
seen — one at Mr. Baugh's, another at Mr. McKean's, farther up the
river.

A great deal of the country about Moorcroft is covered with si)ecies
of sage-brush, salt-sage, greasewood, and cactus. This is in the edge
of the sage-brush plains of Wyoming. To the east are the hills, covered
with a good growth of pine. This condition continues nearly to Merino,
where the railroad works back toward the western tind)er line of the
foothills. The soil is largely of a clayey nature, nuich of it of the sort
l)oi>ularly called "gumbo," and washes very badly. The rain does not
soak into the ground much, but runs off" into the streams, often swell-
ing them to enormous extent. Amcmg the sage-brush and cacti are
good growths of grasses, generally those which do not form a sod under
ordinary conditions. Among the most important may be mentioned

27

needle-grass {StijJO, comata) and western wheat-grass {Agropyron fipi-
cation ). On the divides are found big sand-grass {Calamovilfa loiuji-
folia) and blue grama {Bouteloiia oligostachya), while big cord grass
{Spartina cynosuroides) and salt-grass {Distichlis spicata) are the most
common on the low ground, is eedle- grass {Stipa comata) is a very
important grass m this region. Xorthwest" of New Castle, near the
junction of the Burlington and Missouri River llailroad and Skull
Creek, it is especially common. In this vicinity and extending south-
ward into the oil regions are large areas among the sage-brush where
no other grasses grow.

As one approaches Inyan Kara Mountain the country assumes much
the appearance of that around Sundance, as would be expected. There
are more streams, and consequently more water available for irrigation.
The rainfall is also more abundant, and the soil has more sand and
humus in its make-up. The mountain and all the elevations in the
neighborhood are covered with pine, while groves of poplar, birch, and
oak are common. The creeks have a growth of cottonwood, box elder,
and green ash. Springs of pure soft water are common near the base
of the mountain.

Near Inyan Kara we found a ranchman drilling with the expectation
of getting a tiow of water. He started in last year, when he struck
a stratum from which water raised within a few feet of the surface.
Be renewed his efibrts this year, hoping to get a sufficient flow to
irrigate from. The open range is closely pastured here also. Here
again it was learned that until about four years ago haj" could be cut
anywhere on the upland, but for the past few years the cattle have
become so numerous that they keep the grass eaten off so closely that
the effect is much the same as successive cutting year after year. Occa-
sionally a ranchman attributes the short crop of the past few years to
drought, but the majority of them agree that it is due to overstocking.

We found more and better farming along Skull Creek than along the
Upper Belle Fourche. This is probably due largely to the better facili-
ties for irrigation. There are ranches at short distances along the
creek, and considerable hay was being put up. Alfalfa is their main
crop whenever they can get water onto the land. Timothy is raised to
some extent, and rye and oats are common hay crops. Xo running
water was found until the party got down near the Burlington and
Missouri River Railroad. There is as good an illustration of the effect
of water on the growth of vegetation here as one could wish to see.
On the one hand there is a perfect wilderness of sage-brush {Artemisia
longifolia and A. tridentata) as far as the eye can reach, with the usual
light growth of grass, forming no sod to speak of; on the other, native
grasses, alfalfa, oats, and garden truck make a fine growth with arti-
ficial watering.

28

THE SOUTHERN BLACK HILLS REGION.

The arable laud in the region between Xew Castle, Wyo., and Eapid
City, S. Dak., is contined to the valleys and creek bottoms which lie
between the difterent ridges in the Black Hills uplieaval. The crops
raised are about the same as at Belle Fourche and along the eastern
foothills. It appears to be the practice in localities here as at Belle
Fourche to seed for a crop of grain, and if the yield does not promise
well it is cut for hay before it becomes thoroughly ripened. Some very

fine crops of alfalfa, wheat, and
oats were seen in Spring Creek
Valley. Eedtop and timothy
are common on the larger areas
of low ground. Eedto]) is espe-
cially abundant, and there was
a fine crop of hay in Rapid
Creek Yalley to the southwest
of Rapid City.

The climatic conditions are in
marked contrast with those at
a lower elevation. Harvesting
was in jirogress in the vicinity
of Belle Fourche the 1st of
August, but I'O or 25 days later,
when the party crossed the
Black Hills on their return trip,
a great deal of wheat and oats
were still green. Only about one-
half of the crop through the hills
had been cut at this late date.
A beautiful arrangement of
native grasses is found along
the foothills near Rapid City.
There are a great many cattle
pastured here, and the grasses
are conse(piently kept eaten
down ([uite closely. There are
three species, which form a perfect sod in places. The country is roll-
ing — sometimes hilly. In the depressions are patches of ground several
acres in extent which are as smooth as though they had been laid
out by artificial means. On these areas are full sods of blue grama
{Bouteloua oli(fostachya), black grama {B. hirsiita), and builalo-grass
[Bnlbilis (lactyloides) (see fig. 5), arranged in natural lawns, as it were,
according to nature's own fantastic designs. It made a very pretty
siiiht. Xo artificial lawn could be more desinible. The color of the
grasses, so similar and yet so delicately ditVerent that each species
growing in separate patches could be recognized at a considerable dis-

FiG. 5.— Bufl'alo-grass {Bulbilis dactyloides) : a, female
plant ; b, male plant ; a', two dusters of female spike-
lets; h', a branch of several staminato spikelets;
c, a male or stamlnate spikelet of two dowers.

29

tance, the splendid sod, and the pleasing general effect suggested the
jwssible use that might be made of these grasses for lawns, borders, and
designs about dwellings, public buildings, and cemeteries.

RAPID CITY TO PIERRE.

Nowhere on the trip was better feed found than along the trail from
Rapid City to Pierre. No pasturing had been done here except at
certain points, as Pceno Tlills and Grindstone Buttes. This is due mainly
to the fact that our route lay along the divide, where water is scarce. It
was the intention of the party to take the Bad River road, and they
would have done so had they not been informed that everything was
pastured closely all the way. Blue grama {Bouteloua olujostacliya) makes
a fine growth here and was nice and green the 1st of September. Con-
siderable hay was being put up in the eastern portion of the region. It
consisted principally of Western wheat-grass {Agropyron splcatum) and
blue grama [Boutelona oligostachya), together with some feather bunch-
grass {Stipa viridula) and needle-grass {8. comata). In the "draws"
there is more of the Agrojjyron and less of the Boutelona. In the larger
draws there is a good growth of big cord-grass {Spartina cynositroides)
and on the knolls a light growth of big sand-grass {Calamovilfa longi-
folia).

At Pierre the cattlemen were much exercised over the fact that the
grass on the range was so backward in ripening. They were fearful
lest it should remain green until frost struck it, thereby leaving their
winter feed in poor condition. They were therefore well pleased with
the hot, dry weather which prevailed during the first ten days in Sep-
tember.

CULTIVATED GRASSES AND FORAGE PLANTS.

The failure of the ranges to sux^ply sufficient forage for all seasons of
the year has led to an Increased effort on the part of the stockmen and
farmers to cultivate the various standard grass and forage crops. In
many instances experiments have been made with the different novel-
ties introduced and sold by seedsmen or distributed g; atuitously by the
United States Department of Agriculture. As was to be expected, the
old and so-called ''tame'' grasses have refused to accommodate them-
selves to the extreme conditions of soil and climate prevailing in some
parts of the region, and while a few of the newly introduced plants have
proved valuable, many others have shown themselves to be practically
worthless. The '' tame " grasses most commonly found in meadows and
pastures are timothy, redtop, Kentucky blue grass, smooth or Hun-
garian brome-grass, meadow fescue, and orchard grass. The millets
and the various small grains are quite generally grown for summer for-
age and for hay, and corn and the sorghums, both saccharine and non-
saccharine varieties, are occasionally grown for fodder. Nearly all the

30

common clovers are successfully grown in some part of the region,
alfalfa and red clover being in most general cultivation. Very few of
the large ranches are without fields of timothy, redtop, clover, or alfalfa;
often all are grown on the same ranch. Sometimes these fields cover
hundreds of acres and yield thousands of tons of hay. Almost without
.exception they are irrigated, at least for a portion of the season. In
many localities the proprietors of the large ranches prefer not to bother
with the extensive cultivation of forage crops that would be necessary
to properly feed their herds during the winter, depending upon the
small ranchmen and farmers in the valleys for their winter forage sup-
ply. The liay is sold to the ranchmen, or more often the cattle are
brought to tlie farmer and he winters them at so much per head. This
winter feeding of range stock is becoming quite an industrj' and could,
no doubt, be more generally practiced with advantage to both the large
and the small ranch owner. Up to the present time winter feeding is
largely, in fact almost entiiely, confined to cows, calves, and bulls: the
most of the stock being expected to -'rustle*' its living on the range
except during very stormy weather, when a little hay may be fed.

TIMOTHY.

Phleum jJratense.

This is more widely cultivated than any other " tame " grass in the
eastern Rocky Mountain region. The cheapness of the seed, the ease
with which a meadow can be seeded down, and the excellent (juality of
the hay make this grass a great favorite. In most localities irrigation
is necessary to grow it successfully, but with plenty of water enormous
yields are often obtained, particularly in the rich valleys in the north-
ern part of the region. Reports of the successful cultivation of this
grass have been received from every county in both Montana and
Wyoming, and from nearly every county in Colorado, but always under
irrigation except in some of the moister valleys in or near the moun-
tains. Sage-brush lands when cleared, irrigated, and seeded to tim-
othy make fine meadows, but the greasewood lands are too strongly
im])regnated witli alkali. Timothy can be grown successfully at a
higher altitude than most of the other commonly grown grasses, and is
becoming quite generally established in waste places and along trails
throughout the entire region. Several of the field agents of the divi-
sion have reported finding it well established in many places in the
mountains. Professor Pammcl found it llonrishing at an elevation of
10,.jOO ieet in northern Colorado, and the writer found it at a similar
elevation in the central part of the State. In the Bear Lodge ]Moun-
tains and in the Black Hills it is very abundant at 5,000 and (1,000
feet, making a very fine growth, and is sj)reading very ra])idly in
moist, open situations along the trails. In the Big Horn Mountains of
Wyoming and in the Spanish Basin in Montana it was found to be
abundant, growing with alpine timothy {Phleum alpinum L. ) ar liom

31

7,000 to 8,000 feet or more. This ability of timothy to establish itself
and thrive at comparatively high altitudes makes it of special value
for a large i)ortioii of this region. Speaking' in this connection Mr.
W. S. Coburu, of Delta County, Colo., says "timothy grows to perfec-
tion up to an elevation of 9,000 feet," and Mr. T. P. McDonald, of Carbon
County, Mont., says "alfalfa aud clover do well below the 4,500-foot
level, but above that altitude timothy is the most successful."

RBDTOP.

Af/rostis alha.

This grass stands very close to timothy in its importance as a
meadow grass for this region. Its cultivation is less general than that
of timothy, however, being more strictly confined to the lower mountain
valleys and better irrigated localities, and it is much more generally
grown in Montana than in either Wyoming or Colorado. Like timothy,
it is becoming well established in the native meadows and waste places.
It thrives best on quite moist bottom lands, and is especially valuable
on meadow lands liable to overflow. It is a common practice to sow
this grass in irrigated native meadows to supplement the native spe-
cies. It occupies the low marshy places and resists. the encroachments
of sedges and rushes better than timothy or the common native grasses.
Though usually grown in connection with other grasses or with clovers,
it makes a fine meadow when grown alone under proper irrigation.
One of the finest redtop meadows ever seen by the writer was on a large
horse ranch on the Gray Bull Eiver, Wyoming. About 80 acres of the
grass were standing at the time of the visit (August, 1897), and some
had already been harvested. The land was the common sage-brush
land of the valley, and had been given but little cultivation before being
seeded down, but was well irrigated. The field was " as even as a
floor," and as the mower passed along, it was noticed that the grass
came well up along the sides of the horses. Almost all the cultivated
land on this ranch was devoted to this crop, which is fed to fine-bred
horses.

KENTUCKY BLUE GRASS.
Foa pratensis.

The principal use of Kentucky blue grass in this region is for lawns.
With irrigation fine lawns can be made almost anywhere, if the land is
not too strongly impregnated with alkali. The great difficulty often
experienced in getting a good stand of this grass is one of the chief
drawbacks to its culture here. The seed as sold in the markets is too
often so poor that the farmer fails to get a good stand for his first sow-
ing and gives up in disgust. Then, again, it takes some time for the
grass to form a good sod, and the average Western farmer is too impa-
tient for immediate results to wait for it. ifevertheless this grass is
becoming quite abundant in many of the older settled localities and is
gradually working its way into the meadows and pastures. Together

32

with Canadian blue grass {Poa compressa)^ low spear-grass {Poa anmia),
and redtop, it follows along the irrigating ditches, forming bright green
borders, and affording many juicy mouthfuls for the cattle and other
stock. Like most of the other cultivated grasses, it thrives best in the
rich valleys of the lower mountains and foothills, where it is ])rotectcd
from drought and the excessive heat of midsummer. It is indigenous
in many parts of the Rocky Mountain region.

SMOOTH OR HUNGARIAN BROME-GRASS.
Brornus inermis.

Of all recent introductions smooth brome (see fig. 6) is the most
promising hay and pasture grass for the dry portions of the Northwest.

i^^ot only does it possess ex-
cellent drought - resistant
qualities, but it starts much
earlier in the season than
the common grasses and
continues growing well into
the autumn, two things
very nnich to be desired in a
grass for cultivation in this
region at the present time.
In Colorado the grass lias
been tried in a number of
localities with good success.
In speaking of grasses for
dry situations oil theraiiges,
Mr. R. E. Beatty, of Arapa-
hoe County, says, ^^ Brornus
inermis comes the nearest
to a suitable grass that we
have tried so far;" Mr.
Thomas R. Pace, of Gar-
nett, "recommends smooth
brome-grass," and Mr.
George C. Baker, of ]\Iosca,

sayj

^'Brornus iiwrmis is
our best tame grass." It
is regarded as the most
promising of the introduced
grasses tried at the Colo-
rado experiment station.
The grass seems to have
been given less attention in Wyoming than in either Colorado or Mon-
tana. Mr. Griftiths, in his report for the past season, speaks of seeing
a plot of it on the ranch of JNIr. John Baugh, of Carlisle, Wyo. Ue says,

Fi(i. 6.— Smooth or Hungarian lirome-grass (Bromxis iner-
mil): a, Hi)ikclet; 6, tlowering filume seen from the back;
c, floret seeu from tlio anterior side, allowing palea.

33

<'Mr. Baugli has been experimentiug' two years, botli with and without
irrigation. He seems to think that the smooth brome-grass does not
thrive so well under irrigation. The effect of irrigation was really
quite peculiar. The irrigated portion of the plot was fresh and green
(middle of August) while the unirrigated portion, though it had made
a much better growth, was completely dried up. I am not certain but
that a thorough wetting at less frequent intervals would have produced
better results. He irrigates by means of a tank and windmill. The
water is conducted to the gar-
den by a pipe and the crop is
sprayed. All his garden truck
looked well. Cabbage and to-
matoes were especially fine."
In Colorado smooth brome has
done well under irrigation,
particularly when pastured.

In Montana smooth brome
has received considerable at-
tention, and reports regarding
it are very satisfactory indeed.
Hon. Paris Gibson, of Great
Falls, says, ''In the experi-
ments I have made with new
forage plants I find Bronius
inermis the most hardy. It
api)ears in the spring much
earlier than our native
grasses." Similar reports
were received from Messrs.
M. W. Jones and E. Vine, of
Miles City, and from Director
Emery of the State Experi-
ment Station. Judging from
these reports and from the
excellent results already ob-
tained in growing this grass
in Canada, as well as in the
Dakotas and other Northwest-
ern States, it seems probable that smooth brome will prove of great
value for cultivation on the dry lands of the iS^orthwest. It should
be given a thorough trial, especially as a grass for reseeding worn
meadows and pastures.

THE FESCUES.

About the only fescue that seems to have been tried to any extent is
meadow fescue {Festuca elatior ^yraten.sis), and this is only occasionally
seen in cultivation— usually in mixture with other grasses or with
20013— :No. 12 3

Fig. 7. — Sheep fescue {Fe.itnca ovinii).

34

clovers. Ou rich loamy soils, with abundant irrigation, it seems to do
quite well. Favorable reports have been received from several points
in central Colorado and central and southern Montana. Mr. Griffiths
found it doing well in northeastern Wyoming. It is frequently met
with along irrigating ditches and in public parks in the cities and
towns, often occurring in waste places as an escape and already well
established in favorable situations. It does not seem to thrive in soils
containing much alkali. At the Utah Station this grass has been grown
with fine success as an element in permanent pastures and meadows,
and it is altogether likely that it can be so used in many portions of
the Eocky Mountain region. Many native forms of both sheep fescue
{Festuca ovina) (fig. 7) and red fescue {Festuca rubra) occur in this
region, and although the cultivated varieties have been given little, if
any, attention, it is not unlikely that they could be used to advantage
in reseeding the ranges, particularly in the foothills and lower moun-
tains.

ORCHARD GRASS.
DactylU glomerata.

Like meadow fescue, tliis grass has received but little attention from
farmers and ranchmen in this region. It has been tried at the
experiment stations, sometimes with success and sometimes without.
It requires fairly rich soil and a reasonable amount of moisture, and
hence thrives best on irrigated lands of the valleys and benches. It
has succeeded quite well at the Utah station, and good reports of it
have been received from central and southern Montana and from nmny
parts of Colorado. It was seen on several ranches near Evanston,
Wyo.. the past season and was making a fine growth. Mr. \V. C. Burke,
of Las Animas, Colo., in an answer to the questicm as to what grasses
and forage plants do best in his locality, includes this grass, with the
statement that "when irrigated it produces about 2 tons of hay per
acre." It is deserving of more general cultivation as an element in
mixtures for permanent meadows and pastures and for seeding down
sparsely wooded areas.

ALFALFA.

By far the most important forage plant cultivated in this region at the
present time is alfalfa. Scarcely a farm or ranch under irrigation can
be found in the entire region without its alfalfa field, and on many of
the larger ranches hundreds of acres are devoted almost exclusively to
this crop. It flourishes on the l)ettcr drained valley lands and irrigated
bench lands in all parts of the region where the altitude is not too
great, and alfalfa liay constitutes the principal winter feed for many
thousand head of horses, sheep, and cattle. Of recent years it is being
extensively used in fattening sheep and cattle for market. There is
great need of a good su])plem('ntary forage to be fed along with the
alfalfa. It is so rich in muscle-making food elements that, as ordinarily

35

fed, its full value is not obtained, and ranclinien are beginning- to realize
the necessity of mixing it with corn fodder, sorghum, prairie liay, or
other forage containing an excess of fat forming elements in order to
feed in the most economical manner.

Three or more cuttings are obtained each season unless, as is often
the case, it is more desirable to pasture off" the later growth. This is
done when summer i)asturage is scarce or when there is no market for
the hay and the ranchman gets enough for his own use from the first
one or two cuttings. During the past season it was learned from sev-
eral ranchmen in the Big Horn Basin tliat they very seldom made more
than two cuttings, for the reason that they needed no more for wintering
their own stock and the price of the hay was so low that it paid them
better to pasture tlieir fields for a portion of the season. This was
in a region where the summer pasturage was short because of drought
and previous overstocking, though at the present time the number of
stock kept on the range is undoubtedly much below what the land
ought to support under a proper system of grazing and supplementary
feeding.

One of the things which makes alfolfa so valuable for this regiou is
its ability to thrive on land containing a considerable quantity of
alkali. There are few cultivated crops that will stand as much alkali
as this.

The injurious effects of too much water upon the growth of alfalfa is
well illustrated by the conditions at present prevailing in a number of
localities in Colorado, particularly in the southern i)art of the State.
The soil, either from natural causes or as a result of the methods of
irrigation practiced, has become saturated with water to witliin a short
distance of the surface. As a consequence the roots of the alfalfa rot
and the plants become sickly and finally die, rendering it impossible to
produce anything like a permanent meadow. Here in Colorado, as
well as in many other parts of this region, the best success is obtained
with alfalfa on the bencli lands. It is surprising what a small amount
of labor is required to obtain a good alfalfa meadow in some portions of
this region. For example, it is a common practice to give sage-brush
land no more plowing or other preparation than is necessary in taking
oft" the sago-brush. The brush is cut and grubbed out, raked up and
burned, and the seed sown directly on the unplowed land, covered and
watered. The soil is so loose as to require little or no stirring, and
water is the oidy thing necessary to make it produce abundant crops
of alfalfa. Of course more thorough preparation will give an evener
and more lasting meadow, but the writer has seen many fine alfalfa
meadows on land untouched by the plow except to make ditches for
distributing the water.

RED CLOVER.

Next to alfalfa, red clover is the most widely cultivated legiuninous
forage crop in this region. It seems to be more generally grown in

36

Montana than in either Colorado or Wyoming, and its cultivation is
chiefly confined to rich valleys and bench lands near the mountains
where there is a good supply of moisture or where irrigation is prac-
ticed. It is usually grown with timothy and other meadow grasses,
and is cut for hay or used as a soiling crop. Very fine crops are raised
in central and southwestern Montana and in northern and central Colo-
rado, and it is occasionally seen elsewhere in these States. Bed clover
is not generally grown in Wyoming, though it is being tried in many
localities with very fair success. During the past season it was
observed in successful cultivation in Crook, Johnson, Bighorn, and
Uinta counties.

ALSIKE.

Although less commonly grown than red clover, alsike is certainly a
valuable crop for many jjarts of tliis region. Many farmers who have
grown them side by side prefer the alsike to the red clover as a forage
crop for their respective localities. For example, Mr. C. C. Willis, of
Horse Plains, Mont., writes that he much i)refers alsike on account
of its heavier yield of forage and greater drought-enduring qualities.
Excellent fields of alsike and timothy were seen in 1890 in the Gallatin
Valley, and reports of the successful growing of this clover have been
received from various points in central and southwestern Montana,
northern Wyoming, and northern and central Colorado. As a general
thing the alsike seems to be hardier than red clover and is better
adapted for permanent meadows, and some maintain that it does better
on the heavy '' gumbo " soil found in so many i^laces in the Northwest.
It has also given good results in many parts of the Dakotas, where it
has received a thorough trial. It deserves more attention from farmers
and ranchmen in the Northwest generally.

WHITE CLOVER.

It is rarely that this clover is sown in this region excei)t on lawns
or in dooryards, but its ability to gain a foothold and maintain itself
among other vegetation is well shown in the fact that it is found
everywhere in patches of various sizes along the margins of irrigating
ditches, in waste places, and in pastures and meadows. Beports from
several counties in central and western Montana and central Colorado
indicate that it is occasionally sown in i)astures and is growing in favor,
more particularly for use in i)astures i'or sheep and dairy stock. In
extended trips through this region in both 1890 and 1897 the writer
found but very few instances of its having been sown ])urp()sely in pas-
tures, though it was often present even in native pastures in greater or
less quantities.

The excellent sliowing made by this clover during the season of 1897
was very notic«'able throughout the West and Northwest generally,
particularly in the older-settled districts. In eastern South Dakota,
northwestern Iowa, and eastern Nebraska this clover made a remark-

37

able development. Almost everywhere aloug roadsides, in waste places,
and in pastures could be seen the masses of white blossoms. Pastures
in which scarcely an appreciable amount of the clover had ever been
observed before were white with it. In many cases no clover seed has
ever been sown in the pastures, but it has gradually worked in from
accidental sources, and though the progress has undoubtedly been slow,
it has nevertheless been sure, and this clover has come to occupy a very
important place among the vegetation of the pastui es. The tendency
of white clover to develop in alternating periods of light and heavy
growth has often been observed in the past, and its appearance in such
quantity in the present instance is a good illustration of the changes
in the composition of pastures that are going on constantly, though
they are not always for the betterment of the pasture, as in this case.

MISCELLANEOUS FORAGE CROPS.

Aside from the preceding list of standard grasses and forage plants,
there are a number of crops of greater or less importance that are
grown in the various parts of the region. In most cases their cultiva-
tion is not general, sometimes because the plants are not well enough
known and sometimes because of their inability to thrive under the
conditions prevailing over a large part of the region.

In the dry portions of Colorado where irrigation is not practiced the
sorghums, both saccharine and nonsaccharine varieties, are grown to
some extent for winter forage and for soiling. The great drought-
enduring qualities of the sorghums and their ability to thrive on land
containing considerable alkali render them especially valuable for cer-
tain portions of this region. Mr. E. E. T. Hazen, of Phillips County,
Colo., reports good success in growing several of the nonsaccharine
varieties (yellow milo maize, brown doura, and Jerusalem corn), and
S. Keedham, of Prowers County, regards " sorghum as very valuable
for winter forage on nonirrigable lauds." Only the early maturing-
varieties like Early Amber are grown in Wyoming and Montana, and
these not to any great extent.

The common cereal crops, such as rye, oats, wheat, and barley, are often
grown for forage. Eye and oats are used for this purpose more often
than any others, although it is a common practice to cut any cereal for
hay if conditions are such that it is not likely to mature a crop of grain.
Eye is being very successfully grown for late and early pasturage in
many localities, and its cultivation is becoming more general each year.
It is already quite extensively grown in central Colorado, northern
Wyoming, and some parts of Montana. Sown in early autumn, it gets
the benefit of the rains and snows of fall, winter, and early spring, and
usually matures a fair croj) of grain in addition to furnishing much pas-
turage, when spring-sown crops would fail unless artificially watered.

Other crops that have been grown in some parts of the region with
success are field peas, rape, sand or hairy vetch, and esparcette. Par-

38

ticularly encouraging results are reported from central Colorado regrarcl-
ing the growing of field peas for forage, and the crop has done well in
many other parts of the region. Profitable crops of rape, vetch, and
esparcette are reported from Montana and elsewhere.

Millet is more gericrally grown for hay than any other annual. Com-
mon millet and Hungarian are usually preferred for the average
uplands. Broom corn millet is sometimes grown as a grain crop, but
yields too lightly for a hay crop where the better varieties can be grown.
As a general rule all the millets are used as '' catch crops " rather than
as regular crops, and as such they fill an important place in north-
western agriculture. They are most commonly grown in the northern
part of the region.

NATIVE GRASSES AND FORAGE PLANTS.

There are about 1*70 species and varieties of grasses known to be
indigenous to this region. Naturally a great majority of these are too
small or too rare to be of much importance in the production of hay or
pasturage. The most valuable species are quite widely distributed,
althougli occasionally a species of but local occurrence may be of con-
siderable importance in its particular locality, as is the case with some
of those occurring in the mountains.

The great economic importance of the native grasses is at once appar-
ent when one recalls the many thousands of sheep, cattle, horses, and
mules that are raised in this region, and that depend entirely upon
the native grasses and forage plants for subsistence for from eight to
twelve months of the year. That the quality of the forage aftbrded is
excellent is shown by the fact that most of the vast numbers of fat
cattle and sheep annually shipped to the Eastern markets from this
region receive no other food than that furnished by the natural mead-
ows and pastures of the ranges.

From the economic point of view the important native grasses of this
region may be classed into two groups, namely, meadow grasses and
pasture grasses. To be sure, no hard and fast line can be drawn, but as
a general thing the best pasture grasses are of little use for hay, and
within late years, at least, wherever good hay-producing grasses occur
in any great extent, they are fenced off from the open range and pre-
served for winter forage.

NATIVE MEADOW OE HAY GRASSES.
LOWLAND MEADOWS.

The grasses most abundant in the meadows at thelower altitudes are
usually quite different from those which i)red()raiiiate in the mountain
meadows, although it is seldom that any sharp line occurs where the
strictly mountain grasses begin and the lower valley grasses leave off.
The change is rather a gradual one. Hay meadows are almost entirely

39

confined to the valleys of the larger streams, the prairies and hilly
conutry being given over to grazing. Occasionally a rich plateau or
<' bench'' may be found with a sufficient sujiply of moisture to produce
a growth of grass luxuriant enough for hay, but these are rare. The
grasses of most importance in the meadows in the lower valleys are
wheat-grasses {Agropyron spp.), meadow-grasses {Poa spj).), manna-
grasses {I'anieularia spp.),
sand-grasses or blue-joints
{Calamagrostis spp.), and
wild rye- grasses {Elymus
spp.).

Of these the wheat- grasses
are by far the most valuable.
A great many species occur
in this region, but there are
three which are of special
importance as hay-producing
grasses. These are Western
wheat-grass {A[/ropyron spi-
catum), known also as Col-
orado blue-stem, slender
wheat- grass {Agropyron tene-
rum) (see fig. 8), and false
quack-grass {Agropyron
pseudorejien.s). These grasses
are very generally distrib-
uted over the region, and
grow naturally on a great
variety of soils. All respond
readily to cultivation. Usu-
ally all that is necessary to
convert a piece of good sage-
brush or valley land into a
wheat grass meadow is to
clear off the brush and large
stones, keep off the stock,
and water the land. The
grasses will soon take complete possession. On nearly every well-
kept ranch in the eastern Rocky Mountain region can be seen fine
natural meadows made in this manner. Western wheat-grass is usu-
ally more abundant than either of the other sorts, and it is not an
uncommon thing to see a meadow of 40, 80, or more acres composed
almost exclusively of this grass. Without irrigation it is rarely possi-
ble to cut more than one crop in two years, as the grass requires time
to recuperate. Even with irrigation it is seldom possible to obtain good
crops for many consecutive years without cutting up the sod to over-
come its "hidebound" condition and give opportunity for the growth

Fig. 8.— Slender wheat-grass (Aijropyron tenerum).

40

of new slioots. Under favorable conditions, however, these meadows
may yield good crops for a number of years with nothing more than
proper watering. Mr. Griftiths reports seeing a meadow of about 40
acres the past season, near Snoma, S. Dak., yielding a crop of about 2
tons of hay per acre, which had afforded a good croi) for five consecu-
tive seasons.

In the wet or boggy places in lowland meadows the wheat-grasses
are replaced principally by the meadow-grasses and, if the soil is sandy,

the sand-grasses or blue joints
are often present in considera-
ble quantity. Of these grasses
reed meadow- or manna-grass
[Panieularia americana) (see fig.
9) and nerved manna- grass (P.
nervata) are common in very
wet boggy places unless the soil
is too strongly impregnated
with alkali, when they are often
replaced by alkali meadow-grass
[PuccinelUa airoides). This last
grass is usually quite rigid and
wiry and grows in close bunches,
but furnishes considerable for-
age in some localities. Often
it is about the only grass to be
seen among the sedges and
rushes of the wet, alkali mead-
ows, and in such places it is
more succulent and i)ahitable
than when growing in drier sit-
uations. It is very abundant
in the overirrigated meadows
along the Little Laramie Kiver
in Wyoming, and is quite
widely distributed over the
Western plains and through-
out the valleys in altitudes be-
low 8,000 feet.
The true meadow-grasses {Poa si)p.) are of much more value gener-
ally than those just mentioned. These are most abundant in the moist
meadows near the foot of the mountains. Among the valuable kinds
are the indigenous forms of Kentucky blue grass (Poa pratcn.sis), the
"bunch-grasses" {Poa buvUeyawt, P. laerujata, and 7'. Incida), Wyom-
ing blue grass (P. wheeleri), bench-laud spear-grass (/'. (irida), wood-
land meadow-grass (P. nemoralis), 'Nevadd blue grass (/*. nevadensis).
and foMl meadow-grass or false redtop [P.Jlava). Many of these are
of as much importance, under present conditions, for pasturage as for

Fig. 9. — Keed meadow-grass (Vanicidaria atnericaiia) .

41

hay, but with a proper supply of water all afford good yields of excel-
lent Lay. In the valleys Kentucky blue grass, in either its native or
introduced form, is perhaps most commonly seen, and is becoming more
and more abundant as the country is settled up and the native meadows
brought under irrigation.

Of the "bunch-grass" Poas, P. hucMeyana (fig. 10) is apparently the
most widely distributed, being, if anything, more common on the dry
uplands than in the valleys, and hence x)erhaps more properly to be
regarded as a pasture grass.
However, under irrigation it be-
comes less densely tufted, the
leaves are broader and more
luxuriant, and the yield of hay is
good. Smooth bunch-grass (P.
Uevigata) and pale bunch-grass
(P. lucida) are more often found
in the lowlands and are excellent
meadow grasses. They are most
abundant in the middle Rocky
Mountain region.

Wyoming blue grass is often
found with Kentucky blue grass
in moist meadows and along
banks of streams, but it ascends
higher uj) the mountains, where
it is frequently abundant in open
pine and spruce woods, some-
times occurring in dry situations,
but generally where the soil is
well supplied with moisture. It
is especially abundant in parts
of Wyoming and central Mon-
tana, usually occurring at an al-
titude of from 0,000 to 8,000 or
9,000 feet, but sometimes ascend-
ing to 10,000 feet. In the rich
moist soil of "burnouts" in
pine and spruce woods it makes
a magnificent growth.

Bench-land spear-grass (see fig. 11) is quite generally distributed
throughout this region. It usually occurs in rather dry meadows,
often in patches of considerable extent, but never forming a close sod,
as does Kentucky blue grass. The forage is of i)oorer quality than that
furnished by the latter and the yield is lighter. However, the grass is
one of the earliest of the native species and thrives better on dry soil
than Kentucky blue grass. Under cultivation it would probably be
more valuable for pastures than for meadows.

a -J,

Fig. 10. — Buncli-grasis {Poa huckleyana)

42

There are few of the native meadow-grasses that grow naturally
under such a wide range of soil and climatic conditions as woodland
meadow-grass in its several varieties. It is common in Avoodlands
along the prairie streams, and follows up the valleys into the foothills
and mountains, where it becomes an important element in the moist
meadows. It also occurs on rocky hills and mountain sides, some of
its forms flourishing at an altitude of 10,000 feet, or even more, in Col-
orado. Some of the forms growing in the rich lowland meadows

approach fowl meadow-grass in size
and appearance, and afford a large
amount of excellent hay.

Nevada blue grass (fig. 12) is more
common on the west side of the Conti-
nental Divide than on the east, but it
is nevertheless sufficiently abundant
in the latter region to form an impor-
tant part of the vegetation in many of
the natural meadows. It occurs as
far east as the Pine Ridge of Nebraska
and the Black Hills of South Dakota,
but is most abundant in the valleys
among the foothills and mountains.
Some forms of it grow on rather dry
soil in open woodlands and on rocky
mountain sides. It prefers rich soil
with a medium supply of moisture and
does well under irrigation. Under
favorable conditions it makes an ex-
cellent growth of leaves, and yields
a large amount of hay compared with
most of the native species of Foa. It
is rarely found above an altitude of
8,000 or 9,000 feet in this region.

Fowl meadow-grass is not as abun-
dant in the immediate vicinity of
the mountains as it is farther to the
eastward, but nevertheless is found
quite plentifully in certain localities. It occurs most frequently along
streams about the edges of thickets, and on moist banks and bottom
lands subject to overflow in the early i)art of the season. For such
places it is a valuable grass, making a good yield under conditions
that would "drown out" most of the common grasses. It is much
more valuable for hay than for pasturage. In some localities this grass
is called false redtop.

The sand-grasses or blue joints found in the meadows are remarkable
for their abundance of long root-leaves and the consequent large yield

\

Fig. 11.— Beiicli-land spcargrass {I'oa arida).

43

of hay, which is usually of an excellent quality. One of the most
widely distributed species is the common blue joint {Calamagrostis
canadensis), locally known as false or native redtop. This grass is
often very abundant in moist, sandy river bottoms, and some of its
many forms ascend well uj) into the mountains. It has been cultivated
with good success and is worthy of extended trial in the Northwest.

Sand-grass or yellow-top [Calamagrostis americana) is also well dis-
tributed throughout this region.
It is most commonly found along
the sandy banks of streams,
ponds, and lakes, often (espe-
cially along sloughs) forming a
well-defined "yellow-top" zone
of vegetation, noticeable from a
considerable distance because of
the characteristic color of the
grass. It seems to thrive better
in alkali soils than its relatives,
and is generally confined to com-
paratively low altitudes.

Big sand-grass {Calamovilfa
loufjifolia), altliough common on
the plains and in the valleys
throughout, is not so valuable
as the preceding species because
of the very coarse and fibrous
nature of the forage which it
produces. It is most commonly
found in dry, sandy swales and
on sandy hillsides, and in the
bad lands and other dry dis-
tricts, where the better grasses
are scarce, it is often plentiful.
In such localities it is regarded
as a valuable grass, and is used
for hay.

There are several of the wild
rye-grasses that occur in suffi-
cient quantities to be of importance in the vegetation of the native mead-
ows. All are most abundant as a rule in rich, open, rather dry meadows
and on hillsides, and are rather coarse, harsh plants, affording ctmsider-
able hay of an average quality. The kinds of most importance are
common wild-rye {Elymus canadensis), Macoun's rye-grass [U. macounii),
and giant rye-grass (jE. condensatus). The first of these is the most gen-
erally distributed, and is probably the most valuable, although the
second, which is also quite common, is a finer grass and produces a
better <iuality of hay.

Fig. 12.— Nevada blue grass {Poa nevadensis).

44

Giant rye-grass is a tall, coarse species, growing in large clumps,
found in sandy or gravelly soil of meadows and hillsides. It is too
harsh and woody to be relished by stock, and is seldom eaten except
when young, or in winter, when other forage is scarce or when the snow
is deep. Owing to its habit of growing in such dense bunches it is
difficult to cut for hay. However, when better grasses are scarce it is
fre(iuently cut early, and the hay is said to be of fair quality. When
a meadow becomes thickly seeded to this grass and is cut or burned
closely for several seasons a fairly even sod is produced, and such a
meadow is of considerable value, particularly when, as is usually the
case, the be.tter grasses can not be grown because of adverse soil or
climatic conditions. Such meadows are much more common on the
west side of the Continental Divide than on the east. During the sum-
mer of 1896 a number of such meadows were seen in southwestern
Montana and eastern Idaho, and in 1897 several were seen in north-
western Wyoming, This grass usually ripens a large amount of seed,
and stock gets a great deal of nonrisliment by eating the seed-heads in
fall and winter. Horses are said to be particularly fond of them.

On the eastern edge of this region Virginian lyme-grass {Elymus vir-
giniciis) is quite common in some localities, but is more valuable for
early pasturage than for hay.

Among other native grasses that may be mentioned as of value in
native meadows, but which only occasionally occupy any prominent
place in them, are bearded wheat-grass (Af/rajn/ron rivhard.soni), in
rather dry meadows; the cord grasses {Spartina cynosuroliles and 8.
gracilis)^ in sloughs and low places, the latter in alkali situations, par-
ticularly; slough-grass or wild timotliy {Beckmannia erucaformis),
along sloughs and irrigation ditches and in wet meadows, becoming
very abundant in many parts of the region; and reed canary-grass
{PhcUaris arundinacea), abnmhmt in places, and particularly valuable in
wet meadow lands and sloughs,

MOUNTAIN MEADOWS.

The mountain meadows, so numerous in portions of this region, differ
considerably in tiie composition of their vegetation from those of the
lower valleys and plains discussed in the previous pages. Here th^ true
meadow-grasses form the predominating element, replacing the wheat-
grasses of the lower jneadows; the brome-grasses {Bromus spp.), seldom
seen at the lower altitudes, are here abundant; the tussoclc-grasses
{DeHchampsUi spp.) are plentiful everywhere in wet, boggy situations;
and the blue joints {Calamagrostis spp.), alpine timotliy {Phleum alpi-
num), mountain foxtail {AJopecurus occiclenfaHs), the wild oat-grasses
{Danthonia spp.), rough-leafed bent {Agrostis asperifolia), and red fes-
cue [Festuca rubra) are all valuable members of the vegetation of these
meadows.

Of the blue grasses (/'oa spp.) several of those mentioned in tlie lore-
going discussion are common in the mountain meadows, namely, Wyo-

45

mnig" blue grass (see fig. 13), smooth buuch-grass, Nevada blue grass, and
woodland meadow-grass. In the higher altitudes alpine blue grass
{]'<>a alpina) and mountain meadow-grass {Foa leptocoma) are the pre-
dominating species. An interesting thiug in connection with the dis-
tribution of these two grasses was observed in northern Wyoming the
I)ast season. In the Bear Lodge range, in northeastern Wyoming,
alpine blue grass was frequently met, and it was also very abundant in
the mountains at the head of
Meeteetse Creek in the north-
western part of the State, but
extended search failed to re-
veal any of this grass in the
Big Horn Mountains in the
north central part of the State
and nearly midway between
the other two localities.
Mountain meadow-grass was '
very abundant in the Big Horn
Mountains, and was also found
in the mountains at the head
of Meeteetse Creek, but was
not seen in the northeastern
part of the State. Alpine
blue grass is most abundant
in sandy or gravelly soil
near the streams, and moun-
tain meadow-grass j) r e f e r s
cold, wet, boggy meadows and
mountain sides.

Alpine timothy is very wide-
ly distributed at the higher
elevations in the Eocky Moun-
tain region. It is qui^e abun-
dant in the Black Hills above
6,000 feet. In the Big Horn
Mountains it vies with tus-
sock-grass for first j)lace in
many of the meadows at 7,000
to 8,000 feet, particularly on the western side of the range, where
it is much more abundant than on the eastern slope. In central
Montana it is most plentiful at and above 6,500 feet, rarely occur-
ring below 6,000 feet, the ordinary limit for common timothy. It is
rarely found below 9,000 feet in Colorado, except, perhaps, in the
northern part of the State, but is plentiful up to 13,000 feet. Hay
made from this grass is highly prized by ranchmen, especially for
horses.

Fig. 13. — Wyoming blue grass (Poa wheeleri).

46

Mountain foxtail (fig. 14), which is also sometimes called mouutain
timothy, has much the appearance of true mountain or alpine timothy,
but is usually more robust and of a softer texture and produces a
better looking hay, much like that from the cultivated meadow foxtail
{Alojyecnrus 2)rattnsis), which this grass resembles in habit of growth.
Although found throughout the Rocky Mountain region, and having
similar altitudiual limits, it is much less common as a rule than alpine
timothy. It is abundant in the rich, moist meadows of the Spanish

Basin and elsewhere in south-
western Montana, and makes a
remarkably luxuriant growth,
frequently reaching a height of
three or four feet, and is one
of the most promising of the
native grasses for cultiyation in
meadows at the higher altitudes.
' Several of the native brome-
grasses are of great value in the
native meadows at an altitude
of from 5,000 to 8,000 feet in
Wyoming and Montana and
from 0,000 to 9,500 in Colorado.
The most valuable of these
brome- grasses are short-awned
brome [Bromus breviaristatus)
(see fig. 15) and Western brome
{Bromus pumpellianns). Both
are coarse- growing perennials
and occur throughout the Kocky
Mountain region, chiefly in the
rather dry valleys and "i^arks;'^
the former selecting the moister
situations and the latter the
drier ones. Although they are
often found growing together,
Western brome- grass seems to
have a somewliat higher alti-
tudiual limit, its point of best development usually ranging from
500 to 1,000 feet above that of short-awned brome. The latter is
occasionally abundant down as low as 4,000 feet in central Montana,
while the former is but rarely found at that altitude. In northern
Wyoming short-awned brume is most abundant at from 5,000 to
7,000 feet and Western brome at from 0,000 to 8,000. Both of these
grasses have been cultivated in some parts of the Northwest with suc-
cess and promise to be valuable for meadows at high altitudes. West-
ern brome has very much the same appearance and habit of growth as

Fio. 14.— Mountaiu Foxtail (Alopecurus occidentalis) .

47

the recently introduced smooth or Hungarian brome which is being
grown with such excellent success in the semiarid West and Northwest.

Tussock-grass [Deschampsia avsintosa) is perhaps the most abundant
and widely distributed grass in the native meadows of the Eocky
Mountain region. It has a very wide altitudinal range. For example,
it is abundant in wet meadows in the Gallatin Valley about Bozeman,
Mont., at an altitude of about
4,000 feet, and ascends to
above the timber line in the
mountains on either side of
the valley. On account of
its tufted habit of growth it
does not form an even sod,
and hence does not make a
good meadow by itself In
most instances, however, it
is accompanied by other
grasses, such as the true
meadow-grasses, redtop and
blue joint, which fill in the
spaces between the tufts,
making a fairly good meadow
sod. Some observers have
reported this grass as of no
practical value for either hay
or pasturage, but such state-
ments are not borne out by
the reports of our field agents
nor by the opinions advanced
by the ranchers.

While neither the yield nor
the quality of the forage is
equal to that obtained from
timothy or redtop, there can
be no doubt that the grass

fills an important place Fig. is.— Short-awned Brome-grasa (Bromus hreviaris-

among the native meadow faf-^>:«,tbe floret seen from the side; 6, palea.c,

^ . joint of tbe racliilla; d, gram; e, lower portion of pis-

and pasture grasses of this til, showing lodioules;/, young seed or grain.

region. It flourishes in wet,

boggy places where many of the better grasses can not grow, and by
its dense tufts of tough fibrous roots helps to convert these bogs into
usable meadow lands. Moreover, continued mowing and pasturing have
the eflect of reducing these tufts materially, so that with a few other
grasses to act as fillers a comparatively even sod is produced. Such
a condition of things may be seen in many of the mountain valleys,
as, for example, in the valley of the Little Laramie River near Sheep

48

Mountain. In the varieties of tussock-grass growing in the higher
altitudes the leaves become considerably reduced, and, of course, pro-
duce little forage of any sort, but the varieties growing in the meadows
at from 4,000 to 6,500 feet develop a much greater leafage and aftbrd a
large amount of hay and pasturage.

A form of red fescue is not uncommon in the moist meadows at from
4,000 to 9,000 feet altitude in the northern part of the Kocky Mountain
region, and is of much value for hay in some localities. It seldom

forms tufts of any size, spreads by
means of very slender underground
stems, and is usually found mixed
with other grasses. It is quite abun-
dant in the Spanish Basin and else-
where in southwestern Montana, and
also in the Big Horn and Shoshone
mountains in Wyoming.

Eough-leafed bent occurs natur-
ally in wet, boggy meadows and
along banks of streams and ditches.
The best hay-producing forms occur
at elevations of from 4,000 to 0,000,
or occasionally 7,000, feet. This
grass produces an abundant leafage,
much more than the common redtop,
and also produces a large amount
of seed — two things very desirable
in a grass for cultivation. In the
wild state it seems to be even more
hardy than redtop, and while flour-
ishing best with plenty of water it
will, nevertheless, endure consider-
able drought when once iirnily es-
tablished. It is quite an important
element in the native meadows in portions of northern Wyoming and
central and southern Montana, and is perhai)s more common on the
west side of the Continental Divide than on the east. As ordinarily
seen in the natural condition, rough-leafed bent has a closely tufted
habit of growth, but when thicl^ly seeded, as when in cultivation or
occasionally in native meadows when conditions are favorable, this
habit is largely lost, and a fairly even sod is formed. Its good quali-
ties as a meadow grass commend it to those experimenting with our
native species. It will doubtless be found to be better adapted for
meadows at higher altitudes than most of the common so-called tame
grasses.

There are several of the oat-grasses found in greater or less abun-
dance in the meadows and "parks" of the mountains and foothills of

FiQ. 16.— Kocky Mountain oat-grass (Dantho-
nia intermedia).

49

this region. The most important are Californian oat grass {Danthonia
californica), Eocky Moimtaiu oat-grass [Danthonia intermedia) (see fig.
16), and Parry's oat-grass {Danthonia parryi).

As a rule these oat grasses occur naturally in rather dry meadows
and on mountain sides, Californian oat-grass being more inclined to
seek moist situations than either of the others. It is the largest of the
native oat-grasses, reaching a height of 3 feet under favorable condi-
tions, and is also the most abundant Northwestern s])ecies. In northern
Wyoming and Montana it forms a considerable portion of the meadow
vegetation at from 5,500 to 8,000 feet. It is occasionally found as low
as 5,000 feet, but is most abundant at from 6,000 to 7,000 feet. On
rich, irrigated meadows it makes a very fine growth. It is rarely
found as far south as Colorado, where it is replaced by Parry's oat- grass.

Eocky Mountain oat grass is often found growing along with Califor-
nian oat-grass; but it is a smaller plant, preferring rather drier soil
and having a somewhat higher altitudinal range — seldom occurring
below 7,000 feet, abundant at 8,000 to 10,000 feet, and ascending to
11,000 feet or even 12,500 feet in Colorado. It is probably of more
value for pasturage than for hay.

Parry's oat-grass is most abundant in the park region of Colorado,
but also occurs in southern Wyoming. Although occurring naturally
in rather dry meadows and on mountain sides, it makes a fine growth
under irrigation and is occasionally found in some quantity in timothy
meadows. It has a much more tufted habit of growth than Californian
oat-grass and its altitudinal range — from 7,000 to 10,000 feet — corre-
si)onds very well to that of its more northern relative. Although of local
occurrence it is abundant in places, soujetimes almost completely occu-
pying the open woods and parks in the mountains of central Colorado.

The blue joints are usually conspicuous elements in the vegetation of
the moister mountain meadows. They are the chief grasses in many
of the deer parks in the higher mountains, and are ijarticularly abun-
dant in the wet, boggy, open aspen thickets so frequently found in the
Northwest, There are about a half-dozen species which are found in
sufficient quantities to be of importance as forage producers. By far
the most abundant is mountain blue-joint {Calamaf/rostis canadensis
acuminata), a near relative of the common blue joint, which it replaces
in the higher altitudes. It produces a large amount of excellent hay
in the wet, sandy or gravelly valleys along the mountain streams, and
usually occurs at an altitude of from 5,000 to 8,000 feet in the North,
but ascends to 10,000 or rarely to 11,000 feet in Colorado. In northern
Wyoming and central and southern Montana it makes an enormous
development in the rich, moist soil of some of the mountain parks,
frequently covering areas several acres in extent with a dense growth,
reaching a height of 3^ or 4 feet.

Northern blue joint or Langsdorff's reed-bent {Galamagrostis lanc/s-
dorffii) is often found growing along with mountain blue joint and has a
20013— No. 12 1

50

similar range, but is much less abundant antt Las rather higher alti-
tudinal limits. In localities where it is plentiful it is highly prized by
stockmen, by whom it is often called " purpletop" on account of the
l^revailing color of the inflorescence. It is much more common to the
northward, being but rarely found as far south as Colorado, and then
only in the higher mountains.

Other blue joints deserving special mention are Scribuer's blue joint
{CaJamagrostis serihneri) and Suksdorf's blue-joint [G. sulsdorfii).
Both are northern in distribution, the latter being found in this region
only in central and western Montana and most abundant west of the
Continental Divide, and tbe former reaching down into central or rarely
into southern Wyoming and Colorado. Both have an altitudinal range
of about 3,000 feet, seldom occurring below 5,000 feet or above 8,000
feet in Wyoming and Montana. Suksdorf's blue joint, although reach-
ing its best development in the moist land of the valleys, is often found
on the drier ridges and mountain sides.

NATIVE PASTURE GRASSES.

Naturally much the greater portion of the grass land is used for
grazing. At the present time nearly all the land not under irrigation
is used for this purpose. This includes by far the larger part of the
upland prairies, the bad lands, tbe broken foothill country, and the
accessible mountainous country.

Some of these pasture lands, notably those in the mountains and
higher foothills, can be used during only a portion of the year, but the
remainder are grazed through the entire year. In some localities cer-
tain portions of the range are protected during the growing season in
order that the grass may make a good growth and furnish forage for
fall aiul winter grazing. Sometimes the stock is kept from these areas
by fencing, but often the ranchmen, by common consent, keej) the
stock on other ranges during the summer, and bring it to the protected
areas only when forced to do so by the approach of severe winter
weather. In localities where the meadow lands and winter pastures
are fenced in, the open range is usually in very bad condition. Every
ranchman is eager to get his " share" of the oi)en and free range, and
naturally turns out all his stock during the summer. As a result,
the grasses and better forage plants are eaten up or trampled into
the ground before the end of the season. What wonder that the
grasses are dying out on the o])en range! The wonder is that they
have survived as long as they have. During the past season, while
making wagon trips through the Belle Fourche and Big Horn Basin
countiies, it was often necessary to drive many miles in order to find
sul'licient ])asturage for the team. All tlie grass lands not under fence
"were ] ticked bare in July and August, and it was imi)ossible to get
feed along the trail except by obtaining permission of the ranchers to
cami) inside the inclosures. Of course the grasses are l)eing pre-

51

served witbin the fenced areas, but these comi)ose but a relatively-
small part of the total pasture lands, and the get all-you-can system is
rapidly and certainly ruining the ojien range. In jjarts of the range
region the scarcity of stock during the past few years, together with a
few favorable growing seasons, has allowed the grasses to recuperate
somewhat, but already the stockmen are beginning to increase their
herds in order to be able to take advantage of the anticipated rise in
prices of beef cattle, mutton, and wool, and there is danger that those
lauds not already overstocked will soon be so unless something can be
done to convince these stockmen of the shortsightedness of such a
policy.

In the higher foothills and mountains the pasturage is generally in
good condition — much better than on the prairies. There are two prin-
cipal leasoiis for this. In the first place, there is usually a good supply
of moisture, and in the second place, the lands can be grazed during
only a portion of the year on account of the heavy snowfall. xVs the
lands can be grazed for but four or five months of the year at the out-
side, there is a long j^eriod during the early part of the season when
the grasses make a considerable growth, so that they are already well
along in the vseason's development, sometimes maturing seed, before
grazing begins.

GRASSES OF THE PLAINS.

Out on the open ranges of the plains, however, there are few locali-
ties in which the pasturage is anything like as good as in former years.
Leading stockmen from nearly all parts of the plains region estimate
that the stock-carrying capacity of the pasture lands has been reduced
on the average from 40 to 50 per cent in the last ten or fifteen years.
The real reason for this is overstocking. The real stock-carrying
capacity of a given area of pasture lands is the amount of stock that
can safely be grazed on it during a dry or unfavorable season; and if
these lands are to be kept in proper condition this limit should never
be exceeded except perhaps temjDorarily during particularly favorable
seasons; and the number of stock should be reduced as soon as it is
seen that the grasses are being grazed too closely. Under the i)resent
system, or rather lack of system, of controlling the open grazing lands,
it is hardly to be expected that the ranchman will do otherwise than to
continue to try to get his " share" of the forage on the open range, and
in so doing will continue to add to its already overburdened condition.

There are many thousands of acres of the imblic lands in this region
that are of more value for grazing than for any other purpose, and in
view of their importance and of the great danger of permanent injury
resulting from the present methods of grazing it would seem urgent that
some rational system of controlling them should be devised and adopted
at once.

All the native grasses are grazed by stock to a greater or less extent,
but many kinds are too small to afford much forage; others are too

52

coarse and woody, or otherwise unpalatable, to be of much value; and
still others, while affording nutritious forage, are of most value for hay,
and have been considered in the preceding pages of this report under
the discussion of the native meadow-grasses.

The principal i^asture grasses of the dry plains region are the gramas
{Bovtelono spp.), buffalo-grass {BulhiUs dacti/loides), wheat grasses,
already discussed under meadow-grasses, prairie June-grass [Koeleria

cristata), and needle-grasses
{8ti2)a spp.). Other grasses of
considerable value for graz-
ing, but of more or less local
distribution, are Indian millet
{Eriocoma cnspklata), rush-
grasses {Sporobolus spp.),
Montana sand-grass (Ca/awta-
grostis moutancnsis), salt-
grass {Di-siicJiUs siylcata), and
several of the bunch-grasses
and wild ryes already men-
tioned.

There are three gramas
found in this region, and all
are valuable pasture grasses.
The best, and by far the most
abundant, is blue grama
{B o ntelo u a oligosf<(clii/a).
(See tig. 17.) It is one of the
most generally distributed
grasses of tlie prairies, and
also occurs in considerable
(quantities on the higher
bench lands and mesas, in
the foothills, and in dry soil
here and there in the lower
mountain valleys. Every-
where it is regarded as an
exceedingly valuable grass
for both summer and winter
pasturage, but i)arti('nlai'ly
for the latter, vying with buffalo-grass for lirst place. At the ])resent
time it is probably of greater actual vahie on account of its more general
occurrence, greater yield of forage, and greater ability to hold possession
of the soil under excessive pastnringand extremedrought. In therather
loose, sandy soil, so common to the prairies of this regicm, blue grama
forms closely sodded areasofvarying extent which, on accountofthe ])ur-
plish color of the foliage, stand out in strong contrast to the prevailing

Fig. 37. — Bine grama {Boutelona oligostachya) : a, empty
glunu-s of a spikclct ; 0, spikelet with the empty glumes
removed.

53

pale color of the remaining grass vegetation. Often these areas may be
found alternating with similar areas of the much paler buffalo-grass, and
the checkerboard appearance thus given to the prairie is peculiarly strik-
ing. Although primarily a pasture grass, blue grama, under favorable
conditions of soil and moisture, makes a fine growth of leafage suffi-
cient to afford a good yield of hay of a very flue quality. Under ordi-
nary conditions, however, this grass cures so well on the ground that
stockmen prefer to use it for
winter pasturage rather
than go to the trouble of
putting up the hay.

Black grama [Bouteloua
hirsuta) is much more local
in distribution than blue
grama, to which it is very
similar in ax)pearance and
habit of growth. It is con-
fined largely to rather lim-
ited areas on sandy or grav-
elly knolls and hillsides, and
is valuable chiefly because
it thrives in these poor soils,
furnishing considerable psis-
turage where but few other
grasses can do more than
simply exist.

The third grama found in
this region that deserves
special mention is tall or
side-oats grama (Bouteloua
curtipendula). (See flg. 18.)
It is a larger grass than
either of the foregoing, and,
while occurring throughout,
is more abundant in the rich
prairie soil of the eastern
portion of tlie region. It
produces a fine growth of
long, slender leaves and on good soil makes a good yield of hay. In
Nebraska and the Dakotas, where this grass is very abundant, it is
regarded as of more vahie for hay than for pasturage, as it yields well,
and the tough, rather harsh leaves are more readily eaten by stock as
hay than wlieu in the fresh state. In the principal range region, how-
ever, the grass is seldom present in the meadows in much quantity, and
on the drier soils the growth is not sufficient for hay; but it cures well
on the ground and is readily eaten by range stock which are more
accustomed to feeding on harsh herbage.

Fig. 18.— Tall or side-oats grama {Bouteloua curtipendula):
a, one of the short spikes; b, a spikelet; c, a splkelet
with the outer empty glumes removed.

54

There is no other orass which has a reputation for excellence for both
summer and winter pasturage equal to that of buffalo- grass. However,
not all of the praise bestowed upon this grass really belongs to it, for
the gramas are often confused with it, and to them, particularly to blue
grama, belongs much of the credit given to buffalo-grass in many parts
of the range region. In the minds of many ranchmen "buffalo-grass"
includes blue grama and black grama as well as the true buffalo-grass
{Bidbilis dactyloides), while in the minds of others grama or " gram-
mer," as it is often pronounced, includes all three.

However, there is no doubt of the great value of the true buffalo-
grass for pasturage. That it is one of the most palatable of native
grasses is shown by the fact that, with plenty of other grasses on every
hand, stock will keep it eaten close to the ground, and this is probably
the reason that it is one of the first grasses to be killed out in over-
stocked ranges. It is reported to have practically disappeared from
many places where it was formerly one of the commonest species, but
while this is no doubt true of some localities, it is certainly not true of
all. Examination has shown that it is still quite abundant in some of
these localities, but is easily overlooked, as it is kept grazed so closely
that it is seldom able to make enough development to show its charac-
teristic habit of growth, much less to bloom and mature seed.

The wheat-grasses usually furnish a larger percentage of the pastur-
age on the prairies than is generally supposed. Tlie most valuable
varieties for grazing are provided with underground stems or root-
stocks, which run along a short distance below the surface and at fre-
quent intervals send up erect branches, either bearing only tufts of
leaves or more rarely producing "heads." When too closely grazed, or
during unfavorable seasons, much of the growth of the plant is made by
these underground stems and very few, if any, fertile branches are devel-
oped. On this account many people have an idea that these grasses
grow only once in every two or three years, when as a matter of fact the
actual yield of forage may be almost as much for an "off" year as for
any other. Although regarded primarily as meadow or hay grasses,
the wheat-grasses furnish a large part of the pasturage throughout the
entire range region, and on the more strongly alkaline soils are otten the
only grasses of any value to be found at all.

The needle-grasses {^tipa spp.) are among the most conspicuous
members of the grass vegetation of the plains and lower mountains and
foothills. All produce a relatively large amount of leafage, which makes
an excellent quality of forage. During the late summer, when the seed
is maturing, some of the needle-grasses cause much trouble and often
severe in.jnry to stock, ])articularly to sheep, as the sharp-pointed
needles or "spears" work into the llesh of the animals, making painful
sores and sometimes causing the death of the animal, in some of the
best forage-producing species the "spears" are very blunt, and hence
do little or no damage. Where the range is kept closely grazed the

55

plants seldom seed in sufficient quantity to be troublesome. As soon
as the seed ripens the " spears'" fall and work into the soil, so that these
grasses can be used for hay or late grazing.

The common needle-grass {Stipa comata) of this region is valuable for
both hay and pasturage. On poor rocky or gravelly soils, where it is
one of the characteristic species (see tig. 19), it affords a large amount
of pasturage, and on the rich prairie soils it makes a good yield of hay
which is considered by many ranchmen to be equal in quality to "blue-
stem" or wheat-grass hay. Here in the range region it takes the place
of porcupine-grass {Stipa spartea), so abundant in the Lower Missouri
Valley region, but which only occurs in any considerable quantity along

Fig. 19.— a bit of the "range" in N. E. Wyoming. (Photographed by David Griffiths.)

the eastern limits of the range. In some parts of the range, as for
examx)le in some localities of central and northern Wyoming, the com-
mon needle-grass sometimes composes the entire grass vegetation of
the sage-brush prairies.

Another of the needle-grasses common in some of its many forms in
this region is that most commonly known as feather bunch-grass {Siipa
viridula). This is usually found in rather dry sandy soil, and forms
dense tufted masses of leaves and stems, which afford good grazing.
On account of its very blunt-pointed "spears" it seldom does any dam-
age to stock and, as it endures close feeding well, it is one of the most
desirable of the needle-grasses for grazing. Because of its densely
tufted habit of growth and less luxuriant production of root leaves it is

56

of less value for liay than common needle-grass. Nelson's needle-grass
{Stipa nelsoni) and purple-top needle-grass {Stipa minor) are also of
value for pasturage, but both belong more properly, perhaps, to the
higher altitudes. On the Big Horn ranges, at about 8,000 feet altitude,

purple-top needle- grass is an
important pasture grass and
is also frequently cut for hay.
Sleepy- grass {Stipa vaseyi)
is quite abundant in the south-
ern part of the eastern Rocky
Mountain region. It takes its
common name from the fact
that in some localities it is
thought to have a narcotic
effect upon stock eating it. It
is a coarse-growing grass, and
the forage could hardly be very
palatable in any event. How-
ever, in times of scarcity of
pasturage it is quite closely
grazed, in central Colorado at
least, but whether with any ill
effects has not been detinitely
ascertained. It is possible
that the narcotic principle is
not everywhere produced in
'/j^ injurious quantities.

One of the best early pas-
ture grasses on the range is
prairie June-grass {Koeleria
cristata). (See fig. 20.) It is
widely distributed, ti(mrishes
on a variety of soils, and is
one of the earliest grasses to
afford pasturage on the prai-
ries. It has a tufted habit of
growth and seldom exceeds a foot in height on the dry prairies, but in
moist, valleys it fre(iuently reaches 2 feet or more and affords an excel-
lent (piality of hay. It nuitures its seed early and then dries up, fur-
nishing l)ut little fresh pasturage afterwards unless well watered. It
usually seeds heavily. Stockmen regard it as one of the most valuable
native pasture, grasses because of its earliness and palatability. To
many it is known as wild or prairie timothy, because of its external
resemblance to the comnion cultivated timothy.

One of the most common and valuable "bunch-grasses" on the plains
is Poa buvklcyana. It is most abundant on the high elevated plains and

ri

Fig. 20.— Prairie June-grass {Koeleria cristala) : a.
empty gluiin's; b, tlie two Horets raised above the
empty glumes.

57

bench lands nearer the mountains, and is usually accompanied by-
prairie June grass, blue grama, and some of the wheat-grasses. It
is not as early as prairie June-grass, but affords a larger amount of
forage and is much better for winter pasturage. It has a very wide
distribution in the Rocky Mountain region and is represented by
a great variety of forms, some of which, as already mentioned in
another connection, are valu-
able hay producers.

In poor sandy soil, or in that
containing a large percentage
of alkali, the rush -grasses
{Sporobolus spp.) are impor-
tant pasture grasses. They
are all rather harsh and un-
palatable and are valuable
chiefly because they thrive in
soil that will produce none of
the better grasses. When for-
age is plentiful, stock will not
eat them to any great extent,
and the plants soon become
tough and woody, but during
seasons of scarcity these grasses
are, like others, kept closely
grazed throughout the season
and are tenderer and more
palatable. During the past
season a number of extensive
pastures were observed in the
Big Horn Basin composed
almost exclusively of fine-top
rush-grass or salt-grass {Sporo-
bolus airoides). (See fig. 21.)
These pastures were in alkali
bottoms and old lake beds, and
were almost the only grass-
covered areas of any consequence in that locality. They were grazed
by horses principally, and were reported to be improving with con-
tinual pasturing. This grass is most abundant in the southern portion
of the region, though occurring throughout.

Among other rush-grasses of general occurrence in this region are
rough-leafed salt-grass {Sporobolus asj)erifolius), a characteristic "bad-
land " grass; sand rush grass {S. cryptandrus), often abundant in sandy
prairies and river bottoms; and prairie rush-grass {S. depauperatus).
There are two forms of the last occurring in this region; one found
chiefly in dry soil of prairies and hillsides, too small to be of much value

Fig. 21.— Fine-top salt-grass (Sporobolut airoides).

58

for forag^e, and the other in moist, more or less alkaline bottom land,
tall and slender and producing a greater amount of forage.

Another grass abundant throughout this region in strongly alkaline
soils, but of little value except in times of scarcity of forage, is the
common salt- or alkali-grass (7)i.s/(W<7/s.s;2?w'a<rt). (See fig. 22.) Although
often i>roducing a great deal of leafage, it is harsh and unjialatable and
is refused by stock as long as other grasses are to be obtained. Sheep

eat it more readily than other
stock. It is abundant in the
bad- land regions, and, as better
grasses are usually scarce there,
it is sometimes cut for hay. In
localities where the land is be-
coming "alkalied " through im-
proper irrigation, this grass is
spreading rapidly and often be-
comes quite a pest.

Montana sand-grass {Cala-
magrostis montanensis) is the
only representative of this
genus that is of much impor-
tance as a pasture grass on the
dry prairies and foothills. Its
distribution is rather local, but
where it does occur in any
quantity it is a valuable grass.
It thrives on sterile, sandy
prairies and hillsides and
produces a large amount of
leaves. It cures well on the
ground, and hence affords good
winter pasturage. It has not
been reported south of the
Big Horn Basin, in Wyoming,
where it was found the past
season in considerable abund-
ance, particularly along the
Gray Bull Iliver, on the west side of tlie basin. It was first observed
in quantity at about 5,000 feet altitude, growing on dry, sandy tlats and
bluffs, continued plentiful up to about 7,000 feet and then gradually
became less and less common, disappearing entirely at 8,000 feet.

GKASSES OF THE I'GOTHILLS AND MOINTAINS.

Tlie grasses of the lower foothills differ but little from those of the
plains. The sod-forming species become more confined to the valleys
and the "bunch" grasses become more and more conspicuous <m the
blutts and hillsides. As the higher foothills and mountains are

Fig. 22.— Salt-graas ( Distichliii spicata) .

59

approacberl, however, changes in the grass flora become apparent.
The gramas and wheat-grasses of the plains are replaced by "bmich-
grasses" of various kinds, sheep fescue {Festuca oi'ina), and mountain
wheat-grass [Agropyron violaceum)', brome-grasses become more abun-
dant: the common needle-grass, porcuijiue-grass and feather bunch-
grass give way to Tweedy's needle-grass {Stipa tweedy i), IS^elson's
needle-grass {8. nelsoni), and
purple-top needle-grass {S.
minor); wild oat-grasses,
meadow or spear- grasses, and
tussock- grass become plenti-
ful; and mountain blue joint
takes the place of common
blue joint and yellow-top.

In the dry soils of the
higher foothills and moun-
tains the most important pas-
ture grasses are the "bunch
grasses" and the oat-grasses.
The former term is a very gen-
eral one, and as used on the
range includes a great many
different kinds of grasses.
For example, in Colorado
"bunch-grass" probably
most often means one of the
fescues [Festuca scabrella),
more properly called buft'alo
bunch- grass; in Wyoming
and Montana the term is
probably most often applied
to the three Ports mentioned
under the discussion of mea-
dow-grasses, but is also often
applied to certain of the
fescues, as sheep fescue —
often also called "deer

grass" — and King's fescue [Festuca Mngii) (see fig. 23), the northern
representative of buffalo bunch-grass. Some of the wheat grasses
[Agropyron dfvergens and A. vaseyi) are also "bunch-grasses," but
as a rule some modification of the term is used in designating them,
as wire bunch-grass or bunch wheat- grass. All the above-mentioned
grasses are valuable as forage producers and are widely distributed,
most of them occurring over all or at least a large portion of the east-
ern Kocky Mountain region. In the higher altitudes sheep fescue,
the bunch-grass Poa-s-, and the wild-oat-grasses furnish most of the

Fig. 23.— King's fescue (Festuca kingii).

60

pasturage in the dry parks and open places. The mountain form of
prairie June-grass {Koeleria cristata) is often sufiQciently abundant to
form a large part of the pasturage in such places.

In the moister soils the pasturage is furnished by the grasses men-
tioned in the discussion of mountain meadows, supplemented by vari-
ous additioual species of more local occurrence or of less vigorous
growth, and hence of less value as forage producers.

Among such additional species might be mentioned downy oat-grass
[Trisetum suhspicatum niolle), American oat-grass {Avena americana)^
and a variety of Californian oat- grass ( Danthonia californica unispicata).
The first is an abundant and widely distributed grass, flourishing in a
variety of soils, but most commonly found in rather moist open wood-
lands and edges of thickets. American oat- grass is rather local in dis-
tribution, is seldom found below an altitude of 0,000 feet in Montana
and Wyoming or about 7,500 in Colorado, and is most abundant in the
upper i)art of the eastern Rocky Mountain region. It usually occurs
in rather dry bottoms or on hillsides, and when plentiful attbrds much
good forage. The variety of Californian oat-grass is smaller than the
species and is generally found on dry ridges and hillsides, while the
species occurs in rather moist meadows. It is quite abundant in por-
tions of Wyoming and western Montana and is regarded as a good
pasture grass, to some extent taking the place, in high altitudes, occu-
j)ied by blue grama on the plains.

NATIVE CLOVERS, VETCHES, AND LUPINES.

The eastern Rocky Mountain region is well supplied with native
leguminous plants, many of which are of great value for hay and
pasturage. Some are unpalatable and are seldom eaten by stock, and
a few are injurious when eaten in any considerable quantity, due to
certain poisons or other active principles contained in them. In the
three States includi d in this report there are more than a dozen native
clovers, eight or ten native vetches and vetchlings, at least fifty milk-
vetches or rattleweeds, two bush-peas, a dozen or more lupines, and a
host of other legumes.

THE CLOVERS.

The native clovers are found chietiy in the mountains and at compar-
atively high altitudes. Some of them are too rare and others too small
to be of much value for forage, but the majority are valuable, and four
or live are of sutticient imi)ortance to warrant careful experimentation
as to their ])ossib]e use as cultivated crops. From their appearance
and tliriftincss under natural conditions or in irrigated luitive meadows
it would certainly seem probable that several of them would prove of
great value for cultivation, especially in the higher altitudes, where
alfalfa and the common clovers can not be successfully grown.

Among the most important of these native clovers are Ueckwith's
clover {TrlJ'olium beckivitliii), long-stalked clover {T. longipes)^ moun-

61

tain red clover (T. megacephaluin), Parry's clover {T. parryi), silky-
dwarf clover (T. dasypliyllum)^ woolly-beaded clover (T. eriocephalum),
and Hayden's clover (T. haydeni). Of these, the first three are proba-
bly the most valuable. Beclvwith's clover has the lowest altitudinal
limit. It is abundant in rich meadows in some localities in southwest-
ern Montana at an altitude of about 5,000 feet, and extends as far
to the eastward as the Sioux Valley in South Dakota, where it is
frequently abundant, though rather local in distribution. It makes
a very fine growth in the rich irrigated meadows in Montana, and
is regarded as a valuable hay i)lant. In South Dakota ic is found
along rather dry swales and creek bot-
toms and affords a considerable amount
of pasturage, and under more favor-
able conditions becomes large enough
to be cut for hay. It seems to endure
drought quite well, better than the
common red clover, and is well worthy
of experimentation. On account of the
similarity of the fiower heads to those
of the common clover, it is sometimes
called "wild red clover."

Long-stalked clover is one of the
commonest of the clovers native to this
region, and has a wide distribution, ex-
tending from southern Colorado along
the Rocky Mountains to British Amer-
ica and west to the Pacific Slope. It
is seldom found below an altitude cor-
responding to 6,000 feet in southern
Colorado. It is at its best near the up-
permost limit for alfalfa, and is often
found in (piantity up to 9,000 feet alti-
tude. It is a slender, narrow-leafed
plant, usually a foot or more in height,
with pale, cream-colored or imrplish
tiowers. It is highly prized as a forage
plant by stockmen, by whom the pale-flowered variety is sometimes
called "■ wild white clover." It makes a fine growth in irrigated mead-
ows and deserves to be given a trial under cultivation.

Woolly-headed clover has much the appearance of long-stalked
clover, and occurs in similar situations, bat seems to have a more lim-
ited distribution, and is chiefly confined to the region west of the
Continental Divide.

Mountain red clover (see fig. 24) is one of the most robust- growing
native sorts found in the Eocky Mountain region. The flower heads
are large and showy, and the leaves are composed of from five to seven
leaflets, instead of three, as is the case with the other clovers of the

Fig. 24.-

Monntain red clover (Tnfolium
mcgacephalum) .

62

region. It produces stout, deep-growing roots, and has many other
qualities commending it to the attention of the experimenter. Like
the preceding, it is most widely distributed on the west side of the
Continental Divide.

The other clovers mentioned in the preceding list are all rather small
and are of especial value only as i)asturage. The most important are:
Parry's clover, generally distributed in the central Kocky Mountain
region, and most abundant at an altitude of from 10,000 to 13,000 feet;
silky dwarf clover, likewise occurring in the central Rocky Mountain
region, but with lower altitudinal limits and growing on drier soil
than Parry's clover; and Ilayden's clover, occurring in moist soil from
Wyoming north along the mountains at an altitude of from 7,000 to
10,200 feet.

All the clovers mentioned in the preceding pages are perennials.
There are only two or three species of the annual clovers native to the
region. xVnnual red clover [Trifolium inrolucratiim) is widely distrib-
uted and is by far the most valuable of the annual sorts. Few-flowered
clover (T. pmiciflorum) is occasionally met witli, and it is likely that
small-headed clover (T. microcephalum) may occur in western Colorado
and southwestern Wyoming* The annual clovers are all found at com-
paratively low altitudes.

THE VKTCHES AND VETCHLINGS.

Two species of the true vetches occur in this region and both are of
value for forage. American vetch ( Yicia americana) is found in rich,
moist meadows and open thickets, and is regarded as a valuable native
forage plant. It produces long trailing or climbing vines quite thickly
covered with leaves and affords a good yield of forage. Narrow-leafed
vetch {V. linearis) is much smaller than the preceding, occurs in drier
situations, and, like it, is distributed throughout the entire region. It
afibrds less forage than American vetch, and is less palatable, but
thrives on soil too dry for that si)ecies, and hence replaces it in many
localities. It is a hardy, aggressive plant, and rai)idly takes possession
of idle, broken land, under some circumstances becoming a weed,
although not a troublesome one.

The vetchlings are better represented in this region than the true
vetches, some five or six kinds being found, of which at least three are
of value for forage. Tliey are not very palatable in the fresh state,
and hence are of more importance as hay plants. The most valuable
sorts are the prairie vetchlings {Lathyrus ornatus and L. poli/morphus)
and marsh vetchling {L. palustris). The former are found chiefly in
the central and southern portions of the region, while the latter occurs
. throughout.

Small i)rairi(', vetchling (L. ornatii.s) is usually found in <lry ])rairies,
and in some parts of the region, as in southeastern Wyoming, is very
abundant. It fruits plentifully, and the seeds are said to be edible,

63

comparing favorably witli the common garden pea. The larger prairie
vetcliliug {L. polymorphus) occurs in rather moister situations than the
preceding and is a somewhat more robust plant with much larger tiow-
ers. It is very abundant in j)ortions of central and southern Colorado,
where it is regarded as a valuable element in native meadows.

Marsh vetchling is a much taller plant thau either of the foregoing
and occurs chiefly in rich, moist meadows and about the edges of thick-
ets. It is freijueutly sufiSciently
abundant to form an important part
of the hay, adding very materially to
its feeding value. In some localities
it is called "meadow pea."

Among other vetchlings occurring
in this region of more or less value as
forage plants are veiny-leafed vetch-
ling {Latliyrus venosus), growing usu-
ally on sparsely wooded hillsides and
river banks, and cream-colored vetch-
ling {L. ochrolei(cus), found in similar
situations to the preceding.

One of the most valuable legumi-
nous plants found on the prairies is
Dakota vetch {Lotus amerimnus) (see
fig. 25), a bushy annual growing
throughout the entire Eocky Moun-
tain region. It is most abundant on
sandy river bottoms, but also occurs
on the drier uplands. Stock is very
fond of it, either as pasturage or as
hay. In the Upper Missouri region
it is one of the most highly prized

native forage plants, and the rancher who has a good lot of it in his
meadows and pastures considers himself fortunate. As it is an annual
it must be allowed to mature its seed and should not be grazed too
closely nor cut too early. The blooming season is quite long, so that
buds, flowers, and both green and mature fruits may often be seen ou
the plant at tlie same time. As a rule many of the seeds are ripened
before haying time arrives, and it is a common practice among ranchers
to use hay racks with tight bottoms in order to save the shattered
seed that it may be scattered over thin places in the meadows.

Fig. 25. — Dakota vetch {Lotus americanus).

THE LUPINES.

Although the wild lupines are so abundantly represented in this
region, as to both kinds and individuals, they can hardly be regarded
as of much value for forage from the fact that they are generally so
unpalatable that stock will seldom eat them unless forced to do so by

64

hunger. Sheep eat them more readily than other stock. Many of the
species thrive on dry, rocky soils too poor to pr(xluce much other vege-
tation, and they probably do a great deal toward improving the fertil-
ity of these soils, and are thus indirectly beneficial ; but many ranchers
regard them as weeds, owing to their tendency to spread rapidly in
overstocked pasture lands.

THK MILK-VETCHES.

The milk-vetches, or rattle-weeds, as some of them are called, are
by far tlie best represented group of leguminous plants in the range
region. Of the numerous sorts some are valuable forage plants, others

are too small to be of any value
or are so unpalatable that stock
will not eat them, and a few — the
so called "loco weeds" — are in-
jurious to stock under certain cir-
cumstances, causing considerable
loss by killing the animals eating
them.

The milk-vetches occur on a
great variety of soil, from rich,
moist bottom lands to dry, sterile,
rocky, and gravelly ridges, often
forming a large proi)ortion of
the vegetation. In some of the
species the fruits are» large and
fleshy and are much sought after
by stock, particularly by sheep.
There are i)robably a great many
kinds that are of more or less
value as forage plants, but our
knowledge of the real value of
most of the species is very limited
and reports are contradictory,
some stockmen regarding certain
sorts as injurious, while others
maintain that they are valuable forage i)lants, stock eating them with
the best of results.

Amcmg the most common and valuable kinds are bristly-fruited milk-
vetch {Astrm/alufi hi/iwfjiottis), ground plum or bullalo pea {A. crassi-
carpus), larger ground plum {A. mexicanns), and prairie milk-vetch
{A. adsurgenn), (see fig. 26.) Other species, regarded by maily as valu-
able, are Morton's milk-vetch {A. mortoni), zigzag milk- vetch {A. fiexu-
osus), and sleiuler milk-vetch {A. gracilis). T.ow luilkvetch (A. loti-
florns) and bitter milk-vetch (.1. hisitlcatns) are l)y some regarded as
good forage plants and by others as injurious species. Some years

Fig. 26.— Prairie milk-vetch {Astragalus adsur-
gens).

65

ago the writer observed both cattle and horses eating considerable
quantities of the former withuut any apparent ill eftect, but the latter
is so bitter and strong-scented that it would hardly seem possible that
stock would eat much of it.

RUSHES AND SEDGES.

These grass-like plants play no small part in the forage supply and
are of much more importance than is generally understood. There are
almost as many kinds of rushes and sedges native to this region as
there are grasses, and all are eaten by stock to a greater or less extent.
Comparatively few kinds grow on the dry prairies and hills, most of
them occurring in low prairies, meadows, and bogs. Sometimes the
greater part of the hay obtained from wet, boggy meadows is made up
of these plants. They are particularly abundant in some of the moun-
tain meadows, frequently, especially early in the season, occupying
the land almost to the exclusion of the grasses.

RUSHKS.

There are at least six of the bulrushes that deserve mention as for-
age plants. These are meadow bulrush [i^cirpus atrovirens), salt-marsh
bulrush (*S'. robiistus), river bulrush {S. Jiuriatilis), small-fruited bul-
rush (*S'. microcar^jus), prairie bulrush {S. campestris), and alkali or
chair-makeis' bulrush {S. americanus). The best of these, though not
neces.^arily the most abundant, are river bulrush, meadow bulrush, and
salt-marsh bulrush. Alkali or chair-makers' bulrush (the former name
is most used in this region) is one of the most abundant species, and, as
its common name indicates, occurs on alkali flats along streams and
elsewhere in moist soil contajning large quantities of alkali. It is
tough and wiry, but is often eaten by stock when better forage is scant.

Of the spike rushes, common spike-rush {Eleocharis palustris) and
flat-stemmed spike-rush {E. acuminata) are the most important. Id
wet meadows, particularly those that are overirrigated, these rushes
are very abundant, sometimes forming the larger part of the vegeta-
tion. Some of the larger forms of common spike-rush yield a large
amount of hay, but the quality is much inferior to that obtained from
the grasses.

There are d dozen or more of the bog rushes found in the eastern
Eocky Mountain region. All are tough and wiry and afford an inferior
quality of forage, but a number of them are sufficiently abundant to
form a large part of the vegetation in some of the native meadows.
The species most frequently found are slender bog rush {Jiincus tennis),
Torrey's bog rush {J. torreyi), Baltic bog rush {J. haltici(s), knotted bog
rush {J. nodosus), Xevada bog rush {J. nevadenHs), and mountain bog
rush {J. xiphioides montanus).
20013— No. 12 5

6G

SEDGE8.

TLe list of sedges is a long oue, more tbau a liumlred different kinds
being found in tlie IJoek}^ Mountain region. Tliej- furnisli a better
quality of forage, as a rule, than that obtained from the rushes. Some
of the species grow on dry prairies and hillsides, but the majority pre-
fer the moister soils of the valleys and lowlands. Sedges form a con-
spicuous part of the vegetation of the meadows and moist mountain
sides at the higher altitudes. Some of the species are small and are of
value only as pasturage, but many others are of sufficient size to yield a
large amount of hay which compares favorably in cjuality with that
obtained from grasses growing in similar situations.

On the dry uplands, thread-leafed sedge [Corcv ^fili/oJia). often also
called "wire-grass," and dwarf sedge (C steuophyUa) furnish pastur-
age, the former being very abundant on dry ridges in some localities
and highly prized by stockmen. Dwarf sedge is often plentiful in dry
meadows, where it is larger than on the uplands. In swales and dry
meadows silvery-top sedge (C. Hccata), clustered lield-sedge {C. mar-
eid(t), and Douglas sedge {C. floiif/Jasii) are of considerable value for
both hay and pasturage. There are a great many different forms of
the Douglas sedge, some of them large and affording a good yield of
hay, and others too small for anything but pasturage. The species
is one of the most abundant in the sections nearer the mountains and
also ascends to the higher altitudes. Brown-top sedge {C. /est ic a) is
also abundant and valuable, but usually occurs in moister situations
than the last. In wet, boggy meadows tlie sedges sometimes compose
more of the vegetation than do the grasses. This is particmlarly the
case at the higher altitudes or above 7,000 or 8,000 feet. The species
most commonly found in these meadows are tussock sedge {C. strlcta),
bottle sedge (C. utricnlata, and var. minor), Nebraska sedge {C. nehras-
liensis), woolly-fruited sedge (C. lannr/inosa), and giant sedge {C. aris-
fata). All produce a relatively large amount of leafage, and when cut
in proper season aft'ord hay of average quality.

MISCELLANEOUS NATIVE FORAGE PLANTS.

There are many miscellaneous plants native to this region that lielp
to make up the general forage supply. These are mostly plants that
the uninforn)ed individual would regard as weeds, but Avhich. under
the conditions prevailing on the range, form an important part of the
annual supply of stock feed. On the i)lains and foothills this vegeta-
tion consists very largely of the various kinds of "sage'' and saltworts,
j)lants characteristic of the arid and semiarid West. In the mountains
it consists mainly of shrubby willows, mountain mahogany, shrubby
ciniiuefoil, and i)urshia. There is a great variety of plants called
"sage" on the range, as, for example, the bitter sages, or "sage-brush"
{Artemisia S])p.)| green sages, or "rabbit-brush" {Bigelovia spp.); salt-
sage {Atriple.v spp.); sweet sage, or winterfat {Eurotia Janata), etc.

67

THE BITTER SAGES.

The bitter sages, or sage-brusbes, are most of tbem so bitter that
stock will not eat them as a general thing, except in times of scarcity
of forage. Sheep eat the sagebrush more often than do any other of
the domestic animals. They do not make a general diet of it, but eat
small quantities now and then, as if for a tonic or appetizer. Bud
brush or spring sage {Artemisia spinescens) is probably the most valu-
able of this group of sages. It is most abundant in the Eed Desert of
Wyoming, and extends into the arid regions to the southwest. The
masses of young leaves and flowers are much relished by sheep, and
the plant is regarded as an impor-
tant member of the forage produc-
ing species of the desert. Silvery
sage {A. canit) is probably the next
most valuable of the bitter sages.
When browsed closely it produces
a great many annual shoots, which
are quite succulent and are eaten
by sheep to a considerable extent.

THE SALT-SAGES.

The salt sages are of much more
importance as forage jdants than
the bitter sages. There are more
than a dozen species native to this
region, and all are of value for for-
age. In some sections, as in central
Wyoming and in the Ked Desert,
these salt-sages, or "salt-bushes,"
furnish more of the forage than all
the other plants combined. The
kinds of most importance in this
region are Xuttall's salt sage {Atri-
plcx nuttalUi), spiny salt-sage {A.
confertifolia)^ hoary salt-sage, or

shad scale {A. canescens) (see Hg. 27), Ifelson's salt-sage {A.pahidaris), sil-
very salt-sage {A. argenteAi), tumbling salt-sage [A. volutans), and
spreading salt sage {A. expansa). All are annuals except the first three,
which are perennials and are of especial importance for winter pastur-
age. The leaves, fruits, and young shoots are relished by all kinds of
stock. Of the three, ISTuttairs salt-sage is probably the most valuable.

The salt-sages thrive on land strongly impregnated with alkali, and
so dry that but little other vegetation will exist upon it, and as there
are many thousands of acres of such land in this region these plants
are of jiarticular importance. In certain districts, as along the Green
Eiver iu Wyoming and also in the central part of the State, there

Fig. 27. — Sliad scale {Atriplex cayiescens).

68

are extensive areas in which the water supply is so limited that stock
can not be kept on them diiriiif? the summer. Here it is that the salt-
sages thrive, and are of especial value for winter forage. During the
growing- season the plants make a good development, as they are not
kept back by grazing, and the ripened fruits and " sun-cured" leaves,
together with the young shoots, make excellent forage for winter, when,
since the snow furnishes the animals with water, the stock can be
brought to these regions. Thus it is that these desert areas become
valuable winter pastures and furnish food for many thousands of sheep,
cattle, and horses for about four months of the year. Stockmen, espe-
cially those owning large droves of sheep, are almost as anxious to
establish and maintain their rights to " winter ranges"' on these desert
areas as they are to secure their *' share" of the summer range on the
prairies and in the mountains.

Under this system of winter grazing tlie condition of these salt-sage
pasture lands is continually improving. This is probably due to the
enriching of the land from the droppings of the animals, and to the
increased production of new shoots by the perennial sages, resulting
from the close browsing by the animals during winter, followed by an
undisturbed period of growth in the summer.

The annual salt-sages are valuable principally for summer and au-
tumn forage, not usually being persistent enough to be of much impor-
tance for winter use. However, under certain circumstances, the fallen
leaves and fruits may be collected by the wind into little piles in
depressions of the ground, or behind shrubs and other persistent plants,
and are picked up by sheep or other stock. Under ordinary conditions
all of the salt-sages mentioned in the above list produce an abundance
of seed, and in most cases it is easily gathered. In view of the recog-
nized value of these plants for forage it would seem well worth while
to attempt to grow the better sorts under cultivation. There are many
localities where they could be used to advantage,

W INTERFAX.

One of the most highly prized of the sages is wiuterfat or sweet sage
{Ei<rotla lanata). (See tig. 28.) It is a rather small, woolly, half shrnbby
perennial, found throughout the IJocky Mountain region in the dry soil
of the plains and foothills. It is of most imi)ortance for winter pas-
turage and is esteemed not only for its feeding value, but also for a
beneiicial effect which it is supposed to have on the health of stock
eating it. It usually fruits abundantly, and the great fattening (piali-
ties attributed to it are no doubt largely due to the fact that the
nuitured fruits compose a large part of the forage obtained by the
animals.

Winterlat grows readily from the seed and could undoubtedly be
cultivated to good advantage in many localities.

69

GUEASEWOOD.

Anotlier plant of great value for fornge on dry, gterile, strongly alka-
line soil is greasewood {tS(ircob((tus vermieulatus). (See tigs. 3 and 29.) It
is more or less abundant throughout the entire region and is of especial
importance in the bad lands and in sterile, broken areas on bluffs along
the streams, and on the so called "black alkali" spots in the valleys
and plains. It is a scraggy, thorny shrub from 2 to 10 feet high, with
fleshy, succulent leaves, and usually prodnces an abundance of frnit. ■
The leaves, fruit, and young shoots are eaten by stock to such an .

Fig. 28.— Winterfat (Eurotia lanata).

Fig. 29. — Greasewood (SarcohaUis vermiciilattis).

extent that in some localities the plants are kept so closely browsed as
to be ultimately destroyed. Under ordinary conditions this plant fur-
nishes a large amount of forage and is particularly valuable, since it
will thrive on soil that will not even produce sage-brush. As stated
elsewhere in this report, "sage-brush" land is easily subdued, and
under irrigation produces excellent crops of grain, alfalfa, etc., while
"greasewood" land is regarded as of but little agricultural value by
ranchers because of the quantity and character of the alkali contained
in it.

MISCELLAXEOUS.

Among other plants of weedy habit which add considerably to the
forage supply in some localities are the goosefoots or lambs-(iuarters

70

{Chenopodium spp.) and the kuotweeds (rohiyonum spp.). There are a
half dozen species of each that occur in sufficient abundance to be of
vahie. They are usually found in broken soil along banks and trails
and about desiccated ponds, occupying land in which grasses will uot
thrive or from which they have been killed out.

In the higher foothills and mountains the browsing is principally
furnished by such shrubby plants as the willows, shrubby ciniiue-foil
[FotentiUa fniticosa), mountain mahogany {Ccrcocarpus 2)arvi/<)lii<.s)j
Torrey's nine-bark {Pliy.socarjins torreiji). and Turshia (Purshiu triden-
tuia). These are all often so extensively eaten by stock that it is

difficult to find a plant showing
anything like its natural habit of
growtb. This is particularly true
on the sheep ranges. Shrubby
cin(iue-foil was seen in great abun-
dance the i)ast season (1897) on the
Big Horn Mountains, but wherever
the sheep had been ranged to ajiy
considerable extent the bushes
were so (;losely browsed that it
was difficult to get good botanical
specimens. The same was true to
a great extent with the several
species of shrubby willows occur-
ring on the same mountains.

Wild liciuorice [Glycyrrliiza le^n-
dota) is abundant in low, sandy
prairies and river bottoms through-
out the range region. This plant,
■ regarded as a troublesome weed in
the eastern prairie States, is highly
esteemed as a forage plant by
many ranciiers. It is often pres-
ent in abundance in the hay ob-
tained from river-bottom meadows,
and such hay is regarded as having high feeding value. In the Big
Horn Basin it is fre(iueutly called "wild alfalfa," and many tons of it
are cut annually.

In addition to the various plants mentioned in the preceding pages,
all of recognized value as forage producers, there is a long list of plants
which, although each is perhaps «.f but little value in itself, when they
are considered in the aggregate the amount of forage afforded by them
is large. Such are the prairie clovers {I'dalostrmon spp. and Psornlea
spp.), the Daleas [Daka <ilopeci(rouhs and V>. aHrat), the bush-peas
{Thrrmopfiis m(»itaiut (see tig. 30) and T. rliomhoideo), the herbaceous
ciu(iue foils (Z'o<t'/i/<7/rt spp.), wild asters, and many others.

Fig. 30.— Moutaua buslipea (Thermopsis
inontuna).

71
IMPROVEMENT OF THE RANGES.

One of tlie most important factors in the improvement of the range
conditions would be the establisliment of some system of control which
would allow each rancher the exclusive right to graze his stock on a
given piece of land for a long term of years. As long as the "open
range"' is "free to all," ranchmen will continue to try to get their
"share" of it and there will be no possibility of any substantial improve-
ment. Under the present conditions there is no incentive for the
rancher to make any special efforts to improve the range except in so
far as it has to do with the immediate necessities of his stock. He
knows that if his stock does not eat the grass, that of somebody else
will, and naturally he thinks he might as well benefit by it as anyone.
In his efforts to get his "share" he contributes to the general destruc-
tion instead of trying to avert it.

It is argued that if the" rancher could secure a long lease to a portion
of these public lands it would then be to his interest to improve and
maintain their productivit3^ He could then afford to build fences
and adopt other measures for the betterment of his holdings, being sure
that he and not someone else would get the benefit of his endeavors.

With the recent rapid increase in the number of tilled ranches and
the growing tendency tow^ard the raising of more coarse forage for
winter feeding, it ought to be possible to handle more stock than
formerly instead of less, as is the case at the present time. Thus in the
Big Horn Basin and elsewhere in northern Wyoming ranchers assert
that they can easily raise winter feed for more stock than their summer
range'will carry in its jn-esent depleted condition. This statement is
borne out by the fact that on many ranches one may see large quantities
of surplus hay, often representing portions of crops of two or three
years. There are other districts in which the practice of growing for-
age for winter use should be greatly extended. The range could supply
plenty of pasturage for a part of the year, but is insuflticient for both
summer and winter forage. Millet, rye, oats, field peas, rape, sorghum,
and other forage crops can some of them be grown with at least a fair
degree of success in most localities in this region, and an extension of
their cultivation would have a beneficial effect on the open range, in
that it would be less closely grazed.

An important problem to be considered in connection with the
improvement of range conditions is that of the water supply, particu-
larly as to the conservation and more equable distribution of the
annual rainfall. Something can be done by the individual efforts of
the stockmen, but if much permanent good is to be accomplished the
united efforts of the community and possibly the aid of the local or the
General Government will need to be turned in this direction.

The conservation of water in this manner would serve a twofold
purpose. ]^ot only would it render possible the irrigation of more land
adapted to the growing of forage and other crops and the better irriga-

72

tion of land already under cultivation, "but water would also be pro-
vided for stock in places convenient to the grazing lands, and niucU of
the injmy to the range due to excessive trampling would be avoided.
As the laws governing the distribution of water for irrigation become
better understood and more justly applied much of the present une-
qual distribution of the water from the running streams will be cor-
rected, and stock will be better supplied with drinking water and
more forage will be produced. Under the present conditions one may
frequently see a man injuring his meadows and fields by using too
much water, while those of his neighbor some n^.iles down the valley
are suffering, perhaps totally ruined, for lack of water.

In a region varying so widely in soil aud climatic conditions it is not
to be expected that any one or two grasses or forage plants can be
introduced to meet all the requirements. Timothy, redtop, alfalfa, and
other of the commoner "tame" sorts have shown tlieinselves admirably
adapted for certain localities. Smooth brome is being used with tine
success in some of the drier sections. But other varieties are needed,
and the only way to select them is through careful experimentation.
It is not neces ary that these experiments shonld be elaborate.
Each rancher should test one or two of the hardy grasses or forage
plants in a small way each season, and thus determine for himself what
kinds are best adapted to his needs and to the conditions prevailing in
his locality.

These experiments should not be confined to ''tame" or introduced
sorts, but should be extended to desirable native kinds, such as have
been mentioned in the preceding pages. There is no locality without
native grasses or forage plants tliat are worthy of trial under cultiva-
tion, aud anyone can, with but little trouble, obtain enongh seed for
such a test. Some farmers are already following this phm, and while
some attempts meet with failure, others give very encouraging results —
so mu(;h so that the groat value of some of the native species is clearly
demonstrated for certain localities, and in some cases the seed is being
placed on. the market, as for example, slender wheat-grass {Ayropi/ron
tenerum) and reed canary-grass [Plialaris arumUnacea). It is extremely
likely that there are native varieties of grasses and clovers which will
be found to be well adai)ted for cultivation above the altitudinal limits
of timothy, alfalfa, and other of the commonly cultivated grass and
forage crops. Among such may be mentioned Nevada blue grass ( /\<a
ncvadensi.s), Wyoming blue grass (/*. ivliceleri), rough-leafed bent
[A<jrostis (iHpeHfoUn), mountain foxtail {Alopccurus oceidentalis), short-
awned brome {Bromus breriaristaUis), western brome {B.innnpeUianm)^
Beckwith's clover {Trifoliiim hecl-withii), nud long stalked clover ( 7'.
loufjipefs).

As a general rule ranchmen a-^sert that the only treatment recjuired
for the restoration of the range is rest, but this under the i)rescnt con-
ditions is practically an imi)ossibility. IMoreover, in some localities the

73

work of destruction Las gone so far that sometliing more than mere
rest is necessary. The valuable grasses have been killed out and their
places takeu by plants of weedy habit, of little, if any, value for forage,
or the land is without vegetation at all. To reclaim such areas arti-
ficial seeding is necessary. With these places again seeded and pro-
ducing forage it will be easier to give at least a partial rest to the
lands on which there still remains enough of the good grasses to accom-
plish natural reseeding. Many farmers and ranchmen in the N^orth-
west have been able to materially increase the stock-carrying capacity
of their pasture lands by scattering over the worn spots the seed of
such grasses as western wheat-grass {Agropyron spicatum), prairie June-
grass {KoeJeria cristata), Kentucky blue grass, and smooth brome.
Sometimes these areas are harrowed or "disked" after seeding, and
sometimes not. One practice is to seed while the ground is wet and
drive stock over the land to work the seed into the soil.

When wheat-grass is already present in considerable (quantity the pro-
ductiveness may be vastly improved by " disking" up the land. Some
farmers even go so far as to plow up the land and then allow the wheat-
grass to come in again, which it does in a very short time. This latter
method keeps the land in better condition and gets rid of weeds, and
is a good i)ractice to follow on the smaller ranches. When seed can be
had it would be a good plan to sow a small quantity of prairie June-
grass, bench-land spear-grass, smooth brome, or other of the better
native or introduced sorts, that the land may be occupied at once.
Sometimes such annuals as millet, oats, rye, and sorghum can be used
to advantage. The practice of fencing the range in such a manner
that one portion of it may be grazed while the other is resting is to be
recommended. This allows the grasses opportunity to recuperate and
to produce seed occasionally.

If each ranchman and farmer could but keep the land under his own
immediate control up to the i)oint of greatest productivity the indirect
effect upon the open range through decreased demands upon it would
be decidedly beneficial. In the absence of some rational system of
control for the open range little can be done in a direct way to bring
about better forage conditions upon it, but much can and will be done
on private holdings as soon as the ranchers realize, as they are begin-
ning to do, that they can not be continually taking from their meadow
and pasture lands without adding something to them by care, occasional
reseeding, and cultivation.

INDEX TO COMMON NAMES.

Page
Alfalfa. 10. 17, 18, 19, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 34, 35, 60, 72

Alkali bulrush 65

meadow-grass 40

Alpine blue gras.s 45

timothy 30,44,45,46

Alsiko 36

American oat-grass 60

vetch 62

Annual rtd clover 62

Bait ic bog rush 65

Barley 17,37

Barnyard-grass 24

Bearded \v heat-grass 44

Beckwiths clover 60, 61, 72

Bench-land spear-grass 40, 41, 42, 73

Big bine stem 22

co; d-grass 22, 26, 27, 28

sand-grass 22,26,27,28,43

Bitter milk-vetch 64

sage 66, 67

Black grama 28,53,54

Blue grama 22, 26, 27, 28, 29, 52. 53, 54, 57, 60

joint 9,39,43,44,49

stem 10

Bog rush 65

Bottle sedge 60

Bristly-fruited milk- vetch 64

Brome-grass 44, 40, 59

Broom corn millet 38

Brown-top sedge 66

doura 37

Bud-brush 67

Buffalo bunch-grass 59

grass 9. 10, 22, 28, 52, 54

pea 04

Bunch-grass 10, 40, 41, 52, 56, 58

wheat-grass 59

Bush-pea 60,70

Cactus 21, 26

California oat-grass 49, 60

Canadian blue grass 32

Chair-makers bulrush 65

Clover 31, 60, 62

Clustered tield-sedge 66

Colora<lo blue stem 39

Common blue joint 43, 49, 59

Corn 17, 22, 29, 35

Cream-colored vetchling 63

Dakota vetch 23,63

Dalea '0

Deer-grass 59

Douglas sedge 66

Downy oat-grass 60

Dwarf sedge 66

Esparcette 38

Page,

False quack-grass 39

redtop 40. 42

Feathei- bunch-grass 22, 28, 55. 50

Few-flowered clover 62

Field peas 38.71

Fine top salt-grass 57

Flat-stemmed spike-rush 65

Fowl meadow-grass 40. 42

Fresh-water cord-grass 21

Giant ryegrass 43, 44

sedge 66

Goosefoot 69

Greasewood 14. 20, 69

Green sage 66

Ground-plum 64

Hairy vetch 38

Haydens clover 61, 62

Hoary salt-sage 67

Hungarian 38

Indian millet 52

Jerusalem coru 37

•Tune clover 21

Kentucky blue grass 29.31.40,41,73

Kings fescue 25, 59

Knotted bog rush 65

Lambs-(|uarter3 09

Langsdortt's reed bent 49

Larger ground-plum 6t

prairie-vetchling 62

Loco- weeds 64

Long-leafed sage 23

stalked clover 60,01,72

Low milk- vetch 64

spear-grass 32

Lupine 60, 63

Macouns rye-grass 43

Marsli-vetchling 62, 63

Meadow bulrush 65

fescue 29, 33

foxtail 46

Milk-vetch 60, 64

Millet 24.29,38,71,73

Montana bush-pea 70

sand-grass 26,52.58

Mortons milk-vetch 64

Mountain blue joint 49, 59

bog rush 65

foxtail 44, 40

mahogany 60, 70

meadow-grass 45

red clover 61

timothy 46

wheat-grass 59

Xarrow-leafed vetch 62

Nebraska sedge 66

75

76

Page

K eertle-grass 22. 26, 27. 28, 52, 54, 55, 59

Kelsons iieetUegrass uG. 59

saltsage Ci

Nevada hog rush C5

blue grass 40, 42,4;{,45, 72

Kortheni blue joint ^'3

Kuttallssaltsase C7

Oatsrass 44.48,49.59

Oats 10, 17. 25, 27. 28, 37. 71 , 73

Orchard grass 29, 34

Pale buiiib-grass 41

Parrys clover 61, ^2

oatgras.s 49

Porcupine-grass 22. 55, 59

Prairie bulrush ^^

clover 70

June-grass 22, 26, 52, 56, 57, 60, 73

milk- vetch 64

rush-grass 57

timothy 56

vetchlings 62

Purple-top 50

Purple-top needle-grass 56. 59

Purshia 66. 70

Eabhit-brush 66

Kape 38,71

Rattleweed 60

Eed clover 30,35,36,61

fescue 34, 48

top 17, 24. 28. 29, :<0, 31 , 32, 47. 48. 72

Eeed canary-grass 44, 72

meadow-grass 40

Kiver bulrush 65

Eocky Mountain oat-grass 48.49

Eough-leal'ed bent 44,48,72

salt-grass 57

Rushes 31, 65

Eye 17, 25, 27. 37. 71, 7.T

Sagebrush 21. 26. 27, 35, 66. 69

Salt-bushes 67

Salt grass 27, 52. 58

Salt-marsh bulrush 65

Salt-sage 26.66,67

Sand rusli-grass 26, 57

vetch 38

Scribners blue Joint 50

Sedges 31,65,66

Shad-scale 67

Sheep fescue 33, 34, ,59

Shoit awned bronie 46, 47, 72

Shrubby cin<iuel'oil 66,70

Side-oats grama 53

Silky dwarf clover 61. 62

Silvery sage 67

salt-sage 67

Silvery -top .sedge 66

Page-

Sleepy-grass 56

Slender bog rush 65

cord grass 26

milk-vetch 64

wheat-grass 39. 72

Slough-grass 44

Small-fruited bulrush 65

Small headed clover 62

Small prairie-vetchling 62

Smooth l)unch-grass 41,45

Smooth or Hungarian brome. . . 29, 32, 33. 47, 72, 73

Sorghum 29. 35, 37, 71, 73

Spike-rush 65

Spiny salt sage . . : 67

Spreading sal t-sage 67

Spring-sage 67

Squirrel tail grass 25

Suksdorfs blue. joint 50

.Sweet sage 66, 68

Tall grama 53

Thread-leafed sedge 66

Timothy. . 17, 19. 24, 27, 28. 29, 30, 31, 36. 45. 47. 56, 72

Torreys bog rush ... - 65

iiine-bark 70

Tumbling salt-sage 67

Tussock-grass 44, 47, 48, 59

sedge 66

Yeiuy-leafed vetchling 63

Vetches 60.62

Vetchlings 60, 62

Virginian lyme-grass 44

Western brome 46, 72

wheat-grass 2:i. 26, 28, 39, 73

Wheat 10, 17, 25. 28, 37

Wheat-grass 39, 44. 52. 54, 57, 59, 73

White clover 36

White sweet clover 24

Wild alfalfa 70

aster 70

liquorice 70

red clover 61

rye 23. 39. 43, 52

timotliy 44

white clover 61

Willow 60,70

Winterfat 66,68,69

Wire bunch-grass 59

grass 6(i

Woodland meadow-grass 40. 42, 45

Woolly-fruited sedge 66

Woolly-headed clover 61

WyoiTiini; blue grass 4 J. 41,44,45.72

Yellow milo maize 37

t(ii> 43,59

Zi-zas niilkvctcli 64

INDEX TO BOTANICAL NAMES.

Pa^e.

Agropyron divergeiis 59

p9eu(loiei)en8 I!9

ricliardsoui 44

spicatum 22, 24, 26, 28, 7P.

tenerum 39, 72

vaseyi -■ 59

Tiolaceum 59

Agroatis alba 31

aspenfolia 44,72

Alopecurus occidentalis 44. 4G, 72

pratensis 46

Artemisia cana 67

loiigilVilia 21,26,27

spiiK'scens 07

tiidintata 27

Astragalus adsurgPDS 64

bi.sulcTtns 64

crassii.arpu8 64

flexiiD.sus 64 '

gracilis 64 '

liypoglottis 64

lotitlonis 64

niexicanus 64 !

iiiortoni 64 !

Atriplex argentea 67

canesctn.s 67

conffi'tifulia 67

expansa 67

nuttallii 67

pabulaiis 67

volntaiis 67

Avena ameiicana 60

Bec'kiuannia erucitformi.s 44

Bigelovia 66

Bouteloua curtipeudula 53

hirsuta 28,53

oligo.st.ichya 22, 26, 27, 28, 29, 52

Bromiis bre viaiistatus 46. 47. 72

iueniiis 32,33

pimipellianus 4G, 72

Bulbilis dactyloides 22, 28, 52, 54

Calamagrostis aiiiericana 43

canadensis 43

acuminata 49

langsdorffii 49

montanensis 26, 52, 58

scribneri 50

.suksdortii 50

Calamovilfa longit.dia 22, 26, 27, 28. 43

Carex aristata 66

dougla.sii 66

festiva 66

filitblia 23, 66

lanuginosa 66

Page.

Carex marcida 66

uebra.skensis 66

siccata 66

steuophylla 66

stricta 6G

utriculata minor 66

Cercocarpu.s parvitblius 70

Clienopodiura 70

Dactylis glonierata 34

Dalea alopecuroidcs 70

aurea 70

Danthonia caliloniica 49

unispicata 60

intermedia 48,49

parry i 49

Descharapsia caespitosa 47

Distichlis spicata 27, .12, 58

Eleocbaris acuminata 65

paUistris 65

Elynuis canadensis 23, 26, 43

condensatus 43

macounii 43

virniuicus 44

Eriocoma <u.spidata 52

Eurotia lanata 66,68,69

Festuca elatior pratensis 33

kingii 25, 59

o vina 33, 34, 59

rubra 34

scabrella 59

Glycyrrliiza lepidota , 70

Hordeuni jubatum 24

Juucus balticus 65

nevadensis 65

nodosus 65

tenuis 65

torreyi 65

xiphioides montanus 65

Kceleria ciistata 22,26,52,56,60,72

Latbyrus ochroleucus 63

ornatus 62

palustris 62

liolyniorphua 62, 63

venosus 63

Lotus americanus 23, 63

Xlelilotusalba 24

I'anicularia americana 40

Panjcum crus-galli 24

Petalosteraon 70

Pbalaris aruudinacea 44, 72

Pbleum alpinum 30, 44

praten.se 30

Pby socarpus torreyi 70

I'inus scopulorum 25

77

78

Page.

Poa alpiua ^^

annua ■*'-

arida 40.42

buckley ana 40. 41, i>6

compressa S2

flava 40

Ifcvigala 40, 41

leptoconia 4.')

lucida 40,41

neiiioralis 40

nevadeiKsis 40, 43, 72

pratfiisi.s 31,40

■vrheeleri 40,72

Poljiionum "0

Potentilla Tn

f rnticosa 70

Psoralea "0

Puccinellia airoiiU's 40

Pursbia tridentata 70

Sarcobatus vennii'ulatus 09

Scirpus anioricaims 65

atrovii'L'ii.s 05

cauipestri.s 05

fluviatilis Go

microfaipus 05

robust ii.< 05

Spartina cyiiosuroi(le.s 21.22,26.27.28,44

Page.

Spartina gracili.s 20,44

Sporobolus airoides 57

a.sperifolius 57

cryptandrus 26,57

depauperatus 57

Stipa comata 22. 26, 27, 28, 55

iiiiiHii' 56, 51)

nelsoui 50. 59

spartea 22, 55

twefdy i 59

vaseyi 56

viiidula 22, 26, 28, 55

Tberniopsis luoutana 70

ilioiuboidea 70

Ti ifulium beckwitbii GO. 72

da.sypbylhim 61

cri()ce])lT;ilum 61

ba\ dciii ■ 01

involucratuni. 62

lougipes 60, 72

luegacepbalum 61

niicrocepbaluni 62

parryi 61

paiiciflorum 62

Trisetuni siibspicatuni nioUe 60

Viiia americana 02

liueari.s 62

Bulletin No. 13.

Agros. 33.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

DIVISION' OF AGROSTOLOGY.
[Cirasw and Forag*- Plant In v4-«lisalioiiM.]

THE RED DESERT OF WYOMING

AND

ITS FOKAGE] RESOURCES,

BY

AVKN NELSON,

Profvssoi' of liotunij in the Universiiij of Wyotiihuj.

PREPAEED UNDEU THE DIRECTION OF THE AGKOSTOLOGIST.

WASHINGTON:

GOVKKNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1898.

LETTER OF TRANSMriTAL

tJ, S. Department of AaRiciiLTURE,

Division oe Agrostology,

Waslimgton, D. C, June 29^ 1S9S.
Sir: I have the honor to tiausniit lierewith and recommend for
pnblication as Bulletin No. 13 of this Division a report by Prof. Aven
Nelson on The lied Desert of Wyoming and its Forage Resources,
l)repared in accordance with the instructions of the Agrostologist.
The Bed Desert region of Wyoming is a waterless and nearly treeless
area. During the summer season it is practically uninhabitable, and
a visitor at this time would doubt very much whether the region could
be utilized in any way, especially as a stock range, but as a matter of
fact this Red Desert actually affords excellejit winter pasturage. Here
are fed the herds and tiocks of adjacent summer ranges, and many of
the stockmen in northwestern Colorado, eastern Utah, and southern
Idaho And in this region a desirable place to winter their stock, espe-
cially their sheep. So far as I am aware, we have in this report the
first presentation of the value of the Red Desert and other similar
regions which occur in the interior of all large continents as ranges
for stock, and the account given of the various forage plants npon
which thousands of cattle and sheep graze during the winter months
can not fail to be of interest. Among these plants which aftbrd nutri-
tious food and apparently thrive in the driest climates and in strongly
alkaline soil there are doubtless varieties that are well deserving of
propagation, and by their cultivation land now totally waste may be
rendered valuable.

Respectfully, F. Lamson-Scribner,

Ayroatologist.
Hon. James Wilson,

Secretary of Ayriculture.

f

I

CONTENTS.

Page.

Introduction 9

Itiueiary 10

Location and extent of tlie Red Desert 11

Topography 12

Geology 12

Soils 13

Composition of alkali in Red Desert soil 14

Climate 15

Temperature 15

Precipitation 16

- Water supply 17

Extent of settlement 18

Plant formations 18

Vegetation of the divisions of the desert 18

Distinct types of vegetation 19

Forage 20

Amount of forage 20

Quality of forage 22

Means for improvement of the forage 22

Characteristic desert plants 23

Vegetation of the desert, or winter, range 24

(1) The Salt-sages 24

(2) The Sage-brushes 25

(3) Wheat-grasses 25

(4) Indian Millet 27

(5) Giant Rye-grass 27

(6) Desert Juni])er 28

Vegetation of the hill country, or summer, range 28

(1) The Spear-grasses 29

(2) The Brome-grasses 29

(3) Dropseed 30

(4) Reed Meadow-grass 30

(5) Redtop 30

(6) The Sedges 31

List of the forage plants of the summer range 31

Grasses 31

Sedges 49

Other forage plants 53

Flora of the Red Desert 54

5

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PLATES.

Page.

Pi,. I. Fig. 1.— Tlie Real Red Desert. Fig. 2— Tli<> Greater Red Desert G8

II. Fig. 1.— Point of Rocks, Bitter Creek Valley. Fig. 2.— The Ideal Sum-
mer Range 68

III. Fig. 1. — Tetradymia sphwsa II. & A. Fig. 2. — Atni}hj- vohitans A.^e]». 68

IV. Sheldon's Pdiie-grass ( I'oa sheldoni Vasey) 68

V. Alkali Blue-grass (Poa jiincifoUa Scribu.) 68

FIGURES.

Fio. 1 . Western Wheat-grass {Agropyron splcatnm ) 26

2. Indi.'iu Millet ( Eriocoma vuspidata) 27

3. Switch-grass {Fanicum, rirgatum) 32

4. Seneca-grass (Saraslaiui odorata) 33

5. Mountain Foxtail {AJopectinis oceidentalh) 34

6. Fine-top Salt-grass {SporoboliLs (lirohhs) 35

7. Rough-leafed Salt-grass {Sporoholns axperifoUus) 36

8. Sporoholns confusus 37

9. Af/roslis h umilis 38

10. Fnvi}\ish. Reed-grass (Calamagroul is piirj)nias<t7is) 38

11. Slender Cord-grass {Spartiua yracUis) 39

12. Slough-grass ( Hetlinanma erncaiform is) , 40

13. Bulbous Melic-grass {Melica bulhosa) 41

14. Bench-land Spear-grass ( Poa arida ) 41

15. Nevada Bine-grass ( Poa veradensis ) 42

16. Kentucky Bliu'-grass {]'oa pratetisis) 43

17. Wyoming Blue-grass {Poa wheeleri) 44

18. Nerved Manna-grass ( Panicidaria nervato ) 45

19. King's Fescue ( Pestuca lingii) 46

20. False Couch-grass (Agropyron pseudorepens) 47

21. Elymus simplex 48

22. Water Whorl-grass ( ( 'aiahrosa aqualica) 55

23. Desert Rye-grass ( Plymns salin ns) 57

24. Grease-wood {Sarcohatus verviicidat us) 60

7

THE EED DESERT OF WYOMING AND ITS FOEAGE

EESOUEGES.

INTRODUCTION.

The region known as the Eed Desert lies in southern Wyoming.
Our knowledge of the phxnts of this region has heretofore been very
imperfect, due chietiy to the difllieulty and hardships involved in con-
ducting investigations during the summer months. As the Union
Pacific Eailroad traverses the entire region from east to west, informa-
tiou concerning its vegetation has, of course, been accumulating, but
previous to the present season (1897) no systematic survey of its
resources has ever been attempted.

There is little in view from the car windows to invite closer inspection
or more personal contact. From the I'latte River to the Green River,
a distance of 150 miles, there is not within sight of the railroad any
vegetation larger than sage-brush and grease-wood, and through much
of the distance these also seem dwarfed and scattering. Bright green
hues are extremely rare. With the exception of the fringes on the
banks of the few little creeks and the occasional bogs, the vegetation
is marked by colors which blend closely with those of the ground, the
dull grayish greens and grays varying to silvery wh ite. To this absence
of bright coloring in vegetation, is largely due the singularly barren
appearance of the whole region, and no doubt its reputed desert-like
condition is traceable to the same cause. Portions of the region are
deserted during a part of the year, but it is far from being a desert if
by that term is meant "bare of vegetation." This is attested by the
fact that great herds of cattle and flocks of sheep are profitably
wintered there year after year.

The conditions surrounding the Red Desert made it evident that the
region was an interesting field for investigation either from an economic
or a botanical standpoint. In order to gain an adequate idea of its
vegetation,it was deemed necessary to make at least three incursions
into the heart of the region for the spring, summer, and autumn floras,
respectively. In pursuance of this plan, the first trip was made under
the direction and in the interest of the experiment station of the Uni-
versity of Wyoming. The two later expeditions were made under a
commission from the Secretary of Agriculture through the chief of the

Division of Agrostology.

9

10

In this report account is taken of the field observations and material
obtained during the three trips into the region. The material secured
during the first trip was miscellaneous in its character, all plants then
in condition for collection being included. On the later trips onl}^ such
plants as were of known or possible forage value were collected.

ITINERARY.

In order to gain an adequate idea of the flora of the desert as related
to the stock interests of the State one must know something of the sum-
mer pasture as well as the winter range. On this account the field
work was extended into the hills and mountains of the southern border
of the State, both east and west from the desert.

To examine in (k'tail all this vast region in one season is evidently
an impossibility, nor is it probable that such a comprehensive survey
would prove profitable, for within the desert can be found certain dis-
tinctive areas, a knowledge of which will give a fair idea of the whole.

On account of the limited time at command for the first trip (ten days
in the latter part of May and early June), observations and collections
had to be confined to areas adjacent to the railroad stations. Though
the trip was extended as far west as Evanston, most of the time was
spent within the Eed Desert proper, at Green River, Point of liocks,
Bitter Creek, Eed Desert Station, Wamsutter, and Fort Steele.

While working under the commission above referred to, places in the
desert were explored more or less thoroughly durijig July and again
during the latter part of August and early September. Creston,
Wamsutter, Bitter Creek, Point of Rocks, Rock Springs, and Green
River served as bases from Avhich contiguous territory was investi-
gated, and together they gave a representative series of the forage
plants on an east and west line. To obtain an equally representative
series on a north and south line two expeditions Avere made. The north-
ern part of the desert was investigated by a Journey from Point of
Rocks to South Butte, Fifteen Mile Springs, and Black Rock Butte.
As at each of these platjes there are s[)rings, whde the intervening
country is typical of the plains portion, these collections are fairly rep-
resentalive of the northern portion of the region.

To similarly investigate the southern half of the desert, a Journey was
made from Rock Si)rings by way of Cooper's ranch to Rife's ranch on
North Vermilion Creek, the location of a former post-ottice called Ver-
milion. This is about 5J miles fnmi Rock S])rings, aiul between the
two places there is no usable water except at the Cooi)er ranch, which
serves as the "halfway place" in making the Journey. Mr. Rife's
ranch is located just on the border of tiie desert in the foothills of
Pine IMountain, on either side of which stand tlie low, wooded, Bishop
and DiaTnond mountains.

While making the ranch headquarters a few days were spent inves-
tigating the forage plants of the adjacent hills and mountains, extend-

11

iug- the observations south to the Colorado- Wyoming line. Here was
found the region of the ideal summer pasture, an area which those who
depend upon the desert for winter forage utilize for summer range.

The return to Rock Springs was made by another route, the midway
watering place being at "The Gap," a pass through a range of hills.
This journey, both going and returning, was made so leisurely as to
afford ample opportunity for collecting and observation. This glimpse
of the rich summer range to the southwest of the desert made it desir-
able that more should be known of the forage which fattens for the
autumn markets so much of the stock whose winter range is in the
desert. Accordingly, observations and collections, both east and west,
were made. For points west, Evanston and Granger were selected,
and were visited in late July and again in late August and early Sep-
tember. For points east, some localities in the Medicine Bow Moun-
tains of Albany County and in the Sierra ]\Iadre Mountains of Carbon
County, were chosen for investigation. Outfitting for this latter work
at Laramie, the first three weeks of August were devoted to the inves-
tigation, resulting in large and interesting collections.

A knowledge of the forage of the summer range adjacent to the Red
Desert is interesting and valuable from the fact that the floras of the
two areas are complementary to each other, each rendering the other
available by giving range forage througliout the year to the stock of
the region. IJecause of clinuitic and vegetal conditions one is unsuita-
ble during tliat part of the year when the other is at its best.

LOCATION AND EXTENT OF THE RED DESERT.

The area originally designated by the name Red Desert is but a small
part of what is now considered as within its boundaries (see PI. I, fig. 1).
The name was first applied to a tract, ])ossibly less than 15 by 20
miles in extent, characterized by the peculiar red clay soil of the
Wasatch Eocene formation. Xear the center of this limited but really
red desert area we find the side track and section house on the Union
Pacific bearing the designation '' Red Desert."

The larger Red Desert as now understood includes, however, all that
arid section of salt-impregnated soil in southern Wyoming, in which
the salt-sages predominate, and which, on account of the absence of
suitable stock water, can only be used for winter pasture. The stock
owner who speaks of his stock '' feeding" (not " grazing") in the Red
Desert uses the name of the region in this comprehensive sense.

This region includes, when bounded in this way, a well-marked plant
formation or area. It may be said to extend from the Platte blufts
on the east to the Green River blufts on the west; from the northern
limit of Sweetwater County to the hills and mountains separating Colo-
rado and Wyoming on the south. Geographically, then, it is situated
between latitudes 41° and 42° 20' north and longitudes 107° to 10}>o
30' west. Excluding from this rectangle the southwest corner, which

12

is fairly well watered, tbere still remains a tract approximately 85 by
130 miles in extent, embracing more than 11,000 scjuare miles, an area
mncli larger than the State of Massachusetts. This vast area is
included in that part of Sweetwater County east of Green liiver and
certain portions of Carbon County west from the Platte.

TOPOGRAPHY.

The Red Desert is a high, undulating ]ilain or plateau, crossed and
intersected at intervals by low ranges of liills (PI. 1, fig. 2). Occasional
buttes occur, standing sentinel over the groui^s of hills that rim in the
shallow basins or form the zigzag blufts of the many dry draws or the
infrequent creeks.

Far toward the northern boundary one sees the large, isolated butte
known as Steamboat Mountain, and beyond this, on the horizon's rim,
Antelope Hills, Green Mountains, and 1^'erris Mountiiins. This series,
extending from east to west, forms the watershed on the south side of
Sweetwater liiver and the northern boundary of the desert. To the
north of the railroad are the Leucite Hills. IJlack Rock Butte and
Orendo Butte are well known landmarks. Toward the east, as viewed
from the heart of the desert, no relief appears, unless, perchance, a
little toward the north one sees the tops of the Seminole Mountains.
The southern boundary is made by ranges of hills and occasional
wooded mountains, the view of which, however, is intercejited by the
high blurt's that border the narrow valleys. On the western border,
in the Green River bluffs, there is scenery of no mean type. Here
buttes, long famed, overlook a valley that has had a reputation for
grandeur and pictures! pieness for more tlian half a century.

Crossing the desert from north to south, east of the center, is the
height of land — the watershed of the continent Here are parted the
waters of the Platte and the Green, liowing, respectively, toward
the Atlantic and Pacific. The railroad intersects this line near Cres-
ton, the exact point being marked by a signboard announcing this
fact.

From an altitude of 7,0.j8 feet at Creston, the land slopes away grad-
ually toward the east and toward the west, but probably the average
altitude for the whole region, if one takes into account the increased
altitudes both in the northern and southern jiortions, is not far from
7,000 feet. The lowest altitudes are found in the narrow, bluff-bordered
valley of Bitter Creek, which (PI. II, fig. 1), with an elevation of (;,7(K)
feet at Bitter Creek Station, drojis to (i,077 feet at its junction with
Green River near the town of that name.

GEOLOGY.'

The geology of the Red Desert is so varied that it is almost imi)os-
sible to give a suitable brief descrijjtion. Considering that the desert

' The aiillior is iiidcOited to Prof. W. ('. Kiiij^ht for this summary of the geological
features of Ibu lied Desert.

13

extends from the llawliiis uplift west to the Green Eiver, and from the
Colorado line north to the bluffs south of the Sweetwater Eiver, it can
best be described as follows : In the western portion there is an island-
like mass of Cretaceous rocks surrounded by Eocene Tertiary beds.
The Cretaceous exposure has been caused by an anticlinal fold whose
western limit is some distance north of Salt Wells, and which extends
in a southern direction nearly to the State line. The exposed core of
this fold belongs to the Fort Pierre group, around which are extensive
beds of Fox Hills and Laramie formations. (Ju the east Hank of this
fold are the coal mines at Point of Pocks, Hallville, and Black Buttes;
on the west are the celebrated coal mines at Rock Springs. To the
west of Rock Springs the (ireen River Eocene ( ?) lies conformable
ui)on the Larjimie.

The Green River beds are made uj) of shales that are cut by deep
and almost inaccessible canyons. The canyon of the Green River is
at some points more than 1,000 feet deep.

From Black Buttes eastward there is a synclinal basin that is cov-
ered with Wasatch and Bridger Eocene, beyond which to the east the
Laramie outcrops and extends from the State line north to Green
Mountain, forming the eastern bouiulary of the desert.

The Tertiary rocks covering the basins are quite level, and only form
bluffs and escarpments occasionally along the railroad. To the north
the country is level for from 30 to 40 miles to where it is hemmed in
by high and precipitous bluffs. This rough country extends along the
entire northern border. In the northwestern portion the country is
very broken, and the castle-like buttes rise to a height of 2,000 to 3,000
feet above the level country.

Oregon Butte is a famous old landmark, and is in reality a mountain
made by erosion.

South of the railroad the country is also broken, but is in no way
comi^arable with the northern border.

Another interesting feature is the eruptive overflows in the Creta-
ceous rocks some 12 or 15 miles north and west of Point of Rocks.
The main eruptive mass is known as the Leucite Hills, but there are
numerous outlying elevations, such as Pilot Butte, Flat Top, and
Black Rock Butte.

SOILS.

The soil of the Red Desert differs materially in the different parts of
the region. It is, however, little more than the geological formations
would indicate. Probably all the soils of the region must be charac-
terized as saline, but the absolute amount of salts present in any par-
ticular locality depends to a great extent upon the conformation of the
surface. Through long-continued processes of leaching some forma-
tions have lost and others have gained in salt content. Flats and
basin-like depressions, receiving the drainage from the slopes, have
become more and more heavily impregnated. The rainfall is too limited

14

to carry mucli of this salt away, so it is found incrnstiiig" the banks of
the creeks and the margins and beds of the dry or sliallow lakes.
Some of the abrupt slopes where lieaA^y winter snowdrifts lie are fairly
free from injurious salts, and, judging from the a>ppearance of the vege-
tation, have nearly normal mountain soil. Almost all the soils are
poor in humus.

The character of the soil as determined by constituents and water
content gives five fairly distinctive formations. These may be desig-
nated and characterized under the following divisions:

Flains soils. — Surface more or less undulating, hence fairly well
drained and losing slowly some of the soluble salts; soil consisting of
clay, gravel, or sand, or these mixed in various i)roportions. Strictly
speaking, it is not a true plain, but undulating or even hilly, with long
gentle slopes leading to the basins and ravines. It includes all the
land with sutticient slope for drainage.

AlJcali soils. — Depressions or basins without drainage and flats adja-
cent to creek beds; salt constituents increasing; soil, a mixture of fine
clay and sand with the salts.

Paludal soils. — Marshy bogs about springs and the margins of some
of the few creeks; bogs of all characters from nearly fresh to highly
saline or mineralized.

Snowdrift soils. — The draws and abrupt slopes where snow accunui-
lates and lies till late spring or early summer; gravelly or sandy soil,
often of a loamy character, due to the considerable amount of decom-
posing vegetation.

Cedar Bluffs soils. — More or less abrupt slopes of shale, sandstone,
or sand; soil inferior, but fairly free from salts; hence a somewhat
varied, though stunted, vegetation.

COMPOSITION OF ALKALI IN RED DESERT SOIL.

The analyses^ of some representative soils from the desert show that
they are among the most pronounced of the so called alkali soils, and
that the principal salts are sodium chloride and sodium sulphate, while
sodium carbonate, or black alkali, is not wholly absent.

The following analysis of soil for the alkali contents from the desert
21 miles northwest of llawlins may be taken as fairly representative
of the better soils of the Ked Desert in general :

Alkali (water-soluble a.ilts), 0.12 per ceut of soil.

Composition of alkali:

I'er oent.

.Sodiuin chloride 18. 5

Sodium sulphate :i7. 1

Calcium sulphate 35.

Magnesium sulphate 9. 4

100.0

' The author is indebted to Prof. E. E. Slosson, chemist of the Wyoming Experiment
Station, for the analyses, and to Professors IJutVuni and Kuight for one each of the
samples.

15

A sample from Bitter Creek flats (second bottom land, on which salt-
sages flourish) shows tlie following composition :

Alkali (water-soluble salts), 0.<% per cent of soil.

Composition of alkali :

Per <-.ent.

Sodinni chloride 74. 1

Sodium sulphate 25. 9

100.0
On tlie first bottom or low banks of Bitter Creek, on which Atriplex
pabularis, Agropyron tenerwn, Chrysoiliamnus lini/olius, and one or two
species of Jnncus and Scirpus flourish, we find a much greater salt
content, as the following analysis shows:

Alkali (water-soluble salts), 8.67 per cent of soil.

Composition of alkali:

Per cent.

Sodium chloride 6. 44

Sodium sulphate 83. 12

Calcium sulphate 5. 39

Magnesium sulphate 3. 35

Iron and aluiuinum 1 . 70

100. 00
As indicating the presence and amount of sodium carbonate, the fol-
lowing analysis of a sjimple from Orendo Butte will be of interest. The
ground from which this was taken undoubtedly has its counterpart in
many other localities in the desert:

Alkali (water-soluble salts), 7.20 per cent of soil.

Composition of alkali :

Per <'ci)t.

Sodium chloride 4. 08

Sodium sulphate 50. 41

Sodium carbonate 45. 51

100. 00
Without giving any more of the analyses in detail, it may be stated
that the foregoing do not represent the soils in which the largest
amounts of alkali are present and vegetation still existing. In the
bed of a dry pond a species of H^cirpus was growing where the surface
soil contained more than GO per cent of soluble salts.

CLIMATE.

No reliable data are at hand from any locality within the desert
either as to temperature or precipitation. On this account only general
statements can be made, based upon limited personal observation and
such information as could be gathered from the residents of the region.

TEMPERATURE.

The temperature is certainly very variable, rising during the long,
clear days of summer to almost tropical heat and falling at night nearly
or quite.to the freezing point. The dry, rarefied air of these high alti-
tudes permits the free passage of the sun's rays, so that during still days

16

tlie plains and hills are subjected to almost blistering beat. IJadiation
bein<i- equally unobstructed, all objects soon cool at night.

The high temperature of the day is not oppressive, for it is the direct
rays of the sun rather than the stifling heat of a moisture laden
atmosphere. Since the atmosphere itself becomes warm only as its
moisture accumulates heat in latent form, high temperatures are not
reached except in direct sunlight.

This great ineciuality between day and night temperatures is quite as
pronounced in winter as in summer. Very low temperatures are often
reached, —40'^ V. being prol)ab]y not unknown. The winter, while in
some respects not severe, is long; the summer proper, short. Few, if
any, months are wholly exempt from frost, and many a hard freeze
occurs during the growing season, which follows close upon the melting
of the snows in spring.

PRECIPITATION.

The amount of moisture that the region receives is on tlie whole
(juite small. During the summer months very little rainlall occurs.
Bright, sunny days are the rule. Light showers occasionally fall, but in
a few hours afterwards there is little trace of moisture. At this
altitude, under the inlluence of the usual winds and the unobscured
sun, the evaporation is simply enormous.

At long intervals occur rainstorms of greater magnitude, sometimes
reaching cloudburst proportions. The area covered by them isoften as
limited as their force is violent. The downpour along the higher ranges
of hills and bluffs becomes flood-like. Torrents rush down the slopes,
carrying everything before them, into the usually dry ravines and creek
beds that for a few hours overflow with a fluid so turbid that the pro-
verbially nnnldy waters of the Missouri would seem clear in compari-
son. From this deej), cream-yellow paste there is deposited upon the
low banks of the creeks a layer of silt that is pasty and slippery
almost beyond belief. This bakes and cracks into hard, irregular
bricks, not drying up like ordinary iiind. The showers are of little
benefit to the locality; the slopes are so abrupt and the vegetation of
such a nature that very little of the nunsture is held back long enongh
to penetrate the soil.

By far the most valuable and available sources of water supply are
the snows that may occur at almost any time during the year, uidess it
be during one or two of the sumuu'r months. They occur rarely during
the early fall, occasionally during the winter, and more frequently
during the spring months. These usually melt so gradually that all
their moisture, except such as is lost by evaporation, flnds its way into
the soil.

Especially liel])rul to the vegetation of the desert are the snows of
late spring. These lie like a wet blanket over everything for a few days
at a time, completely saturating the soil and providing an abundance
of moisture for the rapidly developing vegetation.

17

Sometimes, usually iu late winter or enrly spring, but liable to come
at any time, there occur snowstorms of great severity — blizzards wbich
last from one to three days. Inasmuch as these are accompanied or
followed by high winds, the plains or level stretches are soon blown
bare, the snow being i)iled in great drifts under the brow' of some range
of hills, in the many draws and ravines, and to the leeward of patches
of sage-brush and grease-wood.

WATER SUPPLY.

To say that the water supply is very limited and of poor quality is
hardly necessary. The name of the region and the names of its creeks
tell the tale without comment. Bitter Creek, with its tributaries, con-
stitutes the drainage system. This creek originates in the height of
land in the southeastern portion, takes a westward course, and, after a
tortuous Journey of probably 75 miles, empties into Green River.

Probably at no time is it quite dry, but in no part of its course, except
iu flood time, is it so wide that one can not in many places step from
bank to bank. Its only tributary from the north is Killpacker Creek,
while from the south it receives Little Bitter Creek and South Bitter
Creek. The latter is very generally called Salt Wells Creek, but in
character of water is very similar to the others, and in size almost
equals the main stream.

In the northern part of the desert a few other small creeks originate,
but they are all entirely lost in the sandy depressions toward which
they flow or in the nearly dry alkali lakes which they feed. The names
of these are suggestive, such as Lost Creek, Alkali Creek, Lost Soldier
Creek, Separation Creek, and others nearly as significant.

As may be expected, the waters of these creeks are practically satu-
rated solutions of the soluble mineral ingredients found in the soils of
the tributary basins. At no time either during flood or drought are
their waters suitable for domestic use.

There are, however, within the region a number of springs, or rather
groups of springs, but these are often at great distances from each
other. The waters of most of them are of a mineral character, iron and
sulphur being of most frequent occurrence. These latter, with the few
non mineral springs, furnish the available potable waters of the region,
at present at least, with one exception noted below.

If the surface waters are bad, the artesian waters are not much bet-
ter. The Union Pacific Railroad Company has put down wells at sev-
eral points between Rawlins and Creen River, some of which furnish
an abundance of water for steam puri)()ses, but so far only one has been
found suitable for domestic use. This one, located at Point of Rocks,
furnishes an almost unlimited supply of " good " sulphur water. It is
the only source of water supply for all stations between Rawlins and
Rock Springs, the latter securing its water from Green River by pipe
line. To a score of stations and section houses, covering 121 miles of

3018— No. 13 2

18

the road, water is bauled in cars and emptied into cisterns, from which
it is drawn as needed. When exposed to the air it loses to some extent
its snlphnrons odor and taste. In this region the emigrant trail runs
])arallel to the railroad, and the dusty traveller and the thirsty horses
refresh themselves at the oft-recurring and generous cisterns.

EXTENT OF SETTLEMENT.

The population of the <lesert is small, and from necessity will not for
some time at least be greatly increased. Outside of the towns and
stations on the Union Pacific Railroad there are not in all this 11,000
square miles more than 200 inhabitants.

Nearly the whole population of the region is found in immediate
proximity to the railroad. To this population the railroad and com-
mercial and official interests, together Mith the coal-mining industry,
give employment in large part. However, a number of men who have
stock interests of greater or lesser magnitude in the country make
their homes in the towns. The ren)nant of population outside of these
is found upon widely separated ranches, which are scattered over the
desert where the occasional springs of usable water permit, or, more
frequently, along its borders where streams of fresh water come down
from the hills, making possible the well irrigated and successful ranch.

At a very few of the springs that are not too distant from the to.\ns
there have been established highly successful and i)rofitable gardens
and truck farms. The proihicts of these oases find a ready market in
Kock Springs and other points upon the railroad.

The increase in the population of the desert will be largely an increase
in the size of the towns. While the range interests of the region are
capable of considerable expansion, yet those who may engage in the
stock industry will, for many reasons, more fre(iuently make their
homes in the towns than upon the borders of the desert, remote from
the conveniences of civilization.

PLANT FORMATIONS.

The region shows no well-marked plant fornmtious or areas except
such as are bounded by soil conditions; that is, the character of the
vegetation of one ])artof the desert as comi)ared with another, depends
upon soil constituents and amount of water. Considered from this
standpoint, the following groui)ing nuiy be serviceable in pointing out
the characteristic vegetation :

VEGETATION OF THE DIVISIONS OF THE DESERT.

J'lains division.— Vudtiv this «lesignation may be included nearly
three-fourths of the entire desert. TIk^ vegetation here is easily dis-
tinguished from that of the rest of the desert. The most characteristic
vegetation is the common sngebrusii (Arlemisia tridnitdtn), wiiicli grows
in all the soils which aie less strongly impregnated with salt. With

19

tliis are other sages, most important among whicli is Bnd brush { Arte-
misia spiiicscens). Altogether the most valuable plant, however, is
Kuttall's Salt-sage {Atriplex nutfalHi). This constitutes a large part
of the forage of the region. With the foregoing must be mentioned
Winter Vnt [Eurolid lanata), Shad Scale {Atriplex conferti folia), the
Ivabbit- brushes, or Green -sages {(Jhri/.sothamnus), and a few other
shrubby plants {Tetradymia, etc.). Besides tliis shrubby vegetation
there are a number of grasses that form a somewhat scattering growth.
Most prominent among these are the Wheat-grasses [Agropyron) and
Indian Millet {Eriocoma cuspidaia).

Alkali division. — ISText in iini)ortance are the i)lants on the strongly
alkaline soil, the land immediately bordering the creeks, the low flats
adjacent, and the shallow dry lake beds. Here we find sagebrush
largely rei)]aced by Grease- wood {Sarcohatus), and with this a great
admixture of Salt sages {Atriplex) and a few species of rushes and
sedges.

P(dudal division. — This includes the oc(;asional spring bogs and creek
marshes where occurs a dense growth of grasses, sedges, and rushes,
including a large number of species.

Snowdrift division. — This comi)rises the areas of permanent winter
snows, that is, the deep "draws" and abrupt slopes where snowdrifts
pile upon snowdrifts. Here, besides Sage brush, are found occasional
clumps of Choke-cheiTy, Service berry. Mountain mahogany {Ccrco-
earpi(.s), etc., besides a great profusion of herbai-eous vegetation,
including many valuable grasses and sedges.

Cedar-Bluffs division. — On some of the higher or at least the more
abrupt hills and slopes occurs a scattering and stunted growth of
juiiii)er, a scraggy shrub or small much-brancihed tree. Scattered
among the junipers are various small shrubs and occasional patches

of tine grass.

DISTINCT TYPES OF VEGETATION.

In the lu'eceding outline no attempt has been nuide to draw attention
to any except the more enduring and therefore the vegetation of most
economic importance. To understand the Hora of the region one must
consider two somewhat distinct types:

Persistent vegetation. — Those plants which are more or less in evi-
dence throughout the year.

Transient vegetation. — All those plants which s])ring up each year
from seed or from such underground parts as bulbs, tubers, or root-
stocks. Most of the plants of this character spring up (piickly, blos-
som, bear fruit, wither, and disappear for the rest of the year. Tiiese
plants far outnumber the persistent type. This transient vegetation
follows close upon the retreating snows. The warm sun of the many
bright days of spring and the grateful moisture coax out a few forms in
Ai)ril, while in May the wild mustards, beans, chickweeds, composites

20

of many kinds, Pentsteuions and Eriogonums troop forth in great profu-
sion on all the slopes. These, however, soon succumb to the unob-
scured summer sun. J>y the end of June n)ost of them are dead and
blown away, only a few seed stalks lingering to tell the tale of what
has been.

FORAGE.

The Eed J)esert is distinctively a stock region. Outside of the few-
favored spots kept fresh by springs, there are no farms or gardens.

From the 1st of June till the 1st of J^ovember the region is practi-
cally devoid of stock of all kinds. With the coming of the snows the
herds and flocks are worked back into the desert from the summer pas-
tures in the hills and mountains. Through the winter and spring
months thousands of head feed upon this rougli forage, the snowdrifts
furnishing the water for all. The sheep herder in his wagon, also
dependent upon the snows, guides his flock from district to district as
new pasturage is needed. By the time the stock is taken to the sum-
mer range the desert is barren indeed. Grasses, sage-brush, salt sage,
white sage, rabbit brush, and even cedar boughs have been grazed so
close that every edible sprig is gone. •

AMOUNT OF FORAGE.

The number of head of stock that the vegetation of a district will
support gives some idea of the amount of forage produced. While giv-
ing no facts in pounds or tons, yet relative estimates may be secured.
8in-ce the de.sert neither occui)ies the whole of auy one county nor is
confined altogether to a single county, no statistics separate from those
of the several counties which are in i)art within the de.sert can be given.
The desert includes a large part Sweetwater County, a county some-
what smaller tliau the whole of the desert. Tlie following ollicial fig-
ures for this county, showing the number of head of stock supported,
will, therefore, be a fair estimate for the desert as a whole. The figures
are given for three years, in order to show what may be expected from
its forage one year with another.

Stock supported in Sweetwater County.

Year.

Horses.

Mules.

Cattle.

Sheep.

1895

1,918
2, 030
1,640

92

246
72

2,802
2,227
1,882

158, 050
170, 290
166, 843

]8'.IG

1897

Besides this stock, there .ire trailed through this county each year
from l.')(),()(M) to L'OO.OOO sliec]). These are driven al(»ng slowly, the i)as-
sage i)i' some of the Hocks through the <'ounty occupying weeks.

During the winter months the adjoining counties, especially Carbon
County, and the adjoining iStates — Colorado, Utah, and Idaho— gre.itly

21

swell the total of the stock that feeds within the desert. Flocks of
sheep are brought in from all directions, and while of these there has
not up to the present been any official record, yet enough is known to
indicate that the estimates of the most conservative sheepmen are too
low rather than too high. These place the total number of sheep in
the desert, during some five months of the year, at 3()0,000 to 500,000.
Some estimates for the winter of 1890-97 were as high as 800,000.

Of the surrounding counties, Carbon- County sustains the closest
relation to the Red Desert. A portion of the county is included in it,
and its large flocks of sheep either feed in the desert proper or on
vegetation similar to that of the desert during the winter season. The
following official returns show what this vegetation will support.

*S7oc/i: supported in Carhon County.

Year.

Horses.

Cattle.

Sheep.

Ig95

6, 248
6,511
6,565

22, 750
20, 991
18, 992

288, 115
354, 804
366, 521

1896

1897

The figures from the two adjoining counties, Fremont and Uinta,
will give further evidence on the question, for flocks from these also
feed at times within the desert. To make clearer the relation of the
Red Desert to the stock interests the returns from these counties are
given.

Stock supported in Fremont and Uinta counties.
FEEMONT COUNTY.

Year.

Horses.

Cattle.

Sheep.

1895

9,700
9,858
r,, 269

27, 279

31, 957

9,770

93, 300
114, 164
137,765

1896

1897 .

UINTA COUNTY.

Year.

Horses.

Cattle.

Sheep.

1895

5, 521
4,964
4,803

19,313
18,923
17,577

157,435
202, 336
212, 829

1896

1QQ7 -

It should be noted that the large loss in cattle and horses for Fre-
mont County in 1897 is due to the fact that the recent establishment
of Bighorn County has transft-rred to it much stock that prior to 1897
was assessed in Fremont.

The figures given for Carbon, Fremont, and Uinta counties are the
actual assessments, and do not cover a considerable number that prob-
ably escape enumeration each year, nor those flocks temporarily in
these counties as " trail" sheep.

22

QUALITY OF FORAGE.

The quality of forage, as Judged by results, is of the best. Horses,
cattle, and sheep do well. If the winters are not too severely cold nor
the snow too deep, all kinds of stock not only subsist upon these plants
but actually remain in good Hesh throughout the winter. Of the
grasses that cure upon the ground the Wheat-grasses are the most
abundant, and these have long been known to possess high nutritive
value. It is, however, the shrubby vegetation that furnishes the larg-
est amount of valuable feed. Such plants are much more succulent
than appearances would indicate. (Irowing on strongly saline or alka-
line soils, the Salt-sages and many other plants take up these salts in
such quantity that one readily detects them on tasting even a small
fragment of a leaf.

Stock feeding upon such plants secures the necessary amount of salt
from the food, so that the salting of stock that must be resorted to dur-
ing the mouths when the animals are feeding upon the mountain grasses
is wholly unnecessary.

MEANS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF THE FORAGE.

How to improve the quality and increase the quantity of available
forage in the Red Desert is a most diflicult problem. The soil condi-
tions and water su])ply are such that not much may be hoped for
through the expenditure of ordinary effort and means for the desert
as a whole. Nor will any sudden or spasmodic ettbrt suflice. Only
forces and plans operating for a number of years can be expected to
give noticeably great results.

It is very evident, however, that the forces now at work are tending
toward improvement. According to the most reliable sheep men the
same areas that twenty years ago would only support one sheep will
now better support from tliree to live. This they attribute, to gain
in the strength of the soil due to the accumulating manure. It seems
probable that a more potent factor i.s found in the following: The
vegetation chiefly depended upon for forage is composed of the large
number of small shrubs of many kinds previously mentioned. The cut-
ting down to the ground of such vegetation enormously increases the
number of annual shoots. From winter to winter this shrubby vegeta-
tion has l)een browsed down (doser and closer to the woody bases of
the plants, until now the tender annual shoots are produced in much
greater abundance. The effectiveness of this browsing is, of course,
dependent ui)on the region being used as a winter pasture only, giv-
ing time for growth and recovery each summer.

Something can (;ertaiidy be done in a small but eftective way in the
vicinity of those ranches that are now found within tlie region, or such
as may yet be located. Salt-sages or other alkali-enduring vegetation,
if the ground be seeded to them, can be made to yield much more

23

heavily thau at preseDt. For this purpose either native or valuable
introduced forms (discussed elsewhere in this report) may be used.

The native grasses also are worthy of trial. The writer has seen
wonderful results from seeding the ground to sojne of these, especially
the wheat-grasses, and this, too, where the water used for irrigation
was far from the best and the ground strong with alkali. Further-
more, the increase in the water supply is not quite hopeless. The
region contains many natural basins in which, by the expenditure of
a little labor in the construction of dams, much of the water from the
accumulated winter snowdrifts might be saved for use later in the
season.

On the outskirts of the desert, the problem is much the same as in
the greater arid west. Those measures which may be successfully
introduced in other localities will be equally successful here.

CHARACTERISTIC DESERT PLANTS.

A question needing full investigation is the relation of plants to
alkali or other salts in the soil. Practically all that we know is that
some species have adapted themselves to endure or even thrive in soil
containing greater or less amounts of various salts. Different species
even in the same genus behave very differently in this respect; ibr
example, Cheiiopodium albion L. seeks a soil free from salts, while for
C. (jlauciim L. there can hardly be too much. If alkali affects a plant
injuriously it seems to do so throughout its entire development. It has
been shown that alkali retards germination or entirely prevents it in
most seeds in direct proportion to the amount of the salt present.' Some
families of plants have adapted themselves to saline soil more tiian
others. Easily first in this respect is the goose-foot family {Clicnopo-
diace(v). To this belong a large number of distinctively alkali plants,
such as the Salt-sages, White Sage, Grease- wood, Russian Thistle, and
Australian Saltbush.

In regard to the question of largest representation by species of the
families of plants found in the desert, the writer found on examining
the collections that the family represented by the largest number of
species is not necessarily the most characteristic of the region. The
obvious vegetation, that which gives character to the landscape, can
be included in a half dozen genera, Artemisia, Tetradymia, Chri/so-
thaniHUs, Atrijdex, Sarcohatm, and Ar/ropyron. Kemove all the plants
belonging to the three families, Gompositcc, Chenopodiacew, and Chutnii-
new, and the region w^ould look like a true desert. Many other families
are better represented in number of species, but the individuals are
either small or scattering, and bear the same relation to the great mass
of vegetation that the occasional weed in a well-tilled field bears to
the main crop.

The plants of the following list are worthy of special note. It is

'Bull. 29, Wyoming I'xperiiuent Stition.

24

intended to include only tliose tliat are of first importance either
because of the large amount of forage produced or because of tbeir
great nutritive value and those that give promise of good results under
cultivation. They are here arranged rather in the order of importance
for the two regions: (1) Vegetation of the desert, or winter, range (see
PI. 1); and (2) vegetation of the hill country, or summer, range (see PI.
IT, tig. 2).

VEGETATION OF THE DESERT, OR W^INTER, RANGE.
(1) The Salt-Sages.— The salt-sages rank first in the amount of for-
age produced, and, judging by the number of cattle supi)orted on
the winter pastures and the reported fine condition of the stock,
these plants possess high nutritive value.
NuTTALL's Salt-sage {AtripUx nuitalUi S. Wats.).— Of the several
species, this stands first in the matter of distribution. It is found
nearly everywhere except on the most pronouncedly alkali ground.
It belongs not only to this desert and this State but is the most
generally distributed salt-sage of the entire arid west. It is the
sheepman's most highly-prized winter forage, and certainly here
furnishes one half of the whole supply. Sheep thrive upon it both
when it is green and also in the winter after it has cured upon the
ground. It is a perennial with a woody base, calculated to endure
severe pasturing and much trampling. It is each year eaten down
to the ground, leaving only the woody base. It produces seed in
abundance, which is greedily eaten, and this probably accounts for
its high nutritive value. It seems unsuited for cultivation, except
where a i)erennial ])asture is desired, on account of its woody char-
acter and slow growth, but where well established it is a source
of much feed for all kinds of stock and should not be carelessly
destroyed.
Nelson's Salt-sage {Airiplex pabnlaris A. Nels.).— This new species
seems to be a form of great promise as a forage plant. Like the
preceding, it is a perennial, but the woody base is almost wholly
underground. The herbaceous stems are i)roduced in much greater
abundance, forming often a close, continuous, erect growth. So far
as known it is not widely distributed, being confined to strongly
saline areas, such as the Hats adjacent to Bitter Creek and its tribu-
tarii's and the dry beds of alkali basins. It fruits freely, makes a
considerable annual growth, and is certainly worthy of trial with
a view to forming a permanent i)asture on otherwise valueless
alkali ground. Its habit of growth would also make it i>ossihle to
harvest it by the methods applicable to the grasses. Slieepmen
unite in ])ronouiiciiig it prime forage.
TuMnLTN(^ Salt-sage {Airiplex rolutans A, Nels., PI. Ill, fig. 2).—
This heretofore overlooked annual may prove a more valuable ]>lant
for certain alkali soils than any of the f-ireign species that have
been so highly recommended, it is a plant of rank growth, and

25

wheu not crowded, forms in one season a compact subspherical
mass 3 feet or more in diameter. If left to mature on tlie ground
the slender tap-root breaks in tlie autumn and tlie plant becomes
a tumble-weed. After that time it bas probably little nutritive
value. If it is ever utilized as a forage plant it must be harvested
shortly before maturity. If closely grown this would not be diffi-
cult with ordinary machinery. It produces a great abundance of
seed that could be thrashed out with very little trouble.
Spiny Salt-sage {Atriplcx confcrti/oUa S. Wats,). — To see this spiny
shrub one would hardly think of it as a valuable form of forage,
yet sheepmen look upon it as such. They say there is no fault to
be found with it except that "there is not enough of it." It is popu-
larly known as Shad scale. It belongs peculiarly to the desert
region, where it is eagerly sought in late spring for its tender shoots
and leaves. The large quantities of leaves and fruits produced
during the summer months are mostly dropped before autumn, but
are collected by the winds into little piles under the shrub or in
the little hollows of the plain. These the sheep eagerly seek, so
that where a band of sheep has fed it is difficult to find either
leaves or fruit.

(2) The Sage-Brushes {Artemisia). — The amount of sage-brush con-
sumed in the desert is simply amazing. Sheepmen and herders
say that for sheep a straight sage-brush diet at certain times seems
to "meet a long felt want." Whole bands will leave all other for-
age and browse sage brush for a day or two at a time, after which
they will not touch it again for some days, or even weeks. This is
especially true of the common sage-brush {Artemisia tridentata
Nutt.), while some of the other species are so much sought after at
all times as to need special mention.

Bud-brush, Bud-sage {Artemisia spinescens Eaton). — This is the sheep-
man's "bud-brush." It grows to the height of only a few inches
from strong, woody, underground parts. It puts forth numerous
leafy stems, profusely covered with clusters of yellowish flowers.
The large, bud-like clusters of flowers have suggested the common
name. It develops early, being at its best by the end of May. It
is said that sheep run hastily from clump to clump in search of
this succulent morsel.

Silvery-sage {Artemisia cana Pursh). — This in quality probably does
not differ materially from the common sagebrush, but, in propor
tion to area occupied, it produces much more forage. It is found
chiefly in the alluvial soil on the banks of streams. Its forage
value is due to the production each year of a very large number of
long, slender, tender shoots, which are eaten at intervals, as before
stated.

(3) Wheat-Grasses { A gropi/roti).— For quality these grasses would
take first place in the desert forage, but the amount is quite limited.

26

Tliey cure readily on the ground, and remain more nearly intact
throughout the winter months than any of the other grasses of the
region. The species of most importance are given as follows:
Slender Wheat-grass {Agropyron tenernm Yasey). — This wheat-
grass is very generally distributed throughout the area. It is
found in all parts of the desert, as well as in the better soils of
the summer range. It grows in dry, poor soil, but thrives better

in good soil, and responds
readily to cultural advan-
tages. A moderate
amount of water in irri-
gation produces best re-
sults on this grass. It
will hardly stand flooding
at all. For pasture pur-
[>oses there are grasses
that will endure more
hard treatment than this,
but as a meadow grass it
must be given first place.
It often forms a close,
uniform growth that
yields as much per acre
as an average field of
timothy. Considering its
high nutritive value, no
more profitable grass can
be found than this for the
desert region, especially
on saline soil and where
the (J uantitj^ of available
water is limited. While
not seeding very freely,
the re(iuisite amount for
sowing can easily be ob-
tained after the first crop
has been harvested. It
is easily thrashed out in
a machine, or maybe Hailed out if no better method is at hand.
Seed of tliis grass is now on the market.
Colorado Blue-stem, Western Wheat-grass {Af/ropi/ron sjiica-
tioit S. & S., tig. 1). — This grass is (capable of enduring drought to
a remarkable degree. Naturally, however, it nuikes a very sparse
growth. Distributed rather generally throughout the region, it is
found occupying the driest banks ami bench lands. It is capable
of rank and dense growth under favorable conditions, as sho\\ n in

Fl(i. 1. — Wcstcni Wlicat Kiass {Aijinjiiiron njn'ratinii)
I'luiily };lmii('S; b, llori'is.

",

27

irrigated meadows, where it occurs as the principal grass. r>est
results will be secured on second bottom lauds with moderate
water. Flooding should be avoided.

(4) Indian Millet {Eriocoma cusimJata Xutt,, lig. 2), — The value of this
grass has been greatly underrated. It is not only widely distributed,
but manages to make a fair growth in desert places, where other
grasses are almost wholly absent. It develops early and keeps in
fair condition throughout the season. Under favorable conditions
it grows to a good size,

but even dwarf s])('cimens
fruit freely. A 1 1 k i 1 1 d s of
stock relish it, but horses
are particularly fond of
the seeds, and will go
from bunch to bunch
cropping out the heads.
On sterile and stony
ground it may prove more
profitable than any other
that could be sown.

(5) Giant Rye-Grass (/•;///-
mns eondensatus Presl). —
This is worthy of note be-
cause of its conspicuous
uess rather than its great
forage value. To the
casual observer this is
the grass that would
characterize certain lo-
calities. It would be
thought of as a part of the
general relief of the re-
gion. Thedensebuiu'hes,
sometimes 5 to 7 feet in
diameter and G feet high,
stand out very promi-
nently on otherwise
naked slopes. It is found
all the way from creek banks to the deep "draws" and slopes
where snowdrifts accumulate. As forage it is eaten to some
extent while young, but becomes unpalatable and harsh as it
matures and cures on the ground. It is considered valuable as
fodder if cut and cured before it matures. In this condition it is
fed to advantage to cattle and horses through the winter months.
Possibly if sown thickly and harvested early it might be profitable
on account of the quantity produced.

Fig.

Indian Millet (Eriaturtiia cuspidata) : a, spike-
let; b, iloret.

28

(6) Desert Juniper [Juniperus lin'ujlitii A. Nels.). — To list a tree of
any cliaracter as a noteworthy forage plant is at least a little
unusual. This scrubby, shrub-like juniper,' or, as it is usually
called, "bluff cedar,'' has, however, saved many a flock of sheep
from extinction. During some of tlie terrible blizzard-like snow-
storms that occasionally occur and last for two or three days the
only available forage consists of the branches and tops of this
Junii)er. The experienced herder keeps worliing the slieep about,
so as to have them on top of the snowdrifts instead of under them.
Gradually a trampled-down yard is formed, which, if it be among
the cedars, will enable him to hold his flock for some days safely.
"Cedar boughs" are not refused under such circumstances, and if
not very nutritious, they at least fill the stomachs of the hungry
animals.

VEGETATION OF THE HILL COUNTRY, OR SUMMER, RANGE.

A complete discussion of the forage of tlie vast area which constitutes
the summer range of the flocks and herds that winter in the desert is
not called for in this report, and would necessitate a more critical
investigation in the field of the jilant formations that characterize the
different areas than they have yet received. Enough is known, how-
ever, to enable one to state the character of the forage with a degree of
certainty.

It may be said then, first of all, that the summer forage is distinct-
ively herbaceous, strikingly in contrast with the more or less shrubby
vegetation of the desert; that it consists primarily of grasses, sedges,
and rushes, in contrast with the woody jflants of the winter range.

The Slimmer range consists of the monntainous and hilly areas on the
outskirts of the desert. It does not include the impenetrable and
rugged fastnesses of the higher ranges, such as the Medicine l>ow, the
Wind Kiver, and the Uinta, but mountains of medium elevation, with
rounded slopes, only partially wooded, and well watered Avith springs
and creeks. The timber upon such is oi)en, or, if dense, is interspersed
with i)arks or meadows of most luxuriant growth. Here is a grove of
quaking asjten, there some scattering i)ines, and yonder a spruce-
covered summit. In the narrow valleys springs and snow-fed stream-
lets are found on whose banks occasional cliim])s ot willow or alder
occur. In tlicse regions grasses flourish as they never do on the
]»]ains. The better soil and the lre<|uent snnunei' showers furnish the
conditions Cor luxuriant growth. Of grnsses there are many genera, of
which the fcjllowing are the more valua))le:

Tiie Spear grasses {Fon) are easily first as to number and value.
After these come a number of groui)s, all of great value, or at least
containing one or more valuable species. Among these are the Brome-
grasses {Bromus), Wheat grasses (Af/ropi/ron), llye-grasses {Eli/mn.s),
Dropseed grasses {tiporohoUis)^ Timothy (I'lilenui), Manna, or Reed,

29

Meadow-grasses {Panicnlar'm)^ Bhie-joiuts ( Galamagrostis), Hair-grasses

{Deschampsia), and Bent grasses (Agrostis).

{D The Spear-Grasses {Poa species). — The Spear-grasses, of which
:here are many valuable species, are most abundant in the hills
and mountains and along water courses, but they are not absent
even in the desert. In looking over the large list of species
secured and the held notes upon them, I find myself unable to fix
upon any one as preeminently the most promising or valuable.
Some have a wide and general distribution, but are of scattering
growth. Others, more local, grow luxuriantly, and for their par-
ticular localities stand first. All must be reckoned as pasture
grasses of first importance. Some are meadow grasses of impor-
tance, especially in native meadows, but for cultivation for hay
greater returns can probably be secured from other kinds of
grasses. Among those of very general distribution may be men-
tioned Bunch-grass (2'oa bneklcydna), Alkali Blue-grass (P. ./w/ici-
folia), Smooth Bunch-grass {P. laevigata Scribn.), Wood-Meadow
grass (P. nemoralis L.), Kentucky Blue-grass {P.pratensis L.). The
last mentioned is undoubtedly native in a large part of the North-
west. In many native meadows and pastures, along water courses,
and in the foothills it forms an important part of the sod, and occa-
sionally makes quite a rank growth. Among the more local but
very valuable Spear-grasses are Western Blue-grass [Poa arida
Vasey), Fowl Meadow-grass {P.Jlava L.), Shiny Bunch-grass (P.
Incida Vasey), Sheldon's Blue grass [P. sheldoniVsksey), Mountain
Meadow-grass (P. rejiexa Vasey & Scribn.), and Wyoming Blue-
grass (P. whceleri Vasey). Of these last P. slieldoni appeared the
most promising, as seen in the field. It is one of the most impor-
tant grasses of this range, forming a large percentage of the forage
on the park meadows among the hills. It is freely eaten by stock
and vseems to hold its own under the severest pasturing.

(2) The Brome-G-rasses [Bromus). — The several species of this genus
are hardly thought of as pasture grasses on account of their rank
growth. Some of the mountain species, however, are valuable as
summer forage, while they are also plants of great i)romise for
meadows. Some of the species are well known and have been suc-
cessfully introduced into many localities. It seems possible, how-
ever, that the best are yet to be introduced. Of the eight species
collected in the area under consideration, a form common in the
Sierra Madre Mountains and their westward extension on the Col-
orado-Wyoming line seemed by far the most promising:

Large Mountain Brome Grass {Bromus multiform Scribn.). —
This is a most striking grass, one that attracts attention at once
in a region where fine grasses are the rule. This is the grass that
characterizes the locality. To the general observer this would be
recalled as the grass not only peculiar to but distinctive of the
region. The miners think of it as the feed that their horses sub-

30

sist upon. It grows upon the hillsides among the fallen timber.
It is hardly abundant enough in any locality to form a continuous
meadow, but if cut would, on account of its size, supply a fair
crop of haj^ Horses eat it with avidity and seem to do well upon
it. They prefer it to the other abundant grasses of the locality.
It was collected at altitudes between 9,000 and 10,000 feet in the
parks and open woods, localities in which vegetation hardly starts
before June, for almost uutil that time snow covers all. In conse-
quence of its habitat it matures late, but if introduced into lower
altitudes it would undoubtedly prove as early as other grasses of
its kind. It grows to a height of 3 to 4 feet, produces an abun-
dance of leaves, and if it would thrive under cultivation as well as
in its native habitat it would give an enormous yield.

(3) Dropseed {S2)orobolii.s dipmipcratHS Scribn.). — This grass grows
along streams, in the foothills, and open parks in the mountains,
and even in some of the draws in the desert. It forms a close
dense sod, especially where it is freely pastured. On mnnjM)ottom
lands it is the prevailing grass. All kinds of stock seek it out, so
that it is difficult to find mature si)eciniens except on inclosed
grounds. It seems that it might be introduced with profit into
most pastures not only in the mountain regions but generally else-
where as well. It might also jnove valuable as a lawn grass in
places where water for irrigation is limited or in lawns that have
to endure much trami)ling. It is possibly a little harsh for this
purpose, but frequent catting would thicken up the sod and reduce
the harshness to a mininum.

(4) Reed Meado^v-Grass {Panicularia americana MacM.). — Among
the several nianna-grasses this seems by far the most valuable for
this region. It is probable that its value as a meadow-grass is not
appreciated. For exceedingly wet ground it must prove especially
desirable. Here is a grass that will stand Hooding. It is adapted
to land that is submerged during the growing season, and only
needs it to be dry in time for harvesting. It is quite abundant in
some localities, and if it were introduced to take the i>lace of the
sedges and rushes that so abound in wet or Hooded meadows there
would be a distinct gain in both quantity and quality of the hay.
On Mr. Jacob Johnson's ranch, where it was particularly observed,
it occupies many acres. It was being mown at the time, and was
accounted one of the most valuable hay grasses. Horses relish it
greatly. They were seen wading in nnul and water to their knees
to secure this when other excellent grasses were superabundant.

(5) Redtop {Af/rosti.s (dlxi L.). — Presumably introduced and undoubt-
edly sown in some meadows, but so widely distributed and in such
out-of the-way ])laces as to iiulicate that it is also indigenous in the
.Stute. It thrives in low, wet ground, and will stand Hooding much
Ix'ttei- tiiiin most of the other valuable grasses. It forms a large
l)ercentage ol the meadow glasses on the l>ear Kiver bottoms. To

31

substitute it for the sedges aud rusbes in tlie meadows of tbe
Laramie river would be tbe part of wisdoni. With this aud the
tall I'eed ]\Ieadow grass the wettest ground could be utilized.
(6j The Sedges [Care.r). — Of this genus the region affords a very-
large number of species. They are of varying- abundance and
value, but it is hard to select, even after observation in the field,
the most profitable. Many of them are cut for hay and certainly
have nutritive value, but they are hardly to be compared to the
better grasses. In nniny fields, however, they have almost re-
jjlaced the grasses owing to over irrigation. The senseless manner
in which the water is applied to some of the grass lands must be
attributed either to ignorance or indifference. Early in the spring,
while the ground is still wet aud cold, the lauds are submerged
and kept in that condition through the season, and are only drained
in order that the mowing machines may be taken into the fields.
A few seasons of this kind of treatment gives the land over to
sedges and rushes and makes it reclaimable with the greatest dif-
ficulty. For lands that are natnrally wet some species of Carex
may be found better adapted than the true grasses, at least in cer-
tain kinds of soil. Among those that are peculiarly adapted for
hay purposes may be named Carex athrostachya Olney, C. /estiva
stricta Bailey, G. lanuginosa Michx., (7. marcida I5oott, C. nehras-
Jcensis Dewey, C. trichocarpa aristata Bailey, and C. utriculata
minor Boott. The dense growth of leaves in C. hinug'Diosa and
C. trichocarpa aristata makes them particularly desirable for hay.
The latter yields enormously in some of the fields on the Laramie
bottoms. For a pasture sedge there is nothing to compare with
Carex media, dejiexa Bailey. It belongs in the mountains, in the
open parks, and on the ridges at 9,000 feet and upward. In such
places it forms close mats several feet across, and these in places
almost touching each other. It grows to only a few inches in
height, bnt produces an abundance of leaves and fruited stems
that are much sought after by stock of all kinds. Where it is
accessible to stock it is hard to find matured, or fruited, speci-
meus. There are forage ])lants of more or less value among the
rushes, the legumes, and in a few other groups, but these Avill be
noticed in their order in the systematic list.

LIST OF THE FORAGE PLANTS OF THE SUMMER RANGE.

The following grasses and forage plants were collected on the sum-
mer range (the hill country bordering the desert) during the season of

1897:

GRASSES.

Pauicum virgatum L. (Switch-grass, fig. 3).— A grass with rather rigid, waud-like,
few-leafetl stems, 20 to 30 inches high, the fruiting pedicels slender, spreading,
the spikes (if few luit lariie seeds. Probalily rare in the State, as it has been
secured only near the .Nebraska border. IMue Bluffs, July 6 (362G).

32

i^

Phalaris artindinacea T.. (Rked Can.\kv-(;i;ass).— A tiill, luiiidsomo grass, 3 to 5
feet Li^b, willi ;imple, fiieen leaves and loiij;, close jjauides. 1 1 occurs in wet
ground along ditches and creek banks, in shallow bogs and ponds; nowhere
observed in abundance, and therefore in its nativ*^ state of little economic
importance. .lobnson's Kanch, Big Jjarainic, August 7 (3910) ; Grand Encamp-
ment Creek, August 13 (3987).
Savastaua odorata Scrihn. (Seneca-grass, fig, 4).— A small grass, 6 to 12 inches
high, with largo heads; whole plant emits a delightful fragrance. It occurs

in cold, swampy ground from
middle to high altitudes, some-
times in such quantity as to
constitute a perceptible part
of the forage. Willow Creek,
May 22 (2908).
Aristida fasciciilata Torr. (PuR-
I'i,eI>eari>-c;kass). — A closely
tufted grass, with slender,
very numerous stems, short,
sh'Tider loaves, the heads with
long, divergent awns. Not of
frequent occurrence in the
State, hut in one locality very
abundant, where it occui)ied
the dry foothills, especially
the loose, broken ground.
Pine Bluff's, July 6 (3617).
Stipa Columbiana Macoun (Co-
lumbian Needle-grass). — A
bunch grass with numerous
long leaves, the ui)per part of
the stems naked and hearing
a long i)aniclo with awns of
moderate length, 2 to 3 feet
high. It is a rare grass and
was sparingly found in scat-
tering bunches in the o])en
woods on the Medicine Bow
River, August 20 (4074).
Stipa comata Trin. vV Rupr.
(Neeole-grass). — One can
scarcely think of this tufted
grass, with its long, twisted
awns and barbed seeds, as
anything butai»est,but.stock-
nien assert that it is valuable
for pasture before it heads,
and that if cut after the "seeds" have dropped it forms a good quality of hay.
It is very abuiulant on the plains and in the dry foothills of the eastern part of the
State. Pine Blutl's, .July 5 (3G03).
Stipa nelsoni Scribn. (Nelson's Nkedi.e-gisass). — This grass belongs to the sum-
mer range especially, but it was also secured within the l\cd Desert. In the
wooded, mountain areas it attains to greater luxuriance and is of more frequent
occurrence. Woods Creek, August 9 (3963); Battle Lake, August 17 (1059 and
4060).

Fi(i. 3.— Switfh-graas (Panicum virijatum) : a, apiki^ets
b, Htaininalo lioret ; r, floret ; d, auterior view of saino.

33

Stipa minor (Vasey) Scribu. (Pukplk-top Needle-grass). — A bunch grass with
nnnierons slender root leaves, slender, somewhat wiry stems terminated by long
heads with divaricate and Aariously twisted or bent awns of moderate length.
Theroot system, with the dead leaves and stems of the previous year, forms a firm,
harsh mat, from which the new stems and leaves arise, 15 to 2.5 inches high. It
seems to belong to the mountain slopes in the region of permanent winter snows,
especially among the fallen timber on partially open hillsides. It is not
known whether the awns are
such as to lessen its forage value.
"G." Summer ranch, July 23
(3828); Battle Lake, August 16
(4026).

Stipa tweedyi Scribn. (Tweedy's
Stipa). — A bunch grass of
spreading habit with long, gen-
iculate, bent awns ; stems 20 to 30
inches long. In general appear-
ance it much resembles S. comata,
and its forage value may well
be compared with that. Sheep
Mountain, July 3 (3297).

Stipa viridula Trin. (Feather
Bunch-grass). — A tall, coarse
bunch-grass, with a long, close
panicle, awns bent, of moderate
length, seeds falling early. It
occurs in the eastern part of the
State on the dry, open plains,
but never iu any great abun-
dance. Pine Bluffs, July 6 (3613).

Oryzopsis micrantha Thurb.
(Small - flowered Mor xtain
Rice). — A rather handsome,
slender, spreading grass with
long, slender root leaves, pan-
icles loose and spreading, the
spikelets on slender, divaricate
pedicels, mature seeds large.
This was secured but once,
among the broken rocks in the
bottom of a dry canyon. It
must be of excellent quality,
and if it Avould thrive under

cultivation it would form a valuable addition to our forage plants.
July 6 (3615).

Eriocoma cuspidata Xutt. (Indian Millet).— A valuable grass of very wide dis-
tribution in the State. Pine Bluffs, July 5 (3606).

Muhlenbergia comata Bentli. (Hairy Muiilenuergia). — A smooth perennial with
rather scanty leaves, 1 to 2 feet high, heads spike-like, soft-hairy, the awns short
and fine. Not plentiful; usually on river bottoms and most frequently among
the stones on the low banks. Evanston, July 28 (3857); Grand Encampment
Creek, August 13 (3994).

Muhlenbergia gracilis breviaristata Vasey. — Growing in tufted, mat-like clumps;
leaves mostly radical, short; stems slender, 6 to 12 inches high; heads large for
the size of the grass, awns very short. It occurs in the hills, mostly on the naked
3018— No. 13 3

Fig. 4. — Seneca-grass {Savastana odorata) : a, spikelet;
b, rtorets; c, palet; d, pistil.

Pine Bluffs,

34

summits and ridges, sometimes in sufficieut abundance to constitute an appreci-
able part of the forage. Head of Pole Creek, July 22 (3431).
Phleum alpiuum L. (Alpine Timothy).— Very similar in general appearance to the
ordinary field timothy, except that it is somewhat smaller. Il is found on moist
slopes and in the valleys at 8,000 to 11,000 feet, often constituting a large per-
centage of the most valuable forage. Beaver Basin, July 22 (3816) ; Battle Lake
Mountain, August 17 (4050).
Alopecurus geniculatus fnlvus Scribn. (^Maksh Foxtaii,).— A succulent grass with
an abundance of soft leaves, forming small, usually decumbent bunches, stems

12 to 20 inches long. It fre
quents wet ground, especially
creek banks and shallow
stream beds, Avhere it forms
tufts among the cobblestones.
It is relished by stock,
though it is probably rather
watery in its composition.
Little Laramie River, July 4
(3334) ; Willow Creek, July 13
(3379) ; Beaver Basin, July 22
(3812) ; Johnson's Ranch, Au-
guj,t 9 (3908).
Alopecurus occidentalis Scribn.
(Mountain Foxtail, tig. 5).—
A valuable grass in the moun-
tain meadows and parks. Bat-
tle Lake, August 10 (4017).
Sporobolus airoides Torr. ( Fine-
top Salt-gi:as8, lig.fi). — This
grass forms large mats or
sometimes considerable areas
of harsh, raised sod, the
short, stiff root-leav(!S and
wiry stems giving it a disa-
greeable feeling to the touch ;
1 to 2 feet high, producing a
large, widely spreading pan-
icle. In spite of its stiffness,
on the open bottom lands
stock keep it well eaten
down, and it is difficult to
find fruited specimens. Little
Laramie River, July 24 (.34.52) ;
Tine Bluffs, July 7 (3619);
Granger, July 30 (3877).
Sporobolus asperifolius Thurb. (Rough-leafed Salt-gijass, tig. 7).— Harsh but
sleiulor leaves and stems; 9 to 15 inches high, the numerous capillary i)edice]s
of the panicle widely spreading. Probably of little value, though it may furnish
some of the summer pasture on tiio bottom lands where it occupies the drier
knolls, or more rarely is intermingled with other grasses on the lower, moist
ground. Granger, July 30 (3876 and 3889).
Sporobolus coufusus Vasey (fig. 8).— A small form growing in little tufts, the
stems and leaves almost hairlike, and the delicate panicle widely spreading, 3 to
t) inches high. \ot oliserved except on stony or gr.ivelly stream banks, where
it forms a scattering, inconspicuous growth. Laramie h'iver, July 12 (3361);
Grand Encampment Creek, August 13 (3990).

Fig. 5.— Mountain Foxtail {Alopecurus occidenlalig) : a,
spikelet; 6, fioret.

35

Sporobolus cryptandrus A. Gray (Sand Dropseed). — A tufted form with spread-
ing- stems, 12 to IS incbfs long, occurring on sandy knolls and ridges; usually
of very scattering growth, so that, thougli it is a nutritious jjasture grass, it is
of small economic importance. Hillsdale, July 7 (3660) ; Laramie, July 20 (3417).

Sporobolus depauperatus Scribn. (Dkopsekd). — Somewhat tufted, but still form-
ing a continuous sod, stems and leaves slender, 6 to 12 inches high. A most
excellent pasture giass. Centennial Valley, July 2 (3274); Evanston, July 27
(3841); Granger, July 30 (3883); Johnson's Ranch, August 8 (3901); Grand
Encampment Creek, August 13 (4002); Wagon Hound Creek, August 21 (4403).

Sporobolus simplex Scribn. —
A tiny alpine form, growing
in little tufts, or sometimes
as small patches of uniform
sod; the fruiting heads slen-
der and few-seeded ; the fine
root-leaves numerous and
nearly as long as the capil-
lary stems, which are 2 to 4
inches high. It occurs on the
uaked slopes in the vicinity
of the permanent winter
snow banks. Battle Lake
Mountain, August 16 (4011).

Agrostis alba L. (Red top,
Herd's-grass). — This well-
known grass occurs through-
out the valleys of the whole
region investigated. In
many places it has no doubt
been introduced, but in some
of the localities where it was
secured it must have been in-
digenous. It prefers wet
ground, and thrives im-
mensely under irrigation. In
some of the valleys it is con-
sidered one of the important
meadow grasses, as, for in-
stance, at Evanston, in the
Bear River Valley. Hills-
dale, July 7 (3663); Evans-
ton, July 27 (3832 and 4444) ;
Granger, July 30 (3888);
Grand Eiuampment Creek,
August 13 (3995). fig.6..

Agrostis asperifolia Trin.

(ROUGII-LK AFED BeNT-

GRASS). — An erect grass with long heads and numerous, ample leaves. It prefers
wet ground, such as the banks of streams, partially shaded l>ottom lands, and
more rarely boggy ground. It is a valuable constituent of the forage in such
situations, and forms a part of the hay in wet meadows. Evanston, July 28
(3856) ; Woods Creek, August 9 (3964).
Agrostis scabra Willd. (Rough Hair-grass). — Erect, with slender leaves and stems
and narrow, or, in older specimens, widely spreading panicle, the pedicels
extremely long and hair like. It forms a small part of the native grasses on
most of the bottom lands; occurring as scattering specimens or small clumps,
most frec^uent in the loamy soil of stream banks, probably of little value, but

-Fine- top Salt-grass (Sporobolus airoides) : a, spike-
let; 6, floret.

36

on open grounds grazed down with the other grasses. Head of North Vtrniilion

Creek, July 20 (3792) ; Evauston, July 28 (3851) ; Battle Lake, August 16 (4021).

Agrostis tenuis Vasey (Slknder Haiu-gkass).— Resembling the preceding, but

smaller, the panicle and its i)edicels shorter and less spreading. Collected but

once, in ground then fairly dry, hut probably boggy earlier in the season.

Low (6 to 12 inches high), and in small quantity. Battle Lake, August 1G(4014).

Agrostis huniilis Vasey (fig. 9).— A bunch grass of very small proportion, only 3 to

5 inches high; seemingly very rare; only one small bunch secured on an alpine

summit near a snowbank. Battle Lake Mountain, August 17 (4070).

Calamagrostis hyperborea americaua Kearn. (Sano-grass; Ykllowtoi-).— A tall

fine-looking grass, with close
cylindrical heads, often 3 to 4
feet high. In this range it
seems to be found in a-bun-
dance in wet draws and on
banks where seepage water is
abundant. It often forms a
close, even growth, but as it
requires so much water it can
not be utilized, except on tlie
wettest ground, as a meadow
grass. Pine Bluti's, July 6
(3632); North Fork A'ermil ion
Creek, July 19 (3772); Gran-
ger, July 30 (3884); "Woods
Lauding, August 7 (3902);
Medicine Bow Kiver, Augiist
21 (4089).
Calamagrostis cauadenfis (Mx.)
Beauv. ( Bu'e-joixt grass). —
Stems and leaves stouter than
in the preceding, heads close
and full, 2 to 3 feet high ; in-
frequent, usually in wet places
or on creek banks. Head of
Pole Creek. .Inly 22 (3437).
Calamagrostis canadensis acu-
minata Vasey (Mountain
Blue-joint). — Much resem-
bling the preceding in general
appearance; in age the pani-
cle is loose and sitreading. It
is the commoner form of this
range, occurring both in t>pen
and in partially shaded
ground. Its luxuriant growth
and am)>lc leaves suggests
that it may be valuabic under
cultivation. In one mountain
locality it formed a luxuriant and continuous growth among the fallen timber.
Johnsons Kanch, August 9 (3905); Woods Creek, August 10 (3946); Battle Lake,
August 16 (4018).
Calamagrostis moutanensis Scribn. (Montana Bluk-.ioint).— A small erect form,
with close cylindrical heads, rarely more than a foot high. It occurs on dry or
even on rocky slojjes, and on the drier parts of th«' bottom lands as scattering spec-
imens or irregular i)atches of various sizes. It must be considered as a pasture
grass of some value. Horse Creek, July 13 (3381) ; Big Creek, August 11 (3970).

Fig. 7.— Kouj;h-leal'ed Salt-};ni88 (Spvrobulus asjierif alius)
a, empty glumes; b, floret; c, fjiryopsis.

37

Calamagrostis purpiirascens R. Br. (Puri'LIsii Reed-grass, fig. 10). — A mountain
form, 12 to I'U inches high, with amjjle root-leaves and close cylindrical heads.
The specimens secured formed close hunches on the rocky clitfs and on the
highest summits; not abundant. Battle Lake, August 16 (4047 and 4056).

Calamagrostis scribneri Beal CScribxer's Reed-grass). — Erect and stout, with a
wealth of long broad leaves and ample heads 3 to 4 feet high; the handsomest
grass of the genus, often making a dense close growth that yields an abundance
of hay, presumably excellent, though the leaves are somewhat scabrous to the
touch. It jtrefers wet ground, but thrives on the bottom lands anywhere or even
on the lower slopes of the adjacent hills. Johnsons Ranch, August 9 (3920) ;
Woods Creek, August 10 (3954) ; Grand Encampment Creek, August 13 (3989) ;
^ledicine Bow River, August 20 (4082).

Calamovilfa longifolia Scribn. (Big Sand-grass). — A coarse grass occurring in
occasional clumps, 2 to 4 feet high. Rare in this range and probably confined
to the eastern part of the State, where
it occurs on the dry sandy plans or hill-
sides. Hillsdale, .July 7 (3G(J6j.

Deschampsiacaespitosa Beauv. (Tufted
Hair-grass). — Uensely tufted, with an
abundance of long root leaves, the slen-
der stems exceeding the leaves and ter-
minating in large, loose, spreading
panicles. It is of frequent occurrence
throughout this entirf range, occurring
on all the streams, in the mountains on
all the moist slopes, and even on alpine
summits. Little Laramie River, July 4
(3337); Pine Bluffs, July (5 (3623); Bea-
ver Basin, July 22 (3817); Evanston,
July 28 (3860) ; Grang.-r, July 30 (3890) ;
Woods Landing, August 7 (3904) ; Battle
Lake, August 16 (4008).

Tri.setum subspicatum Beauv. (Downy
Oat-grass). — Usually growing in small
tufts, which are irregularly scattered
on mountain slopes or more rarely in the
valleys, root-leaves abundant, the up-
per stem nearly naked and bearing a
short, cylindrical head, with soft, di-
vergent awns. As a pasture grass it
has value in proportion to its abun-
dance. Battle Lake Mountain, August
17 (4045 and 4061).

Danthouia californica Boland. (Cali-
FORXiAX Oat-(;rass). — Decumbent at
base and somewhat spreading or de-
clined in habit, stems leafy, 20 to 30 inches high; panicle small. It is certainly
very rare in the region, for which reason its forage value need not be taken into
account. Observed but once as a scattering growth in an aspen grove in a moist
valley. Greentop, June 29 (3253).

Danthonia intermedia Vasey (Mountain Oat-grass). — An erect, handsome grass
with well-developed heads, 15 to 25 inches high. It occurs in small patches as
an open sod in the margins of the woods or in the small parks in the mountains.
In many x)laces it is sufficiently abundant to have much value as a pasture grass.
Battle Lake, August 17 (4037 and 4055) ; Woods Creek, August 9 (39.59).

Danthouia parryi Scribn. (Parry's Oat-grass). — Somewhat similar to the preced-
ing, but lower and with looser heads, more inclined to be tufted at base. This

Fig. 8. — tSporobolus con/usus : a, b, c, npikelets;
d, floret.

38

also is of rare oecnrrence, and is met with only in the liills s.i far ns ohserved.

Secured on open hillsides, where it oocnrred iu small patches, grow inj; on a soil

of disintegrated granite. Greeiitop, June 29 (3245).
Spartina gracilis Trin. (Si.EXDER Cord-GRASS, tig. 11).— A perennial from tough

underground root-stocks, rather rigid and woody, hut not harsh; possibly of

some value when young. It occurs as a scattering growth on sandy, alkaline

soil on creek or pond hanks. Laramie River, .July 12 (3364); I'ine Bluffs, .Tuly

() (3<J30) ; (Jranger, .July 30 (3885).
Schedonnardus panicnlatus Trolease (False C'RAB-onASS).— A worthless grass of

spreading habit, leaves crowded at the base, the naked scabrous stems divari-

FKi.O.—Agrogtinhnmilig; a, spikdct ; h, eniyity Flo. 10.— Piirplisli Rccdfrrass (Calamafirostis )iur-
KluninH; c, /, llorclH; </, jiiilct ; ('. (■ar.v(>i>si.H; piirasccnti): a, ciiijity ^'liiincs; /', Hort't; c, pro-

ij. ajtcx of tlowi-iiii},' Kliiine. longaticm of llio r:i( liill:i.

cately branched, rigid and brittle, .-it least when mature, 1) to 15 inches high.
Of rare occurrence, usually in broken ground, such as ilry ditches or plow
furrows. Tine Hlulls, .Inly (! (.'jr)42).
Bouteloua oligostachya 'I'orr. (IW.ack (;i:ama).— l^omewhat tufted or matted, )>ut
often a fairly uniform growth over sevei.il rods of ground in a place, the numer-
ous leaves are largely basal, tin; slender stems w hich Ik ar the one sided heads,
10 to 1« inches high. This is j)reemiiiently the grass of the jdains, occurring in
greater or less abundance every where on the arid pasture lands. It is of especial

39

valne as a pasture grass, but furnishes a part of the hay on the drier second hot-
torn meadows. It has the reputation of being very nutritious, and the condition
of the stock pastured upon it bears out this idea fully. Laramie Plains, July 19
(3409); Pine Bluffs, July 6 (3619); Hillsdale, July 7 (3658); Woods Landing,
August 7 (3909).

Beckmannia erucaeformis Host. (Slough-grass, fig. 12).— A grass of the bogs and
of the margins of ponds and irrigation canals; erect, well leafed, heads long and
slender, seeds flat and large, falling early and leaving the raohis bare almost as
soon as it is mature. Probably of no special value, but in very wet ground it
often constitutes a percep-
tible part of the plants
that are cut for liay. Much
of it, however, can not be
utilized, as it grows in
places where it is not ac-
cessible until so late in the
season that it has lost its
value for any purpose.
North Fork Vermilion
Creek, July 19 (3763) ; Ev-
anston, July 27 (3831);
Granger, July 30 (3881).

Bulbilis dactyloides Raf.
(Buffalo grass). — Low
and matted, ordinarily
only a few inches high;
staminate and pistillate
heads on separate culms.
Not nearly so common as
is generally supposed, for
much of what passes for
this is generally one of the
species of Grama grass.
They are, however, readily
enough distinguished, es-
pecially when they are
headed out. On the open
range these are all grazed
down so closely that it be-
comes difficult to recog-
nize them. This grass
occurs on the open plains,
but especially in flat draws
among the ridges of hills
that intersect the plains at
intervals. It has no sig-

FiR. 11.— Slender Cord-grass (Spartina gracilis): a, spikelet;

b, floret.

nificance except as a pas-
ture grass, and there seems to be some foundation for the belief that it is gradu-
ally disappearing from the range. Pine Bluff's, July 6 (3616).

Eatonia obtusata Gray (Early Bunch-grass).— Soft, handsome, and well leafed,
18 inches to 3 feet high, with slender, close panicled heads. In moist ground,
either open or partly shaded, it makes a most luxuriant growth. Certainly a
good pasture grass, and in some meadows it is a valuable part of the hay crop.
(Granger, July 30 (3886); Grand Encampment Creek, August 13 (3993).

Koeleria cristata Pers. (Phairir J une-(;i{ass).— Somewhat tiilted, verv leafy at the
base; stems strict and erect, bearing a close cylindrical head, very variable in size,

40

from a few inches to a foot or two in height. Perhaps the most generally dis-
tributed of our valuable pasture grasses, as it occurs in greater or less abun-
dance on both plains and foothills, as svell as to some extent in the mountains.
It is quite variable, also, in appearaiice, depending no doubt largely ui)on the
stage of development that it has reached and to some extent npon its habitat.
IMn'e Blutls, July G (3620); Beaver Basin, July 22 (3808); p:van8ton, July 28
(3850) ; Woods Landing, August 7 (3915) ; Battle Lake, August 16 (4040) ; Wagon
Hound Creek, August 21 (4100).
Melica bulbosa (ieycr (BiMsors Melic-gkass, fig. 13).— A tall, handsome, grass,
bearing small bulbs at the base of the straight stems; heads slender, but the
spikeh'ts plump ; 2 to 3 feet high. An excellent grass, but usually of very scat-
tering growth ; often protected from stock by growing among the undcrshrubs on
Ihe banks of ravines. Not very widely distributed, in fact, observed only a few

times in the foothills, (ireeu
Top, June 29 (3265); Slieep
Mountain, July 3 (3306) ; Battle
Lake, August 16 (4023).
Distichlis spicata Greene (Salt-
<ii{ASs). — Leaves and stems
somewhat slender, but rather
\ "^^^ II II I \li IIW stiff", from a few inches to a foot

Jl ^£ /If H M ormorehigh. It isdistinctively

I f ^^ & \ 11 M III /■! " grass of the alkaline Hats,

V x^d \ III III III mIII growing fairly well where salts

are present in the soil to such
an extent that other grasses can
not live at all. It likes mois-
ture, but is not absent from com-
paratively dry ground. The
sod it forms is often close, but
always harsh and disagreeable.
In the desert regions it is valu-
able for the pasture it furnishes
about the springs that serve as
watering places for the stock on
the op<!n range. Line Bluffs,
July G (3631).
Poa arctica R. Brown (Akctic
.Si'Kak-(;kass). — A densely-
tufted grass, with erect stems
and very lax beads, the slen-
der pedicels loosely spreading.
It seems to be a valual)le jias-
turo grass, but occurs mostly
;it high elevations, so ;is not
to come within the ordinary
range of stock; it prefers moist, rich slopes or creek bottoms, and attains in such
places a height of 15 to 25 inches. Head of Bole Creek, July 22 (3432).
Poa arida Vasey (Bench-land Spear-grass, fig. 14). — Forming suuill bundles, the
rootleavesshort but abundant, thestemsslender and almost naked above, 10 to 18
inches high. A'aliiable as an early i>asture grass on the drier bench lands, butof
little value in tlir meadows, for it is past its prime before the other grasses are
ready t.. be harvested. Pine lUuffs, July 6 (3GI3); Granger, July 30 (3S87).
Poa buckleyaua Nash (Brxcii-(iUAS.s).— A bunch-grass with erect, slender stems,
15 to 25 inches high; root leaves abundant but short. One of the most widely
distributed and valuable of the pasture grasses, but gnsatly variable in size and

Fig. 12. — Slough-grass (lieckinannia irnciujOriiiin): a, h
spike; c, spikelct; d, floret.

41

appearance in different situations. Its time of development and maturity varies
••with the cbaracter and moisture of tlie soil and tbo altitude, so tliat in different
localities it will be found in excellent condition tbroughont tbe season. Green
Top, June 29 (3244); Nortb Fork Vermilion Creek, .July 20 (3780); Head of Ver-
milion Creek, July 20 (3798) ; Battle Lake, August 17 (4043).
Poa epilis Scribn.— Very slender stems, 12 to 18 incbes high, witb sbort, rather
broad beads; root leaves small and stem nearly naked. It was met witb only
once at an almost alpine beigbt, growing as scattering specimens among the
broken, granite rocks. Battle Lake Mountain, August 17 (4067).

Fig. 13. — Bulbous Mi'lii-grass {Melica bullosa) : a,
spikelet; b, flowering glume; c, floret; d, c.aryop-
sis; e, terminal rudinieutary floret.

Fig. 14. — Bencli-land Spear-grass (Poa
arida) -. a, spikelet; 6, flowering glume;
c, floret.

Poa fendleriana Vasey (Fendler's Spear-grass). — A small bimch-grass, 10 to 15
incbes high, with numerous leaves and ample panicles. It occurs on rocky slopes
in tbe foothills in the western part of the State; seemingly neither frequent nor
abundant, but undoubtedly an excellent pasture grass. Evanstou, May 29 (2970,
2986, and 2998).

Poa flava L. (False Redtop). — Tall and slender, 2 to 3 feet high, with long,
spreading panicles. In some localities a conspicuous grass in the wet draws on
bottom lauds at least, so in inclosures where it is allowed to head out. In open
ground and in pastures, stock graze it down closely, indicating that it is among

42

tlio most relished of pasture grasses; of consiclerablo importance in localities
near Kvaiiston and Medicine liow Iviver. Evauston, Inly 27 (3848 and 3858);
Medicine Bow River, Angnst 21 (4093).
Poa glauca \ alil. (Speak c.hass). — Tliissiiiooth, handsome bunch-grass occurs spar-
iuuly in the mountains. It prefers moist places, where, under favorable con-
ditions, it will attaiu a height of 12 to 18 inches. It is an excellent pasture

grass, as evidenced l)y the extent
to which it is sought out by
stock. Head of Pole Creek, June
ill (3196).
Poa laevigata 8cribn. (Smooth
IjUNCII-cuass). — A bunch-grass
of mnch value, 1 to 2 feet high.
It has adapted itself to very
diverse conditions, as shown by
its being found iii all kinds of
soil — on the strongly alkaline of
the r.itter Creek Hats to that
of the o])en mountain parks; on
moist creek banks and dry hill-
sides and ridges. It develops
early, hence is of mnch value as
early summer jjasture. North
Vermilion Creek, .July 19 (3766);
Colorado-Wyoming line, July 22
(3807) ; Evanstcm, .Inly 27(3837);
Granger, July 30 (3891).
Poa leptoconia Trin. — A rare grass
of scatteiing growth, the stems
weak and the lea\es soft and
broad; observed but once as
scattering, individual speci-
mens on th(! broken banks of a
streamlet in a subalpiuo ]>ark.
Battle Lake, Angu.st 16 (1019).
Poa longepedunculata Scribn.

(LONG-.STALKKI) BUNCH (iU.VSS).

— A remarkably line bunch-
grass, the tufts large and close,
20 to 30 inches high ; leaves short
and largely basal, the numerous
naked stems slender and erect;
])aniclo amjile but close. It is a
grass of the hill regions, occupy-
ing the slopes and summits, often in considerable abundance. Sheep Mountain,
July 3 (.3292).
Poa lucida Vasey (Siiixixc Brxcn-OUAss). — .V wi<lely distributed gr.-iss, but never
greatly abundant; erect in habit, with long ample leaves; of excellent (|uality,
and adapting itself to various habitats, (jreen 'lop. .June 29 (3257; L.-iramie
U'iver, .Inly 20 (3115); Woods Landing, August 7 (390ti).
Poa nemoralis L. (Wood .MKAi)ow-(iRAss). — (Jrowing in bunches, leaves and stems
slemler, the, panicle am]>le, loose and spreailing; an excellent grass, attaining a
height of 2 feet or more. It occurs in )>artly wooded .areas, on the sloj)es or on
the creek banks, where it is often a very imimrtant ]iart of the forage. Head of
Vermilion Creek, July 20 (3794 j; (irand Kncauipment Creek, August 13 (3983).

Fio. 15. — Neviida I'.liie->rrass il'nn nerademig) : a,
tiiuiity gl nines; h, lldiftn.

43

Poa nemoralis L. var ? . — Much smaller than the precefling, with perfectly erect
stems ; the heads a shorter, closer panicle. Probably a form of higher altitudes.
Head of Pole Creek, July 22, (3435).

Poa nevadensis Vasey (Nevada Blue-grass, fig. 15). — Forming small bunches, the
ample leaves, numerous stems, and well-developed heads make this a grass that
always attracts attention. In the open range it is always browsed down except
where protected by fallen timber or otherwise. It seems to ])refer open woods
on the slopes of the foothills or, more rarely, the partly shaded stream banks.
Laramie Hills, June 16 ^3179^;
"G." Summer ranch, July 23
(3823) ; Granger, July 30, (3891a).

Poa pratensis L. (Kentucky Blue-
grass, tig. 16). — This well-
known grass needs no descrip-
tion. It is widely distributed
and everywhere recognized as
a most important grass. Cen-
tennial Valley, July 2 (.3278);
North Vermilion Creek, .luly 18
(37.58) ; head of North Vermilion
Creek, July 20 (3796) ; Evanston,
July 27 (3844); Woods Creek,
August 9 (3942 ; Grand Encamp-
ment, August 13(3999).

Poa reflexa Vasey & Scribn.
(MouxTAix Blue-grass). — A
beautiful form of the higher
mountains, usually as a bunch
grass but often more scattering;
stems moderately slender, 10 to
18 inches high; panicle loose
and ample, the pedicels retlexed
in age. It occurs in ravines and
sometimes in abundance on the
slopes in subalpine stations.
That it is an excellent pasture
grass hardly admits of doubt,
but it is too often in most inac-
cessible places. Battle Lake
Mountain, August 17 (4038 and
4044).

Poa sheldoni Vasey (Sheldon's
Blue-grass, PI. IV). — Stems
slender and erect with well-
formed heads; leaves mostly
basal, short, slender, and some-
what rigid; usually occurring

as a bunch grass, varying in height from 1 to 2 feet, according to location
probably belongs to the arid region, but is not contined to th(^ drier situations.
In fact, it occurs more frequently on the drier portions of the bottom lands and
on the higher ground about spring bogs. In all such situations it must be con-
sidered as one of the valuable grasses. Its earliness detracts from its value as
a meadow grass unless it can be grown by itself, as it is out of condition
before the other constituents of the meadow are in condition for harvesting.
Pine Bluffs, July 7 (.3644); Beaver Basin, July 22 (3806); North Fork, Vermilion
Creek, July 18 (3754 and 3785); Evanston, July 28 (3869).

Fig

16. — Kentncky Blne-jirass (Poa pratensis) : a,
spikelet ; 6, Horet.

It

44

Poa wheeleri Vasey (Wyoming Bluk-grass, fig. 17).— Sleuder stemmed; 10 to 24
inches high ; basal leaves numerous ; panicles close or looser m age. This buuch
grass is valuable as jiasture, but, like the i)rt'ceding, would be more so if it
oftener descended into the lov\-er altitudes of the foot hills or the plains. Cen-
tennial Valley, .July 2 (3290) ; Battle Lake, August 17 (4049).
Graphephorum muticum Scribn. (?).— A handsome grass, with broad green leaves;
rather large stems, 2 to 3 feet high; head a close, nearly cylindrical panicle,

3 to 6 inches long. Probably
very rare; secured but once.
Battle Lake, August 16 (4012
and 4013).
Panicularia americana MacM.
(Keed Meadow-grass; Tall
Manna-grass). — Stems stout, 2
to 4 feet high ; leaves large and
abundant ; the panicle ample,
loose, and sjireading, 6 to 12
inches long. This very hand-
some grass thrives on wet bot-
tom lands and in the shallow
sloughs that border our streams.
Its forage value is much under-
estimated, for not only can im-
mense crops of it be produced,
but the quality of the hay is far
above the average ordinarily
secured from wet lands. Evans-
ton, .July 24 (3871) ; Woods Land-
ing, August 7 (3907).
Panicularia borealis Nash (North-
ern Meadow-c;kass). — Stem
weak, moderately leafy, 2 to
several feet in length, some-
times rooting at the nodes in
the mud at the bottoms of the
ponds in which it grows; pani-
cle very long and open, soon
naked through the early disin-
tegration of its spikelets. Of
no economic importance, for it
occurs, so far as my observation
goes, only as scattering speci-
mens in deep, clear, fresh-water
ponds. Johnson's ranch, August
8 (3936); Grand Encampment,
August 13 (3986).

Panicularia nervata Knntze (Nerved Manna-GRA.ss, fig. 18).— Soft, succulent
leaves and stems, rather weak, 2 to 3 feet high ; usually as a scattering growth
in partly shaded bottom lands, but sometimes in considerable abundance in
wet open meadows. It is greedily eaten by stock, but as a hay grass it probably
lacks weight and substunce. North Vermilion Creek, .Inly 19 (3769); Woods
Creek, August 9 (39').")); Cooiter Hill, August 22 (1405).
Panicularia nervata stricta Scril>n.— Similar to the preceding, but smaller. Of
small economic ini|Mirtance, as it oceiirs only as scattering specimens in the
bioKen s<iil of tlie rit<'k b;mks. ( 'olorado- Wyoming line, .Inly 22 (3818); (irand
Encampment Creek, August 13 (3979;.

FiQ. 17.— AA'yomiiig Blue grass {Poa wheeleri) : a, empty
glumes; b, c. florets.

45

Puccinellia airoides Wats. & Coult. (Alkali Meadow-grass).— Erect, with slen-
der, tufted stems, 1 to 2 feet higb, the panicle long, open, and spreading; a grass
of the wet, saline Hats and the ditch banks. Laramie River, July 4 (3332) ; Hills-
dale, July 7 (3664).

Festuca brevifolia R. Brown (Short-leafed Fescue).— Closely tufted, with nu-
merous short basal leaves; stems strict, 6 to to 10 inches high, the panicle close
and slender; infrequent, occurring on the dry ridges of disintegrated granite.
Head of Pole Creek, July 22

f^^

(3430).
Festuca elatior pratensis Scribn.

(Meadow Fescue). —Slender, weak

stemmed, 2 to 3 feet high; a few

scattering specimens secured on

Crow Creek. Cheyenne, July 8

(3664(1).
Festuca thurberi Vasey (Tiiurber's

Fescue). — A handsome Poa-like

plant, forming large compact sods

on the edge of the thickets along

the mountain streams; leaves and

stems slender, 2 to 3 feet high ; in-
clined to be harsh to the touch, so

that when mature probably not

very well relished by stock. Wil-
low Creek, July 13 (3377).
Festuca kingii Scribn. (King's Fes-
cue, fig. 19). — Thick-stemmed, 1 to

2 feet high ; leaves few, short, and

broad; the I)a8e8 of the stems

sheathed by the old leaves. This is

a grass of the sandy or gravelly

slopes and banks in the foothills,

probably never fornung a coutinu-
ous sod, but sometimes abundant
enough to be of importance as a pas-
ture grass. Evanston, May 29
(2995); Sheep Mountain, July 3
(3300) ; " G." Summer ranch, July
23 (3826).
Festuca ovinaL. (Sheep's Fescue). —
Densely tufted, the slender leaves
and stems very numerous, 6 to 18

inches high; panicle slender, the spikelets being closely appressed; awns short
but noticeable; widely distributed and often abundant, especially on dry ridges
and disintegrated granite slopes. Head of Pole Creek, June 19(3195); Green
Top, June 29 (3242) ; Sheep Mountain, July 3 (3303) ; Battle Lake Mountain,
August 17 (4062).
Festuca rubra L. (Red Fescue).— Somewhat resembliiig the preceding, but m
smaller tufts or as single specimens, stems seemingly longer and more slender.
Not plentiful in tliis range. Colorado- Wyoming line, July 22 (3819).
Bromus breviaristatus Buckl. (Short-awned Brome-grass).— A fine appearing
grass, 2 to 4 feet high; stems erect, leaves large and numerous, the panicle long
vrith closely appressed or at least ascending branches. It occurs in open woods in
the mountains where it sometimes forms meadow-like tracts of considerable
extent. It seems to be relished by all kinds of stock, and it was noted that on
Pine Mountain, where it is very abundant, sheep, being grazed there in July,

Fig. 18.— Nerved Mauna-grass (Panieularia ner-
vata) : a, b, spikelets ; c, d, florets.

46

were feedinj^ upou it very freely. In bigh mountain ineaclows it would prove
very valuable as a hay grass. Horse Creek, July 10 (3358). Little Laramie
River, .Tuly I (3333) ; Meditnue Bow Kiver, August 20 (4073).
Bromus ciliatus scariosus Scribn. — A suuiU form only 12 to 18 inclies high; leaves
slender and stems weak ; ])anicle short and spreading, the spikelets on slender
pedicels. Rare, secured but once, in a dry, stony canyon on the side of a moun-
tain where scatteiiug speci-
mens occurred at intervals.
Shec]) Mountain, July 3 (3305).
Broiuus kalmii CI ray (Kalm's
Chess). — Leaves abundant,
stems erect, 2 to 3 feet high ;
panicles many-Howered, often
drooping, the pedicels slender
and dexuous. This bunch grass
is a very important one in some
of the mountain ranges. In
open woods (m stony hillsides
it occurs in great abundance,
as it frequently does in some
of the higher-lying meadows.
Woods Creek, August 9 (3948) ;
Medicine Bow River, August
22 (4083).
Bromus multiflorus Scribn.
(Large Mountain Bhome-
GKASS). — Erect, moderately
strong stemmed, 3 to 4 feet
high, leaves large and numer-
ous; panicles ample, close,
many flowered, the spikelets
erect or nearly so, awns short
but evident. For further
notes upon this grass, which
undoubtedly has great eco-
nomic value(8eepage29). "G."
Sninmer ranch, July 23(3827) ;
Battle Lake, August Ifi (4021
and 4035); Pino Mountain,
head of Vermilion Creek, July
18 (3759).
Bromus porteri (Coult.) Nash
(I'oKTEe's C II ESS ). — Erect,
with ample leaves, 2 to 3 feet
high; panicle long, its
brandies lax and spikelets on slender flexuous pedicels. Undoubtedly a valu-
able grass, liut usually only scattering, individual 8i)ecimens in the aspen coitses
or on the more open hillsides. Battle Lake, August 10 (4022); Cooper Hill,
August 22 (4407).
Bronaus scabratus Sciibn. (Scahuous Chess). — Harshly scabrous, leaves and stems
8l(!U(b;r, somewhat lle.xnous, 2 to3 feet hmg; panicle oi)en, si)ikelcts very slender,
on filiform liexuoiis ]ie<licels. My lield notes say "A very coinmon grass on the
creek Imtlums at this stalioii. It foiiiis a portion of the general growth overall
the district observed. Ap])arently not browsed down so fully as some of the
<itlier grasses even where stock has full access to it." Head of Vermilion Creek,
.Inly 20(3800).

Fig. 19. — King's Feacue (Festucakingii): a, si)ikelet; b,
floret.

47

Agropyron caninoides Beal. (Bearded Wheat-grass).— Tliis wheat-grass occurs

mostly as a bimch grass; the bunches small with stoutish, erect stems; heads

long, close, and well awned. It vvobably is rare, though it was found in fair

qua'utity on the borders of a mountain brook and extending well up on the

adjacent hillsides. Woods Creek, August 9 (3940).
Agropyron caniiiuni R. & S. (Bearded Wheat ghass).— Somewhat resembling

the preceding but smaller, with shorter leaves. Probably of the plains rather

than the mountains. Lara-
mie River, July 31 (3458).
Agropyron dasystachyum

subvillosuni S. iV H. — It

is especially valuable upon

saline lands and responds

with an increased yield to

more favorable situations.

Pine Bluffs, July 5 (3604);

Colorado- Wyoming line,

July 22 (3S04); Evanston,

July 27 (3836).
Agropyron divergens Nees.

(BUNCII WUEAT-GUASS). —

A bunch grass, the stems

and leaves densely tufted,

18 to 30 inches high ; heads

long, narrowly spike-like,

with long, divergent,

twisted awns. Common in

the foothills on dry, stony

ridges and slopes. Readily

eaten by stock, especially

before the awns have de-
veloped and after they have

fallen off. Laramie Hills,

June 16 (3181); Green Top,

June 29 (3243); Sheep

Mountain, July 3 (3298).
Agropyron pseudorepens S.
• & S. (False Couch-grass,

lig. 20). — Forming dense
bunches, the numerous
stems stout, erect as a
whole, but somewhat bent
at base, spikes 4 to 6 inches
long, awns short. Pro-
nounced a most excellent
grass for hay purposes, both

on accountof its quality and its heavy yield. Itwouldseem that some of the other
wheat-grasses that form a uniform sod could be used to better advantage than
this bunch-grass on grounds which are to be seeded to permanent meadow. Pme
Bluffs, July 6 (3634) ; Woods Creek, August 9 (3965) ; Battle Lake, August 17 (4064).
Agropyron richardsoni Schrad. (Richardson's Wheat-grass).— In a general way
resembling the preceding, but growing mostly as scattering, individual speci-
mens ; the spikes conspicuously awned. It occurs mostly on the edges of clear-
ings or in open Avoods. Hardly abundant enough to have much significance in
this range. Woods Landing. August 7 (3923) ; Grand Encampment, August 13
(3978) ; Cooper Hill, August 22 (4408).

Tig. 20.— False Couch-grass (Agropyron pseudorepens) : a,
empty glumes ; b, florets.

48

Agropyron riparium S. & S. (Bank Wheat-grass).— Stems slender, erect, 2 to 3
feet high; leaves sparse, mostly basal; spike narrow, spikelets rather distant,
giving an interrupted appearance. Occurring both on the saline soil of the
plains and the alluvial soil of mountain parks. In the latter situations it often
forms meadow-like tracts, indicating that under cultivation it may prove a val-
uable member of this imi)ortant genus of grasses. Little Laramie Kiver, July
24 (3447); Colorado-Wyoming line, July 22 (3813).
Agropyron spicatum S. & S. (Western Wheat-grass). — An erect, rather coarse
species with large heads of conspicuous spikelets. It grows as a continuous but

open sod and yields a large
amount of valuable forage.
Pine Blulis, July 6 (3610);
Evauston, July 27 (3847);
Granger, July 30 (3878);
Grand Encampment, Au-
gust 13 (3997).
Agropyrou spicatum molle S.
& S. — Very similar to the
preceding but smaller; con-
fined in this range almost
wholly to saline regions,
where it is of much impor-
tance. Sheep Mountain,
July 3 (3299).
Agropyron tenerum Vasey
(Slender Wheat-grass). —
Leaves numerous, stems
slender and erect; spikes 3
to 6 inches long, the few
flowered spikelets closely
appressed, awns very short.
As previously stated, this
seems to be the most valu-
able of the wheat-grasses for
this range. Pine Bluffs,
July 6 (3628); North Ver-
milion Creek, July 19 (3773) ;
Evauston, July 27 (3846);
Granger, July 30 (3880);
Grand Encampmeiit, Au-
gust 13(3976) ; Medicine Bow
River, August 20 (407t)).
Agropyron tenenini ciliatum
S. «fc S. -^Smaller, more slen-
der, spikelets less crowded.
A valuable grass, but not
widely distributed. North Vermilion Creek, July 18 (37.5.")).
Agropyron vaseyi S. A 8. (Vaskv's Whkat-ghass). — In habit and general appear-
ance much resimbling ./. divcri/eus. Uke tliat, it occupies dry slopes and the
summits of hills, this especially in the "red formations" of the desert. Pine
Mountain, head of Vermilion Creek, .Inly 20 ('^797).
Agropyron violaceum Vasey fMorxTAix Wiikat-(;rass). — Stems, stout, short, 10
to IS inches high, spikes slender, purplish. A grass of much value and wide
distribution, iu this range rather rare and confined to the hill country. Laramie
Kills, .Inly 17 (3403).

-Tr~

Fio. 21. — Elymus simplex: a, empty gbinies; ?), florets.

49

Triticum aestivum L. ^ Wheat).— Some specitnenH found iu an old stock yard.
Grand Encampment Creek, August 13 (3984).

Hordeum jubatum L. (Squiruel-tail grass).— More or less abundant throughout
this entire range.

Hordeum occidentae Scribn. — Slender stemmed, 12 to 18 inches higli; leaves
abundant; spikes slender, with awns of moderate length. It forms a uniform
growth but rather open sod, in which it differs from the preceding, which is
usually found in tufts or bunches. This would have forage value of no mean
degree except for the awns, which are said to make it objectionable. North
Vermilion Creek, July 20 (3781).

Hordeum nodosum L. (Meadow Barley).— Wagon Hound Creek, August 21 (4099).

Elymus ambiguus V. & S.— Slender, rather rigid leaves and stems, 12 to 18 inches
high; spike narrow, 3 to 6 inches long, inclined to have an interrupted appear-
ance; awns very short. Neither common nor abundant, collected but once, on
the alkali flats bordering the banks of Hams Fork. Granger, September 1 (4451).

Elymus canadensis L. (Wild Rye).— Tall and somewhat coarse, 3 to 5 fee.t; stems
Jeafy ; spikes dense, 4 to 8 inches long, bearded. This well-known bunch grass
is confined to the drier regions of the eastern part of the State, where it is of
frequent occurrence and often abundant. Pine Bluffs, July 6 (3637).

Elymus condensatus Presl. (Giant Rye-grass).— A tall, smooth, coarse grass
forming innuenso clumps. The most conspicuous grass throughout the entire
southwestern part of the State. North Vermilion Creek, July 23 (3829).

Elymus glaucus Buckl. — This rye grass seems to belong to the wooded areas,
occurring as scattering specimens or in small bunches in aspen thickets or
among the fallen timber on wooded slopes. Battle Lake, August 16 (4016);
Medicine Bow River, August 21 (4085) ; Cooper Hill, Aiigust 21 (4413).

Elymus macounii Vasey.— A bunch grass of much promise; my field notes make
special mention of its abundance of soft, excellent leaves. It rarely occurs as an
open, continuous sod on bottom lands or in the draws among the hills. Pine
Blufts, July 6 (3624); North Vermilion Creek, July 20 (3783).

Elymus occideutalis Scribn. (Western Rye-grass).— Tall and slender stemmed,
3 to 4 feet; spikes short, pubescent, awns of moderate length. Probably rare,
only one small patch of it observed; on the dry terraces separating the first and
second liottom lands. Laramie River, September 15 (4470).

Elymus simplex Scribn. (fig. 21).— A stilf, harsh perennial, 1 to 2 feet high; spikes
slender, inclined to appear interrupted, 3 to 5 inches long. But little of it
observed, and that growing iu small bunches on the grassy banks of an irri-
gating canal. Little Laramie River, July 4 (3335;.

Sitanion elymoides Raf. (Long-bearded Wild Rye.)— This Inmch grass differs
much in appearance and size in different habitats. On the dry saline plains of
the desert it forms low, compact bunches and the spikes have awns of moderate
length; on moist mountain slopes the bunches arc loose, the stems long and
spreading, the spikes loose, and the divaricate awns of inordinate length. In
any case it can not be looked upon with any favor as a forage plant. Pine Bluffs,
July 6(3608); North Vermilion Creek, July 20 (3784); Woods Creek, August 9
(3952).

SEDGES.

Eleocharis palustris (L.) R. & S. (Common Spike-rush.)— Slender stemmed and of
very close compact growth, 10 to 15 inches high. This species occurs In very
many boggy places as a pure growth and in over-irrigated meadows it often
constitutes a large percentage of the crop that is put up and labelled hay. Some
forage value it no doubt has, but it is to be regretted that the better true grasses
should be drowned out only to be replaced by this. Centennial Valley, July 4
(3329) ; Pine Bluffs, .July 7 (3656) ; North Vermilion Creek, July 19 (3764) ; Evans-
ton, July 27 (3833).

3018— No. 13 4

50

Eleocharis sp. (?). — Erect and close growing, the stems slender, 5 to 8 inches high;
spike short, oblong. Common on the marshy banks of the streams and ponds.
Pine Bluffs, May 15 (2899;.

Scirpus campestris Britt. (Prairie Rush). — Stems triangular, stout and very
leafy, 1 to 2 feet high; leaves broadly linear, flat, nearly eiiualling the stems;
perennial from tubers borne at the end of short horizontal rootstocks, the annual
stems arising from the previous year's tubers. The species seems able to endure
any amount of alkali, as it was found in dry alkali-lake beds where no other
vegetation seemed able to exist. Granger, July 30 (3871); Laramie, August 30
(4462).

Scirpus americaiius Pers. (American Rush).— Long, rather slender triangular
stems; spikelets small, clustered capitate, overtopped by the single involucral
leaf. A common rush in most of the bogs of the region, but especially so in the
saline bogs and marshes adjaceut to IJitter Creek, in the desert. I'iue Bluffs,
July 7 (3650) ; Laramie, August 30 (4468).

Scirpus lacustris L. (Great Bulimsu). — Stems stout, cylindrical, smooth, and
erect, spikelets umbellately clustered. JJardy wholly absent from fresh-water
bogs throughout this range. Pine Bluffs, July 7 (36r)l) ; North Vermilion Creek,
July 17 (3767).

Scirpus microcarpus Presl. (Small-iruitei) Bulrush).— Krect, 3 to 4 feet high;
leaves abundant and large; spikelets very numerous in an open inlloresence
which approaches a compound umbel. This species prefers fresh-water ponds or
the banks of slow flowing streams. It occurs in some abundance in many of the
wetter meadows, where it constitutes a iierceptible part of the hay i)rodu(t.
Woods Landing, August 7, (3911): Grand Encampment, August 13 (407S).

Carex acuta tenuior Bailey. — A species of sedge with very slender leaves and
stems, 9 to 15 inches high, growing in almost unbreakable clumps on the mar-
gins of lakes and ponds. Infrequent; Battle Lake, August 16 (4039).

Carex athrostachya Olney. — A slender stemmed sedge producing an abundance of
excellent leaves, a valuable ingredient in many wet meadows. Centennial ^'aI-
ley, July 2 (3280) ; Wood's Landing, Big Laramie Kiver, August 7 (3898) ; Grand
Encampment, August 13 (4000); Medicine Bow River, August 21 (4092).

Carex atrata L. (Black Sedge). — Another sedge with long, slender stems and
numerous broad root-leaves about half the length of the stem. It forms only a
scattering growth among the rocky ledges in subalpine regions. Battle Lake
Mountain, August 17 (4065).

Carex aurea Nutt. (Golen-fruited Seuge). — A small form, from a few to several
inches in height, llexuous stems and ilat, light-green leaves, occurring about
springs and in wet meadows, but rarely in suflicieut amount to have any eco-
nomic significance. Evanston, .July 28 (3854).

Carex deflexa media Bailey (Northern Skdce). — This forms close units, some-
times of great size; the leaves are especially numerous, and though it rarely
exceeds inches in height it has the appearance of being one of the best pasture
grasses of the higher slopes and ridges in our mountains. Battle Lake Mouu tain,
August 17 (4016).

Carex douglasii Boott (Douglas's Sudoe).— A low eaespitose form that deve]o|.s
early, usualy only a few inches high, but at maturity as much as ;i foot high in
some, localities. The heads are large and the leaves of excellent (juality. It
is an important ])art of the pasture in some of the localities investigated. Evans-
ton, May 29 (3017); Laramie River, June 18 (3188); Centennial Valley, July 3
(3288); Wagon Hound Creek, August 21 (4402).

Carex fe.stiva stricta Bailey. — This tine looking sedge prefers wet ])laces, especially
pond and creek 1)ank8. It produces an abundance of excellent leaves and is no
doubt readily eaten by stock. As an admixture in wet meadows it would be of
value. Green Top, June 29 (3255); Head of Vermilion Creek, July 20 (3701);
Evanston, .luly 28 (3862).

51

Carex festiva viridis Bailey. — Somewhat resembling the preceeding, but larger and
more leafy; bright green; seemingly it is a form belonging to the higher moun-
tains. Battle Lake, August 16 (4012).

Carex fllifolia Nutt. (THUEAD-i.fiAFED Sedge). — A densely tufted form with very
slender stems and leaves, somewhat stiff, and only a few inches high; not com-
mon, occurring on dry ridges and plains in the eastern part of the State, where
it undoubtedly forms a part of the early summer range pasture. Pine Bluffs,
May 15 (2895).

Carex geyeri I'.oott (Geykr's Sedge).— A very leafy form, 6 to 9 inches high, rare
and scattering, only a few specimens found among the broken, granite rock at
subalpine heights. Battle Lake Mountain, August 17 (4063).

Carex hoodii Boott (Hood's Skdge). — Stems long and slender; an abundance of
line leaves. It has the aiipearauce of being a good forage plaut, but it is not
abuiulant. As it is a hunch sedge and belongs to high mountain regions it is
doubtful whether any use can be made of it under cultivation. Battle Lake,
August 16 (4033).

Carex jonesii Bailey (Jones's Sedge). — A .sedge of the mountain swamps, scattering
in growth, 2 feet or more in height. Battle Lake, August 16 (4015).

Carex lanuginosa Michx. (Woolly Sedge).— This slender-stemmed sedge, with its
wealth of Ion<r, hue leaves, seems to the writer to be the most desirable of the
sedges for hay purposes. While it abounds in swamps, yet it will grow where
the soil is simply wet. It forms a very dense growth, and it seems that in
meadows too wet for the better grasses or where natural flooding occurs that
tliis may be worthy of introduction. I'ine Bluffs, July 7 (3653); north fork Ver-
milion Creek, July 19 (3768) ; Evanston, July 27 (3831) ; Granger, July 30 (3882) ;
Grand Eucampment, August 13 (.3988).

Carex marcida Boott. (Clustered Field-sedge).— Perennial from horizontal root-
stocks, from which arise numerous stems, 12 to 20 inches high, from the lower
part of which spring numerous narrow leaves somewhat shorter than the stems.
This is one of tlie most valuable sedges that was found in the native meadows.
It thrives in wet ground, but will also do well on comparatively dry ground. It
usually is found as an admixture witli other forage plants, l)ut in a few instances
it was found as a pure growth on the drier ground of the bottom lands. It is
considered valuable as a hay crop, and the writer knows that it is closely grazed
down where stock have access to it. North Vermilion Creek, July 19 (3770) ;
Granger, .July 30 (3873) ; Grand Eucampment Creek, August 13 (4001).

Carex marcida alterna liailey.— This forui is very similar to the preceding in its
habit of growth. In one locality it was found very abundant on both the drier
and wetter ground of the meadows. Wagon Hound Creek, August 21 (4401).

Carex multinoda Bailey (Maxy-jointed Sedge).— A particularly handsome sedge,
the numerous flat, green leaves and the slender stems, surmounted by compara-
tively large heads, give it the appearance of a valuable i>]aut. It is, however,
a bog form and hence difficult to utilize. Centennial Valley, July 2 (3275);
"G," Summer ranch, July 23 (3822) ; Grand Encampment Creek, August 13 (3996).

Carex nebraskensis Dewey (Nebraska Skdge).— This swamp sedge is very vari-
able in size, but often attains a height of 2 feet or more. The leaves are very
abundant, relatively broad and often nearly as long as the stems, on which are
borne two to four large cylindrical heads. Though the hay produced from it
will not weigh very heavy in proportion to the bulk, yet it must be considered
as a valuable product. In meadows that are flooded early in the season it
constitutes a considerable part of the whole hay crop. Pine Blufls, July 7
(3654); Evanston, July 27 (38.30); Cooper Hill, August 22 (4409).

Carex nebraskensis praevia Bailey.— Green Top, June 29 (3256); Medicine Bow

Kiver, August 21 (4094).
Carex nigrescens C. A. Meyer. — Springing from underground root-stocks, producing
an abundance of short root leaves, few naked stems, 6 to 9 inches high; in wet

52

places in the alpine regions of the mountains. Battle Lake Mountain, Anirnst
17 (4042).
Carex nova Bailey (The New Sedge).— Erect and slender, stemmed with short Hat
leaves; 15 to 25 inches high; somewhat scattering, in the wet spruce woods ;ind
along the creeks in the mountains. Probably of value as pasture. Battle Lake,
August 16 (4007).
Carex preslii Steud. (Presl's Sedge).— A. tufted alpine form with numerous soft,
slender leaves that are greatly relished by grazing animals; 8 to 10 inches high.
Battle Lake Mountain, August 17 ^4053).
Carex pyreuaica Wahl.— A very suiall, tufted form, only a few inches high, strictly
alpiue, observed only about the permanent snowdrifts on the mountains. Baltic
Lake Mountain, August 17 (4058).
Carex raynoldsii Dewey (Raynolds' Sedge).— Erect but weak stemmed, leaves
broad and Ihit; the short cylindrical heads usually two, a foot or more high;
rare and very scattering. Battle Lake, August 16 (4020).
Carex scirpoidea Michx. (Rush-like Sedge).— Erect with an abundance of short
root leaves, only 6 to 10 iuches high. It develops early on wet ground on bottom
lauds and so furnishes a perceptible part of the spring pasture. Pine Blufls, May
15 (2901); Laramie, May 31 (2943),
Carex siccata Dewey (Hillside Sedge).— From strong, tufted root-stocks, slender
stems and numerous leaves as long as the stems. This is a dry-ground sedge,
being abundant on fertile hillsides, where it develops early and gives much
valuable pasture. Evanston, May 29 (3001); also frequently collected in the
Laramie Hills.
Carex stenophylla Wahl. (Dwarf Sedge).— This is the earliest on the Laramie
plains, but in many places it also maintains itself till late in the season. It
often forms a fairly uniform growth, but its small size (4 to 6 inches in htight)
and slenderuess make it seem rather insignificant. As spring pasture on the
plains, it has value. Colorado-Wyomiug line, Sweetwater County, July 23
(3803); Grand Encampment Creek, August 13 (3991).
Carex tenella Schk. (Soft-leafed Sedge).— A very delicate, slender-stemmed and
soft-leafed plant, a foot or less high, usually in damp, shaded places; never
observed in sufficient abundance to have any economic signiticance. Woods
Creek, August 9 (.3941).
Carex tolmiei Boott.— A stout, mountain form with long, broad leaves, a foot or so
high, usually as strongly root-tufted bunches. Not abundant enough to have
much signiticance but evidently relished by grazing animals. Battle Lake,
August 16 (4005 and 4072).
Carex trichocarpa aristata Bailey (Awned Sedge),— One of the largest of the
sedges, stems thick and producing a succession of heads, the leaves broad, flat,
and often overtopping the stems, the whole producing a very dense growth 3 to
4 feet high. It prefers very wet ground, but produces abntidantly on ground
that dries out in late summer. I have seen considerable areas yielding an
immense amount of forage harvested with the usual niadiinery. Laramie, Sep-
tember 15 (4469).
Carex trichocarpa imberbis Gray (?).— This is much smaller than the pre«ediug
with longer, denser heads; somewhat tufted and usually growing in the margins
of creeks or ponds; not plentiful. North Vermilion Creek, .July 20 (3S02).
Carex utriculata minor Boott. (Small Bottle Sedge).- A rank-growing sedge
of the wettest ground, with thick stems and Jong, broad leaves, often 2 or 3 feet
in lieight; heads usually three to four on each culm. It is very abundant and
wididy distriinited; on grounds that become sufficiently dry to admit of it, it is
cut and is said to Ibrm fair hay. Head of North Vermilion Creek, July 20
(3801); Evanston, July 28 (3861); Johnson's Ranch, Big Laramie, Augusts
(3><96) ; Battle Lake, August 16 (4036),

53

Carex vallicola Dewey. — Soft-leaved aiid slender stemmed, less tlian a foot high;

oil (he hiilsides, uot abimdunt. Hvanstoii, May 29 (3000).
Carex variabilis Bailey (?). — A slender, erect form usually found in the margins of

streams, 12 to 20 inches. Pine Bluffs, May 15 (2900).
Carex variabilis elatior Bailey. — A bunch sedge of the most pronouuced sort, so

tufted that it can scarcely he broken up, leaves abundant and stems fruiting

freely, 20 to 30 inches higli. Probably of small economic value. Woods Creek,

August 9 (3937) ; Glrand Encampmeut, August 13 (3985).
Carex eleocharis I>ailey (?). — Filiform stems and leaves from tiiberous root-stocks,

only 5 to 8 inches high. It makes a very close growth and has the aspect of an

Eleocharis. In the locality where it was secured it was exceedinaly abundant

in the drier parts of the meadows, even to forming continuous sods. Big Creek,

August 11 (3972).
Carex sp. — A small, leafy species, 6 to 8 inches high, somewhat tufted and forming

a considerable growth on saline ground bordering some lakes. Little Laramie

Kiver, July 24 (3445).

OTHER FORAGE PLANTS.

Besides the grass-like plants given in the preceding list there are
many in the region designated the summer range, that furnish much
browsing during the summer months, but these need not be mentioned
in detail here. It is sufficient to call attention to the following as
among the more important:

First in importance are Legriminosce, which throughout the entire
range are abundaiitly represented. Species of Astragalus abound
everywhere and many of tlieni are freely eaten. In view of the fact
that some {Astragalus nioUissimus, etc.) have reputed poisonous proper-
ties, it is a question yet to be solved how generally they may be
accepted as forage plants. Species of Thermopsis, abundant in some
localities, are not without suspicion of having injurious properties.
Among the legumes that pass unchallenged may be named the clovers
{Trifolium longipes ^STutt., and other species) and Hedysarum (//. ameri-
canum liritt. and H. mackcnzii Kich.), all of which are of frequent occur-
rence and in some localities abundant. These are greatly relislied by
stock and furnish an important part of the pasture.

In the eastern i>art of the State another genus that is particularly
well represented is Psoralea, the following species being abundant: P.
laneeolata Pursh, P. UnearifoUa T. & G., and P. temiiftora Pnrsh. Of
the valne of these species the writer can not speak for he does uot even
know that stock feed upon them.

Attention may be called to the following list, the plants of which are
abundant in the summer range as well as in the desert. (For more or
less conq)lete notes ui)on their economic value see the JJed Desert list
(l). li4) in which they have been individually considered.)

Astragalus. Chenopodium.

Liipinus. Sarcobatns.

Vicia, Sueda.

Atriplex. Eriogonum.

Eurotia lanata. Artemisia.

54

FLORA OF THE RED DESERT.

The Red Desert is a fairly distinct area, an area with a flora peculiar
to and characteristic of an arid, saline region. Its plants are there-
fore listed separately, and all vascular forms that were secured are
included, whether they are forage plants or not. This is done to indi-
cate as fully as possible the real character of the vegetation and thus,
by inference, the economic possibilities of the region.

The following list of plants is based upon specimens secured during
the summer of 181)7 along the line of the Union Pacific Railroad, from
Pine Bluft's, on the eastern border, to Evanston, on the western border
of the Desert. There are represented, besides the districts contiguous
to the road, localities both north and south, some of which are from 40
to 70 miles distant from it. As the following are but the collections of
one season, they must fall far short of constituting the complete flora
of the region.

CONIFERiE.

Juniperiis knightii A. Nels. (Desert Juniper). — UsTially a shrub-like tree, much
branched from the base, but occasionally more arboreous. Common in the sand-
stone bluffs along fitter Creek and its tributaries. (See p. 7.) Point of Rocks,
June 1 (3096); Eock Springs, .luly 26.

SCHEUCHZERIACEiE.

Triglochin maritima L. (Seaside Arrow-grass). — A low, tender, herbaceous plant,
6 to 10 inches high, abundant on wet alkali flats; possibly eaten by stock to
some extent. South Butte, July 13 (3748).

GRAMINEiE.

Stipa comata Trin. &■ Kupr. (Needle-grass). — A loosely spreading bunch grass,
easily known by the long, twisted awns that tbe fruits bear. A grass of some
forage value and readily eaten by stock in the autumn and winter after the long,
vicious beards have fallen. Bitter Creek, July 12 (3700).

Stipa lettermani Vasey (Lkttkkmax's Nekdlk-(;rass). — A slender form with short
awns, growing as a bunch grass among the sage-brush on the dry summits of
the hills. Probably in itself valuable, but only occurs in small quantity. South
Butte, July 13 (3738).

Stipa nelsoni Scribn. (Nki-son's Needle-grass). — A tall grass, with very long
beads and awns of medium length, foniiing small and ratlu^r loose bunches, with
a fair amount of leaves; usually fouml in ()])eii-timbcrt'd areas, but also among
the sagebrush on the sl(>])es below the pennaiient winter snowbanks; not })len-
tiful. Fiftecn-iMilc Si)rings, July 13 (3731).

Eriocoma cuspidata Nutt. (Indian Millet, see fig. 2). — A widely distributed
bunch grass, from a few inches to a foot or more in height, easily known by its
peculiarly branched pauich^s and tbe large, softly silky seeds. It is a glass of
much value. Point of Rocks, June 1 (3094); Red Desert, June 3 (3122); Wam-
sutter, July 10 (3680); Creston, August 28 (4416).

Sporobolus airoides Torr. (Fine-top Salt-grass, see fig. 6). — This grass forms
patches of various sizes on the huumiocks and drier ridges of bottom lands.
The sod seems stitf and the stems, while somewhat slender, are also rather rigid.
It forms, however, in some localities much valuable pasture. Black Rock
Springs, July 13 (3723); Creeu River, September I (4457).

55

Sporobolus depaiiperatiis Scribn. (Dropseed). — A small hut valuable grass, form-
lug a close, eveu sod of numerous slender leaves and stems; valuable as pasture,
but of rare occuri^euce in the desert. South Butte, July 13 (3745) ; Creston,
August 29 (4425).

Calamagrosti-s hyperborea americaiia Kearn. (Sand-grass; Yellow Top). — A tall,
slender grass, usually forming an even growth, on wet ground in either open or
shaded places. Kara in the desert,
occurring only about spring bogs.
Black Rock Springs, July 13 (3717).

Calamagrostis neglecta Gaertn. (Pony-
grass). — An erect grass usually
found in the margins of ponds and
ditches, forming an even growth and
bearing an abundance of slender
leaves ; a fine appearing and valuable
grass. South Butte, July 13 (3750).

Deschampsia caespitosa Beau v.
(Tufted Hair-grass). — A bunch
grass with slender stems and numer-
ous leaves, common throughout the
State, sometimes in comparatively
dry ground, but usually along
streams and about spring bogs. It
furnishes much pasture, but after it
matures and dries on the ground it
does not seem to be relished by stock.
Black Rock Springs, .Inly 13 (3718);
Fifteen-mile Springs, July 14 (3727).

Koeleria cristata Pers. (Prairie June-
grass).— A straight, slender grass
with cylindrical heads, forming small
tufts, 8 to 12 inches high. Common on
the plains and in the hills, and form-
ing an important part of the early
pasture ; far from common in the Red
Desert. Creston, August 28 (4417).

Catabrosa aquatica Beauv. (Water
WHORL-(iRASS, fig. 22). — A soft,
watery grass, usually with stems
partly prostrate and rooting in the
soft mud of the sluggish streams and
spring-led bogs, where it abounds.
Horses and cattle eat it readily and
will wade knee-deep in the mud to secure it. South Butte, July 13 (3734).

Distichlis spicata Greene. (Salt-grass; Alkali-grass). — A stiff, pale, harsh grass,
occurring on alkali flats, even where the ground is white with salt. Though far
from the best, it is eaten down by stock where other forage is scarce. Black
Rock Springs, July 13 (3722).

Poa buckleyana Nash. (Bunch-grass). — A slender-stemmed, narrow-leafed bunch-
grass of much value in this State, but of small significance in the Desert proper.
On some of the luoister slopes and draws it becomes of some importance. Green
River, June 1 (3067) ; Bitter Creek, June 2 (3100) ; Creston, August 28 (4418).

Poa juncifolia Scribn. (Alkali Blue-grass, PI. V).— A small, erect bunch-grass
with slender, pointed leaves. This new species belongs to the arid region, but
it is not confined to the desert exclusively. Usually of scattering growth, it
sometimes forms almost a continuous sod. Reported as one of the desirable

Fig. 22. — "Water Whorl-grass {Catabi-osa aquat-
ica) : a, 6, apikelets ; c, d, florets.

56

pasture grasses, and would probably be of value as a meadow grass, especially
where the soil and the irrigatiou waters are not of the best. Black liock
Bntte, July 13 (3721).

Poa laevigata Scribn. (Smooth Bunch-grass). — ^This species is found throughout
the southern ]tart of the State, in the desert as well as in the hills and moun-
tains, sometimes in comparatively dry places, l)ut preferring moist banks and
wet Hats. It forms a valuable part of the early summer forage. Red Desert,
June 3 (3118); Pole Creek, June 19 (3197); Wamsutter, July 10 (3668): Bitter
Creek, July 12 (3708); Point of Rocks, July li (3751).

Poa lucida Vasey (Shixixg Buxch-grass. )— A grass of more than usual importance.
It grows to a height of 1 or 2 feet, producing numerous stems and broad
leaves of excellent quality. It constitutes an api>reciable part of the forage in
the desert as well as in the summer range. It is found on the dry plains, but is
more abundant and luxuriant in the vicinity of spring bogs and creeks. Point
of Rocks, June 1 (3093) ; Bitter Creek, July 12 (3707) ; South Butte, July 13 (3733).

Poa sheldoni Vasey (Sheldon's Blue-grass).— Bitter Creek, July 12 (3696).

Puccinellia airoides Wats. & Coult. (Alkali Meadow-grass).— This slender, erect
o-rass is seldom seen except in the margins of ponds and ditches, and seems to
prefer water with a considerable percentage of alkali. Whether it could be
introduced to advantage on wet alkali groun<l the writer is unable to say. but
that stock will readily eat it when fresh is well known. Bitter Creek July 12
(3687); Black Rock Springs, July U (3715); South Butte, July 14 (3737).

Agropyron dasystachy-um siibvillosiim S. & S. (Northf.i:x Wheat-grass).— An
erect grass with slender heads and numerous slender, somewhat spreading root-
leaves. On the dry plains it is of small size (6 to 10 inches high), but on bottom
lands or under irrigation it makes a luxuriant growth. It cures readily on the
ground and forms a valuable part of the winter pasture and must also be reck-
oned among the valuable meadow grasses. Wamsutter, July 9 (3679); Fifteen-
Mile Springs, July 14 (3730).

Agropyron spicatum S. «S: S. (Westerx Wheat-grass).— A somewhat coarse and
harsh wheat-grass but nevertheless of much value ; not abundant in the desert
but in some of the draws in sufficient amount to possess forage value. Wam-
sutter, July 10 (3672) ; Black Rock Butte, July 14 (3724).

Agropyron spicatum molle S. & S. — This seemed to be the commonest of the wheat
grasses in some parts of the desert, as, for instance, in the clay gumbo on the
banks of Bitter Creek. It impresses one as a grass that wonld be of value in
meadows where soil and irrigation water are both of poor (piality. Wamsutter,
July 10 (3674); Bitter Creek, July 12 (3706); Point of Rocks. July 12 (3713).

Agropyron tenerum Vasey (Slender Wheat-grass).— A slender-stemmed grass
with very slender heads and rather sparsely leaved, from 15 to 30 inches high.
Probably the most important wheat-grass in southern Wyoming. Bitter Creek,
July 12 (3709); South Butte, July 13 (3736).
Agropyron tenerum ciliatum S. & S.— In general appearance and in value much
like the preceding but of rarer occurrence; hence among the native forage of
little importance, though under cultivation and irrigation it has proved a most
desirable form. Wamsutter, July 11 (3677).
Agropyron vaseyi S. &, S. (Vasey's Wheat-grass). — This forms dense bunches of
some inches or even a foot in height. It will hardly be thought of as a wheat-
grass on account of the numerous spr<'ading awns, but it is a valuable grass on
account of the early forage it furnishes on otherwise barren slopes and shaly
hilltops. Stock eat it readily, especially while it is young. Bitter Creek, July
12 (3695).
Hordeum jubatum L. (Squirrel-tail grass).— This, so commonly called fox-tail
in this region, is too well known to need any description. It is the most unde-
sirable grass of the West. Though considered an annual, it will probably be

57

fouiul to be longer lived in some places at least; common in tlie desert in many
wet alkaline places, especially along the railroad. Wamsutter, July 10 (3670).

Hordeum nodosuna L. (Meadow Barley). — A slender bunch grass, or sometimes
a rather continuous and uniform growth, forming small meadow-like tracts on
saline flats and basins. It is a liglit grass, and the short-bearded heads soon
break up when mature, but if cut early and cured would probably make fair
hay. Bitter Creek, July 12 (3692); South Butte July 13 (3746).

Elymus condensatus Presl. (OJiant
Rye-CtKass).— A tall, coarse grass
growing in dense blanches. It is
common in the deeper draws and
on the slopes below the permanent
winter snowdrifts. Wamsiitter, July
10(367.5) ; Fifteen-mile Springs, July
11 (3728).

Elymus salinus Jones (Dksekt Rye-
(UtA.ss, fig. 23). — Varying from a
small, erect form of scattering
growth to a coarse, harsh plant a
foot or more in height, forming close
tufts. It seems to be peculiar to dry,
poor soil, usually occupying the dri-
est ridges and benches of the second
bottom or the sand dunes of the foot-
hills. Only rarely does it form a uni-
form, continuous growth. It seems
that it might prove a valuable grass
for certain kinds of soil, both for
pasture and hay. A very moderate
amountof water for irrigation would
probably suffice to secure fair re-
sults. Green River, May 31 (3059);
Bitter Creek, July 12 (3694) ; Point
of Rocks, August 30 (44.36).

Sitaiiion elymoides Raf. (Loxc-
BEARDED Wild-Rye). — A Small
bunch grass with wide-spreading
awns. It can hardly be pronounced
other than worthless. It has not
only formidable beards, but it ma-
tures early, becomes brittle, and
soon goes to pieces and is blown
away. Green River, May 31 (3058) ;
Wamsutter. July 10 (3669).

Fig. 23.-

-Desert Rye-grass {Elymus salinus) : a,
empty glumes ; 6, Horets.

CYPERACEiE.

Eleocharis palustris R. & S. (Common Spike-rush).— Slender stems 10 to 18
inches high ; spikes narrowly oblong. An exceedingly common form in the saline
bo^sof the desert; especially abundant on the low banks of Bitter Creek, where
it was freely browsed by the horses on the emigrant trail. Bitter Creek, July

12 (3689).

Eleocharis sp.— Much smaller than the preceding, with short, oblong spikes, mak-
ing a dense growth on the black, mucky bogs about springs in the desert.
Readily eaten by our horses while we were in camp. Black Rock Springs, July

13 (3719).

Scirpus americanus Pers. (American Bulrush).— Perennial from slender root-

58

etocka; stems triangular, erort, moderately stout ; leaves long and abundant.
Ixemarkably abundant on the banks of Bitter Creek and in somi^ of the spring
bogs. Fifteen Mile Springs, July 14 (3726); Point of Rocks, July 12 (3714);
South Butte, July 14 (3740).

Scirpus campestris Britt. (Pkairie BclrusiiV— An exceedingly leafy species
developed from tubers, which are annually produced at the end of short, hori-
zontal root-stocks. Bitter Creek, September 3 (44.")9).

Cc' rex marcida debilis Bailey. — This is a small sedge with numerous weak stems
from a thick, horizontal root-stock, only (> to 9 inches high; on the drier ridgea
about the spring bogs; not abundant. Black Rock Springs, .July 13 (3720).

Carex multinoda liailey. — This slender-stemmed sedge produces a large amount of
long, tender leaves, and forms a close sod. It is one of the most valuable from
a forage standpoint of the sedges of the desert. South Butte, .July 13 (373.^).

Carex uebraskensis Dewey (Nkbkaska Sei>ge). — Very leafy, the leaves broad,
almost as long as the stems. 1 to 2 feet or more in height. Usually in very wet
ground, such as ditches and meadow bogs. When these dry out in late summer
it is cut to a considerable extent for hay. It of course occurs in the desert only
rarely, but in some of the bogs it is quite almndant. South Butte, July 13 (3741).

Carex stenophylla Wahl. — A small, scattering form only a few inches high, usually
developiug early; among the sagebrusii in the desert it is too scattering to have
.any signiticance. Creston, August 2S (4415).

Carex teretiuscula Good. — This form has very slender, almost cylindrical leaves
and stems but makes a very (-lose and even growth on wet saliue soil, often in
pjitches of considerable size. Black Rock Springs, July 13 (3710 and 3725);
South Butte, July 13 (3734a).

JUNCACEiE.

Juncus balticus Willd. (Baltic Rush). — A well-known rush with rather rigid stems
which arise (juite regularly from a creeping, underground root-stock. It varies
greatly in both size and habitat. In wet ground, as in the juargins of a stream,
it may attain a height of 3 feet or more; on dry sandy slopes, where it was
sometimes found to occur in the desert, it may be scarcely a foot high. It proba-
bly has little forage value, though it is eaten to some extent with the other
vegetation when intermingled with it. I'oiut of Rocks, June 1 (3095); Bitter
Creek, July 12 (3690).

Juncus confusus Coville. — A slender form of compact growth, 10 to 15 inches
high. In some of the deeper draws in the desert where the spring snows lie
late this forms extensive patches of close sod. Whether it is eaten to any
extent by stock of any kind the writer is unable to say. Creston, August 29
(1427).

Juncus xiphioides moiitanus Kngelm. — Tall and slender with aiujile U.it leaves, 20
to 30 inches high. It is abundant in many of the spring bogs, aud seems to be
freely browsed by stock. South Butte, July 13 (3739).

LILIACE^J.

Allium mutabile Michx. (Wili> Oniox). — Peculiar among the wild onions in that
it sometimes produces little bulbs in the inflorescence. All of the specimens
colle(;ted bore bulblets. Not common. In a draw among the hills north of
Uotk Si)rings. The (iaj), .July 25 (3600).

Allium reticulatum Don. (Fkaskr's Wild Onion). — A common (brni on the slopes
of the hills throughout the ilesert. Green River, May 31 (3033;; Point of Rocks,
June 1 (3076).

SALICACEiE.

Salix cordata mackenzieana Hook. — This willow becomes a small, rather shapely
tu-c. It seems to be a very common form on the banks of Green River and some
of its tributary creeks. Green River, May 31 (30()6).

59

Salix fluviatilis Xutt. (River-baxk Willow). — This little alentler-stpmmed and
slender-lcafeil form so conimon on all creek and river banks seems to he equally
common on tb(; banks of Bitter Creek and its tributaries. It forms a green
fringe or even large patches on the low, salt-encrusted banks. Not usually
thought to have any value, but here in the desert occasionally browsed by sheep,
especially wben snow makes other feed hard to obtain. Bitter Creek, .June 2
(3102).

Salix bsbbiana Sargent. (Bebb's Willow). — It was something of a surprise to find
tMs willow in the heart of the desert. In a draw near the railroad at Creston,
August 27 (4270).

POLYGONACEiE.

Eriogomim campanulatum Nutt. (Narrow-leafed Eriogonum). — Often browsed
by cattle, but of no considerable value. The Gap, north of Rock Springs, July
25 (.3.597).

Eriogonum effusum Xutt. — A small, branched plant with a woody base, the young
stems tender and eaten by sheep; not plentiful. In the clay draws at the head
of Salt- Wells Creek, .July 17 (37.53).

Eriogonum ovalifolium Nutt. — A small ca^spitose plant, exceedingly common on
Ixith plains and hilis. There are several forms of it, the commoner one having
white flowers, but in the desert, wbere it is especially abundant, bright yellow
forms predominate. It is probably of no economic importance". Point of Rocks,
June 1 (3087) ; Bitter Creek, June 2 (3099) ; Red Desert, June 3 (3117).

Rumex tuberosum A. Nels. (TtiBEROXs Dock). — On some of the alkali-covered flats

adjacent to Bitter Creek this unusual plant was found. A dock springing from

large oblong tubers which lie shallowly buried in the loose, ash-like alkali soil.

From these the plants spring up early, the stems, a foot or more in height,

bearing long spikes of flowers; the large, bright-red wings of the fruits make

them very conspicuous on the otherwise almost naked ground. Bitter Creek,

June 2 (3114).

CHENOPODIACEiE.

Chenopodium album L. (Lamb's Quarters). — This well-known weed seems to be
at home even in the desert, except in the more pronounce<l of its alkali soils.
Wamsutter, .Inly 10 (3685); Bitter Creek, July 12 (3705).

Chenopodium fremontii Wats. (Fremont's Goosefoot). — A succulent, branched,
leafy plant, 1 to 2 feet high ; if growing thickly it is more slender and less leafy.
This must be placed among the plants of possible forage value. It thrives on
saline soil, in some localities making a pure growth, and if it can be shown that
it has forage value large crops of it can readily be grown. Wamsutter, July 10
(3671).

Chenopodium glaucum L. — This is a spreading form of goosefoot with thick,
fleshy leaves, and succulent stems. It thrives in soil impregnated with alkali,
and, as was said of the preceding one, if it has any value, lai'ge crops of it can
be grown on otherwise worthless alkali soils. Bitter Creek, .Inly 12 (3704).

Chenopodium leptophyllum Nutt. (Narrow-leafed Goosefoot). — A slender, wil-
lowy form, a foot or so in height. Bitter Creek, July 12 (3704a).

Blitum capitatum L. (Strawberry Bute). — This seems to be very rare, only a
few specimens being seen. South Butte, July 13 (3544).

Monolepis nuttalliana Greene. — A small, much branched, succulent plant, 5 to 7
inches high, common on saline soils throughout the West. Wamsutter, July 11
(3686).

Atriplex argentea Nutt. (Silvery Salt-sage). — A branched, annual plant, with
silvery leaves and stems, common about alkali lakes. Possibly it has forage
value during its season, but when mature it seems to become dry and worthless.
Howell Lakes, September I (1466).

Atriplex confertifolia (Toir. ) Wats. (Spiny Salt-sage.)— A much-branched,
spiny shrub, 15 to 20 inches high, inttducing early in the season a large amount

60

of thick, succnlent leaves and enormous quantities of flat, winged seeds. The
leaves and seeds are gre:rtly relished by sheep. Green River, May 31 (3044);
Bitter Creek, Jnly 12 (3701); Spring Creek, August 18 (4248); Point of Rocks,
August 30 (4431).
Atriplex expansa Wats. (Spreadixg Salt-sage). — A slender-branched, silvery
annual, with small, triangular leaves; common on alkali flats, wiiero it some-
times forms a continuous growth. To be of value it would have ro bo harvested
shortly before it was mature. If left to mature on the ground it is of little
value. Wanisutter, July 10 (3673).
Atriplex hastata Linn. (Spheadinu Ohaciie). — Usually a tall, coarse, weed-like
plant, often widely branched ; either on saline or on salt-free ground, dark green

or rarely somewhat scurfy. Probably
of little value. Mud Springs, July 16
(.37.52).
Atriplex nuttallii Wats. (Nuttall's Salt-
sage). — A perennial with shrubby
base and spreading branches; leaves
thick and succulent, numerous; seeds
abundant. This is the plant that the
sheep man has particularly in mind
when he speaks of salt-sage. It is the
most important forage plant of the
desert. Green River, May 31 (3060);
Red Desert, June 3 (3121) ; Wamsutter
July 10 (3667).
Atriplex pabularis A. Xels. (Xelson's
Salt-sage). — An erect, slender-
stemmed perennial, 8 to 16 inches
high, producing a large number of
succnlent leaves and much fruit. As
a promising fodder plant for strongly
saline soil it is certainly worthy of
trial. Point of Rocks, July 12 (3712) ;
August 30 (4429); Granger, July 30
(3893).
Atriplex truncata (iray. — A ranch-
branched, silvery annual that grows
luxuriantly on the saline soils of the
desert in many places. It would
yield a large quantity, if not very good
quality, of fodder if cut before maturity. Point of Rocks, August 30 (4430).
Eurotia lanata Moiiuin. (Winteu-tat; Sweet Sage). — A well-known, much-
branched i)laut, a foot or more high from a shrubby base, white, with long hairs
when yonng, darker when old. Exceedingly common throughout the region;
highly prized as sheep feed, ('Si)e(iiilly in the desert. Wamsutter, .Inly 10 (3682).
Kochia americana Wats. — A small plant, much branched from the woody base, 6
to 10 inches high. The tender annual shoots are eaten by stock, and form a part
of the spring forage; the younger twigs are also browsed to some extent during
the winter months. Green River, May 31 (3043); South P.utte, Jnly 13 (3743);
Point of li'ocks, August 30 (4439).
Sarcobatus vermiculatus Torr. (Gkease-wood, fig. 24.)— An erect ehmb with
spiny l)raiiches, very variable in si/e; usually not more than 2 or 3 feet high, but
sometimes (i or 8, with wide-spreading branches. Even this contributes to the
sheep feed in the desert, the slender, fleshy leaves and the numerous winged
seeds being greedily eaten, as well as the more tender twigs. Wamsutter, June 4
(3130); Bitter Creek, September 3 (4 l.")6).

Fig. 24.— (irea.se- wood {Sarcubatus vermiculatus).

61

Grayia spinosa Moqiiin. (Spiny-sage). — A branched, spiny shrub, with oblong,
thick, succulent leaves. It produces enovuious fjuantities of flat, wiuged seeds.
These, with the leaves, fall early, and are collected by the wind into little drifts
or inlea under the bushes and in the hollows of the ground. When sheep are
fed over the ground these leaf piles are the first to disappear. Abundant on the
slopes of the hills adjacent to Bitter Creek and its tributaries. Green River,
May 30 (3029) ; Bitter Creek, July 12 (3698).

Dondia diffusa Heller. — A small, succulent annual, a few inches in height; com-
mon on wet alkali flats. I'robably of small forage value. South Butte, July 13
(3749).

Dondia multiflora Heller (Shrubby Blitp:).— A small plant with numerous suc-
culent stems from a woody base, G to 12 inches high ; common in alkali basins
and on the banks of Bitter Creek. Its forage value unknown. Green River,
May 31 (3042).

Salsola tragus L. (Russian Thistle.)— A much-branched, succulent spiny annual,
becoming a tumbleweed when mature. It is still rare in the desert. Observed
only at Rock Springs and Green River.

NYCTAGINACEiE.

Abronia sp. — Probably a new species, but lacking fruits, without which it can not
be sullicieutly characterized for publication. On the dry bluffs. Green River,
May 30 (3021).

CARYOPHYLLACEiE.

Silene menziesii Hook. (Menzies's Pink). — A small, leafy, branching perennial,
growing on wet banks, varying in height from a few inches to a foot. Observed
but once in the desert. Bitter Creek, July 12 (3532).

Arenaria congesta Nutt. (Bunch Sandwort).— A small, erect plant, growing in
bunches 4 to 6 inches high, with grass-like stems and leaves, and bearing a
globular head of flowers. It is not known whether this is eaten by stock. Very
abundant ou some of the sage-brush sIojjcs in the desert. South Butte, July 13
(3732).

Arenaria hookeri Nutt. (Hooker's Sandwort).— A strongly matted plant, only a
few inches high, with rigid, pointed leaves and white, star-like flowers. Com-
mon on dry, rocky points. Green River, June 1 (3069).

Arenaria nuttallii Pax. (Nuttall's Sandwort). — A low plant with spreading stems

and pointed leaves, occasional on the driest, shaly slopes. Green River, May 31

(3054 J.

RANUNCULACEiE.

Oxygraphis cymbalaria Prantl. (Seaside Crowfoot or Buttercup).— A low,
smooth buttercup, si)readiug by runners; common on wet or marshy saline
soil everywhere. Noted in very many places in the desert.

CRUCIFERiE.

Stanleya pinnata Britton.— Erect, with entire or incised leaves, 2 to 3 feet high;

flowers yellow, in a long spike. Green River, May 30 (3034).
Stanleya pinnata integrifolia Robs.— Somewhat similar to the preceding, but with

all the leaves entire. Rock Springs, July 25 (3.596).
Thelypodinm sp.— A slender, branching form, occasionally seen on the Green River

blufls ; the species not yet determined. May 30 (3034o).
Lepidium medium Greene (Western Peppergrass). — A much-branched annual,

6 to 12 inches high. Flowers very numerous, inconspicuous. Abundant in some

of the sandy draws of the desert. Point of Rocks,- June 1 (3092).
Lepidium montanum Nutt. (Large-flowered Peppergrass). — Tufted perennial

with numerous stems, 4 to 8 inches high; petals white and unusually large for

the genus. It seems to jjrefer saline soil. Bitter Creek, June 2 (3106).

62

SisyniDriuni canescens Nnfct. — A slender, branching mustard with yellow flowers;

the most abundant mustard in the desert, sometimes f'ormini;' considerable fields

of yellow among the sage-brush on sandy slopes, or in the draws. Point of

Rocks, June 1 (3078); Wamsntter, June 4 (3126).
Sisymbrium liuifolium Xutt. — A mustard with slender stems, simple or several

from the base; leaves entire or nearly so, smooth. Verj^ abundant in many

places throughout southern Wyoming. Wamsutter, June 4 (3127).
Physaria sp. ( ? ). — A small, leafy perennial of the double bladder-pod crucifers.

Kather abundant on the dry shale cliffs. Green River, May 30 (.3032).
Bursa bursa-pastoris Britton (Shepherd's Purse). — This was noted in several

places along tlie railroad.
Draba glacialis Adams (Whitf.ow-cras.s). — A small, tufted crucifer, scarcely more

than 1 inch high. Green River, June 1 (3071).
Arabis cauescens Nutt. (Ashy Rock-cress). — A slender, sparingly branched ])er-

eanial, about 1 foot high, conmion in some sandy draws among the sage-brush.

Point of Rocks, .lune 1 (3077).
Arabis brebneriana A. Nels. (Brkrner's Rock-cress). — A form rare in the locality.

Fort Steele, June 5 (3135).
Streptanthus longirostris Wats. — Sparingly branched, from 1 to 2 feet high ; fre-
quent ou the san<ly river bottom. Green River, May 31 (3040) ; Point of Rocks,

June 1 (3082).

CAPPARIDACE^.

Cleome lutea Hook. (Yellow Cleome). — An erect, glabrous, somewhat branched
lierl), 1 to 2 feet high, tlowers yellow, and the pod borne on a long, slender stipe.
Abundant on the sandy bottoms. Green River, May 31 (3046).

SAXIFRAGACEiE.

Heuchera parvifolia Nutt. — Perennial from a thick root, with a rosulate cluster of
root-leaves ami slender leafless stems, bearing sliort spike-like jtanicles of small
flowers, 9 to 18 inches high. Infrequent; on tlie slopes below the winter snow-
drifts. South Butte, .luly 13 (3.540).

Philadelphus occidentalis A. Nels. (Western Syringa). — A branched shrub, 3 to .5
feet high, peculiar to dry, desert canyons. It was an agreeable surprise to find
a clump of this syringa iu one of the canyons near Rock Springs, July 15 (3595).

ROSACEiE.

Holodiscus dumosus TTeller. — A branched shrub, 2 to ."> feet high; very rare within
the borilers of tlic desert; only below the permanent Avinter snowdrifts. South
Butte, July 13 (3536).

Potentilla glandulosa Lindl. (Glandclar Cinquefoil). — A handsome perennial
plant, some 18 to 30 iu(;hes high, sparingly branched; flowers yellow. Only on
moist slopes below snow banks. South Butte, .July 13 (3534).

Potentilla anserina L. (Silver-weed). — A tufted, spreading plant, common on wet,
saline soil everywhere in the desert as well as elsewheie iu the State.

Gaum macrophyllum Willd. (Lar(;i:-leai"ED Avens). — A ptjrennial herb, a foot or
two in height, sometimes l)ranched above, with large, lobed root-leaves ou long
])etioles. Infrequent; on the moist slopes below the winter snow lianks. South
Butte, .luly 13 (3.543).

Cercocarpus parvifolius H. & A. (Mountain Mahoc.anv). — A stiff, scraggy shrub,
3 to 6 feet liigh; common on rocky slo])e.s throne iiout the southern part of the
State. Observed in several i)lace8 in the desert ou the vviuter snow slopes.

63

DRUPACEiE.

Prunus demissa Walp. (Western Wild Cherry).— A shrub or small tree, vary-
ing greatly iu size in different situations. In the desert it occurs only below
the brow of some of the steeper hills, where the winter snows become piled and
remain late in the season. Observed in a few localities and collected at The
Gap, south of Kock Springs, July 25 (3599).

PAPILIONACEiE.

Lupinus argenteus Pursh. (Silvery lupine).— A perennial, bushy, branched plant,
1 to 2 feet high, bearing long, dense spilces of purple flowers ; pods, silvery, silky,
and containing only a lew large seeds. In some of the grassy draws among
the hills. Creston, August 29 (4428) The lupines set'iii to thrive in the desert,
and if it could be shown that they have any economic value they could undoubt-
edly be cultivated.
Lupinus leucophyllus Dougl.— Somewhat similar to the i>receding, but occupying
drier situations. The driest bluffs and ridges do not seem to be unsuited to
it. It is by far the commonest lupine in the desert, and great crops of it were
observed even on the suniuiits of the white Green River bluffs. Green River,
May 30 (3023) ; Bitter Creek, June 3 (3109) ; Fifteen-Mile Spring, July 13 (3729).

Astragalus grayii Parry (Gray's Milk-vetch).— A small, erect form, 8 to 12 inches,
with yellowish-white flowers iu a rather short raceme. Scattering and rare.
Bitter Creek, June 3 (3115) and July 12 (3.530).

Astragalus haydenianus uevadeusis Jones.— This form was collected and noted
in several places. Of unknown forage value. Bitter Creek, June 3 and July 12
(3116 and 3711).

Astragalus hypoglottis L. (Purple Milk-vetch).— A low, spreading plant, only a
few inches high, but often forming compact beds. It has the appearance of
making excellent pasture, and looks as if it might be a good substitute for
clover. Stock graze it down in some localities, and it is said that as an ingre-
dient of hay, sheep pick this out flrst. It thrives on saline soil even where
there is an excess of alkali, as for example on the low banks of Bitter Creek.
There is no reason to think that it would be more difficult to secure a crop of
this than of many other plants that are used for forage. The question that
remains to be settled is. Are the plants of this genus nutritious and safe? Some
of the species have reputed poisonous qualities; for example, A. mollinsimnH, one
of the "locos.'' It is yet to be determined which are the valuable and safe
species. Bitter Creek, July 12 (3688).

Astragalus megacarpus Gray (Large Bladder-pod Vetch).— A spreading succu-
lent plant with large, thin, inflated pods and small seeds. This also thrives iu
saline soil, forming large, green mats on the alkaline flats of Bitter Creek ; June
3 (3113).

Astragalus sp. — An erect, slender-stemmed and slender-leafed form, found in the
sandy slopes of the Bitter Creek hills. Point of Rocks, June 1 (3081).

Vicia dissitifolia Greem- (American Vetch),- A slender-stemmed, vine-like plant,
climbing over other plants among Avhich it is growing; vines 2 to 3 feet in
length; accounted most excellent forage. On several occasions stockmen have
brought specimens saying "If you can tell us how to secure enough of this we
will be satisfied; we want nothing better." It makes excellent hay; sheep
especially do well upon it. It is widely distributed, but rarely forms anything
like a full crop of forage. The possibilities under cultivation are yet to be
determined. Bitter Creek, July 12 (3703).

Vicia linearis Greene (Narkow-leafed American Vetch).— Very similar to the
preceding, but smaller iu every way, with very narrow leaves. Equally valu-
able as forage, but not abundant. Bitter Creek, June 2 (3104).

64

LINACEiE.

Linum le^visii Pursh. (Lewis's Wild Flax), — A plant with slender leaves and
wand-like stems arising from a woody, perennial root, 1 to 2 feet high; common
in the Wtate, but rare in the desert. Red Desert, June 3 (3119).

ANACARDIACEiE.

Rhus trilobata Nutt. (Stinking Sumach). — A small, glabrous, branching shrub;
leaves, three-lobed; very common on dry ridges and canyon sides. Green River,
May 31 (3065).

MALVACEiE.

Malvastrum coccineum Gray (Red False Mallow). — A much-branched perennial
herb, with silvery leaves and large, red flowers. Plant not more than a few
inches high. Green River, May 31 (3057).

LOASACEiE.

Meutzelia sp. ( ?). — A small form not yet determined; possibly new.

CACTACEiE.

Echinocactus simpsoni minor Engelm. — A small, globular cactus; infrequent.

South Butte, July 13 (3.-)53).
Opuntia polyacantha Haw. (Many-spined Opuntia). — Composed of many flat,

obovate joints, flercely spiny. Very abundant. Wamsutter, .July 11 (3523).
Opuntia polyacantha platycarpa Coulter. — In general appearance very similar to

the preceding. Both are here often called Prickly Pear cactus. Bitter Creek,

July 12 (3528).

ONAGRACEiE.

Epilobium sp. (?). — Two species in this genus were collected, but they do not seem
to agree exactly with any of the descriptions at hand, so they are left unnamed.
Nos. 3512 and 4272, from South Butte and Creston, respectively.

Taraxia breviflora Nutt. — A small, steuilcss plant, with a cluster of root-leaves
out of which the flowers hardly rise. Creston, August 29 (4273).

Auogra albicaulis Brittou (Praikie Evening Primrose). — An herbaceous plant,
with rather slender white stems, almost simple or branched from the base,
G to 15 inches high; large wliite flowers, becoming pink as they grow older.
Green River, May 31 (3064); Point of Rocks, June 1 (3075).

Chylisma scapoidea Small. — An herbaceous branching plant, with dark green
leaves, an<l naked lloweriug stems, from a few inches to a foot high. Common
especially on railroad embankments. Green River, May 30 (3025).

UMBELLIFERiE.

Peucedanum macrocarpum Nutt. ( LAiJCiE-FitunKD I'ahsi.kv). — A steniless form,
with dissected leaves spreading out close to the ground, ))roducing its flowers
and large seeds early in the season ; roots large and fleshy. Point of Rocks,
June 1 (30>6).

Cymopterussp. ( ? ). — \ species of this genus that is as yet undcterniined was sciureil
at I'oint of Rocks, June 1 (30H3).

GENTIANACEiE.

Gentiana afllnis CJriseb. (Oiu.oN(;-leaki;i) (Jkntian). — A perennial with leafy cliis-
tired stems, 6 to 12 iucbes high. Common on low, wet ground. I'oiiit of Rocks,
August 30 (4275).

65

POLEMONIACEiE.

PIilox ^ anescens T. & G. (Hoauy Phlox). — A small, tufteil, or matted form, l>los-
somiiig early on the naked hills. Green River, May 30 (oO^^Oa }.

Phlox douglasii longifolia Graj-. — A small, ri^i<l plant, with woody base and pnu-
gent leaves, only a few inches in height. Point of Rocks, June 1 (3081).

Gilia congesta Hook. — An erect, herbaceons plant, with spreading branches, G to
10 inches high; on sandy ground. Green River, May 31 (3045); Sonlh liiitte,
July 13 (3548).

Gilia caespitosa A. Xels. ((iilia pniKjenn cci'spUosa Gray). — A mnch-matted form,
with pungent leaves. Occurring frequently on the white chalk-like cliffs over-
looking Green River. May 30 (30.30).

H Y DROPHYLL ACEiE.

Emmenanthe scopulina A. Nels. — A small, dcspresseil annual, from the white bluffs,
may be thus referred for the present at least. Pitter Creek, .June 2 (310r)).

Emmenanthe salina A. Nels. — Frerjuent in the abrupt, shale bluffs. Green River,
May 30 (3026).

BORAGINACEiE.

Lappula texana Pritton (Western Stickseed). — An erect, almost simple or some-
times nnich branched, annual, 6 to 1.5 inches high. Common nearly everywhere
in the State. Green River, June 1 (3068rt).

Oreocarya flava A. Nels. ( Yellow-floweiiei) Oheocahya). — Stems numerous and
spreading from deep-set roots, 4 to 8 iuclies long, yoHowisli-hairy and bearing
numerous yellow tiowers. A striking ])lant on some of the sandy slopes and
draws in tlie Bitter Creek hills. I'oint of Rocks, June 1 (.3074); i'>itter Creek,
June 2 (3098).'

Oreocarya sp. ( ? ). — Two small , white llowered-forms were collected, which are yet
uimamed. Green River, June 1 (3072); Red Desert, June 3 (8121).

Oreocarya sp. (?) near O. oj/i/as Greene. — An erect form, simple or branched from
the base, 3 to 6 inches high. (")n the driest clilCs. (Jreen River, May 30 (303.5).

SCROPHULARIACEiE.

Pentstemon fremontii T. & G. (Puemont's Pi:ARi)-TOXGrE). — One to several herba-
ceous stems from a short, woody rootstock, 3 to (J inches high, root-leaves nu-
merous, clustered, somewhat ashy colored. Pitter Creek plains, June 2 (3097).

Pentstemon arenicolus A. Nels. (Saxd-diink Peaiuj-tongue. — A very handsome
plant, branched from thp base, stems 4 to 8 inches high, and bearing a profusion
of large, blue dowers. Point of Rocks, June 1 (3090).

Pentstemon janie.sii Benth. (James's Beahd-tongue). — Much branched from the
base, only a few inches high, foliage pale or ashy. Green River. May 31 (30.52).

Pentstemon radicosus A. Xels. (Tufted Pkard-toxgue). — An erect form, with
slender stems, borne in great clusters from a compact mat of tough, slender roots,
6 to 9 inches high, leaves small and nearly uniform in size. Point of Rocks,
June 1 (3089).

Pentstemon .strictus Penth. — With long, tapering or wand-like erect stems, and a
terminal spike of large, handsome dowers. South Butte, July 13 (3538).

Castilleja sp. (?). — A tall, slender foiiu, ninch resembling ('. linearifolia Benth. ; rare,
only a few specimens secured. South liutte, July 13 (3545).

Adencstegia ramosa Greene. — This small, much branched annual is remarkalily
abundant throughout the desert. Wamsutter, July 11 (3522).

PLANTAGINACEiE.

Plantago eriopoda Torr. (Western Plaxtaix). — This is rarely absent from wet
alkali flats or creek banks.
3018— No. 13 5

66

COMPOSITiE.

Coleosanthiis microphyllus Kuiitze. — A small plant from a woody haso, from
Avhitli arise iniiiieroiis strict, slendor branches, "> to 1(» inches hijjh; tlie small
leaves very numerous. Only a few S2)ecimens noted. The (^ip, July 25 (3594).

Chrysothamiuis coUinus Greene (Hillside Rahiut-hkush). — A .snail, mueh
branched shrub, les.s than a foot hi.nh, stems and leaves yellowish-green. Eaten
by sheej) as a last resort. I'oiut of liock.s, August 30 (4435).

Clnysotaamuu.s linifolius Greene (Crkkk-hank R.\iujit-1!RUSii). — A slender, wil-
lowy shrub, 2 to 3 feet, with bright-green linear-lanceolate leaves. It was
ob8er\ed only on the immediate banks of the strongly saline creeks, where it
was very abundant. Granger, .July 3(t (4137): Rock Sjiriugs, July 30 (4143);
Point of Kocks, August 30 (4440).

Chrysothamniis puni\lii.s Nutt. ( ?). — A small shrub with shreddy bark, the new
branclus being light-colored or almost white, stems and leaves glabrous,
branched and si)reading, but rarely more than 12 to 18 inches high. Wamsutter,
July 11 (3524).

Chrysothamniis specio.sus Nult. ( ?). — A rather stout, branched shrub. 3 feet or

more in luMght, the new twigs slender, green or yellowish, bearing nunieious

long linear leaves. Differing from the other Rabbit-brushes of the region in

that it does not form close clumjjs. but grows as single, conspicuous shrubs,

branched above, thus simulating in habit a miniature tree. C'reston, August 2S
(4419).

Chrysothamniis stenophyllus fireene. — A small shrnb, the older branches s])read-
ing, the younger sonunvhat fascicled and erect, white. It piefers sandy slopes
and ridges. Point of Rocks, August 30 (4434). The forage value of the Rablut-
brushes is Aery small. Sheep men say that in emergencies sbeei> ^^''^' crop the
young branches and lea\'es, but that they leave this forage as soon as other fe.-d
is at hand.

Stenotus acaulis Nutt. — A ]i]ant with iiuiiH^rous naked stems each bearing a lai'ge
head of yellow liowtsrs. Lca\es from the woody base slender and very numer-
ous. Common on the clay and shaly slopes ; Green River, May 30 (3022).

Petradoria puniila Greene. — Some seemingly nearly typical plants were secured at
South Butte, July 13 (.3551).

Townseiidia strigosa Nutt. — Abundant on the white bliilfs about Green River,
May 30(3031).

Aster adscendens Lindl. — The nearly simple, wand-like stems al)out a foot high,
usually growing in chimj>s. Rare in the; desert, only observed on the slopes
below the winter snowdrifts. South ibitte, .Inly 13 (3.553).

Machaeranthera sessiliflora (ireeno. — Infrequent. Cre.stou, August 28 (4271).

Xylorrhiza pairyi (ireene. — Very abundant on clay slopes throughout the desert.
K'.'d Desert. ,hine 3 (3123).

Erigeron condensatus (ireene. — A small, sjireading form, abundant in the hills near
Point of Rocks, .luiie 1 (3088).

Erigeron subtrineivis liydh. — Occasionally in the thickets below the winter snow-
drifts on the stee])er slopes. South iJutte, .luly 13 (3539).

Gnaphaliiim palustre Nutt. — A small sjjreading herb, scarcely 2 inches high; usu-
ally f<Mind in old biillalo wallows or in the loose soil of ditch banks. Creston,
August 2!) (1271).

Iva axillaris Pnrsh. — A w(!e<l-like plant, br.-mching freely and becoming (i to 9
inclies high. Il is \-4-ry alinndant on the lov, liauks of iiitter Creek. .Inly 12
(3.525 J.

Balsamorhiza hirsuta Nutt. — ^'ery rare, oiil.\ a lew plants secured. South J5iitte,
.luly 13(3.5.52).

Hynienopappus luteus Nutt. — A very tomentoseform, much branched, 3 to 6 inches
high, was secured on the bluffs at Green River, May 31 (3051).

67

Tetraneuris lanata Greene. — A perennial plant with numerous root-leaves and
naked stems bearing single yellow heads, 3 to 4 inches high. Excellent speci-
mens were secured of this good species which until recently has heen suppressed
by merging it into T. acaulis Greene. (Jreeu River, May 31 (3068).

Tanacetuni nuttallii T. and G. (Nuttall's Tansy). ^xV suuxll, cjespitose perennial
producing little spherical heads of flowers on slender, naked stems, 2 to 3 inciics
long. Green River, June 1 (3049).

Artemisia cana Pursh. (White-lkafed .Sage-bru.sh). — A small shrub, 2 to 3 feet
high, with slender branches and long, entire leaves, grayish-white in coloi'. < )f
the sage-brushes this is the best Ibrage jdant. Creston, August 28 (4421); Hat
Creek, August 20 (42.50).

Arteniisla pedatifida Nutt. — A low, matted sage occurring frequently on the alka-
line Hats and in the clayey draws. Though small and inconspicuous it probably
furnishes considerable forage for sheep. Bitter Creek, .June 2 (3103).

Artemisia spinescens Eaton (Bud BRr.sii; Spiny SAOE-BRrsH). — Early in the
spring this forms a low, spherical clump of tender leaves and flower buds that
are much relished by sheep. Green River, May 30 (3028).

Artemisia trifida Nutt. — A small shrub with deeply three-cleft leaves, not common;
principally in the hill region. Not sufficiently abundant to have any economic
significance.

Artemisia tridentata Nutt. (Common Sage-brcsii). — The best known shrub of the
great, arid West, varying immensely in size in diftereut situations, from a dwarf
shrub less than a foot high to almost tree-like proportions; common on the
plains and at increasingly higher altitudes up to the subalpine parks of the
mountains.

Artemisia sp. ( ?). — A small, almost herbaceons form with slender stems and numer-
ovis, entire leaves was found growing interspersed among the grasses in a wet
draw among the hills. It may possibly be a form of A. mexicana Willd., but
more probably is new. If it could be grown as a crop it looks as if it might have
forage \alue.

Senecio canus Hook. — A perennial herb of no value as forage; in the draws at
Green River, June 1 (3070).

Tetradymia canescens DC. — A closely branched shrub, 9 to 1.5 inches high, leaves
and branches whitish with flne hair, producing dense clusters of yellow flowers.
Probably eaten to some extent by sheep, the tender twigs in the winter, the
young leaves and twigs in late spring. Bitter Creek, July 12 (3()99) ; Point of
Rocks, August 30 (4432).

Tetradymia canescens inermis Gray. — Very similar to the preceding, but smaller
and more compactJy branched. Bitter Creek, June 2 (3107).

Tetradymia nuttallii T. & G. — An intricately branched shrub, 1 to 3 feet high, less
whitened with hair than the pi-eceding, horridlj' prickly with rigid, sharp,
divergent spines; the young branches soft and freely nipped otf by sheep. Greeu
River, May 31 (3061); Fort Steele, June 5 (3134); Bitter Creek, July 12 (3697).

Tetradymia spinosa H. & A. (see PI. Ill, fig. 2). — More slender and less l)ranched
than the preceding, the branches perfectly white, with tomentum or matted wool;
the leaves are dropj)ed early in the season and the compact, naked mass of white
twigs form a very conspicuous part of the vegetation on the otherwise often
rather naked slopes and hills. Though the older stems are rather sharp-spiny,
yet this forms a valuable constituent of the winter forage forsheep and antelope.

Cardiius leiocephalus Il(dler. — A small thistle with white, woolly ]ea\es: not abun-
dant. Bitter Creek, July 12 (3.529).

Bui 1 3. D'V. of Agrostology.

Plate II.

Fig. 1.— Point of Rocks, Bitter Creek Valley,

Fig. 2.— The Ideal Summer Range.

Bui. 1 3, Div of Agrostology.

Plate III.

Fig. 1 .— Tetradymia spinosa h. & a.

Fig. 2.— Atriplex volutans a. Ne;s.

Bui 1 3, Div, of Agrostology.

Plate IV.

Sheldon's Blue-grass <Poa sheldoni Vasey).

a, Empty glumes; b. Florets; c. Ligule.

Bui. 13, Div. of Agrostology

Plate V.

Alkali Blue-grass i Poa juncifolia Scnbn.).

«, Empty glumes ; b, Florets; c, Flowering glume ; d. Palea ; e, Ligule.

INDEX.

Page

Abronia sp 61

Adenostegia ramosa '. 65

Agroijyron 19, 23, 25, 28

caninoides 47

caninum 47

dasy.slachyum subvillosum 47, 56

diverijens '. 47

'pseudurepens 47

richardsoni 47

ripariutn 48

sjncatum 26, 48, 56

molle 48,56

teneruin 26, 48, 56

ciliatina 48, 56

vaseyi 48, 56

violaceum 48

Agrostis 29

alba JO, 35

asperifolia 35

humilis 36

scabra 35

tenuis 36

Alkali blue-grass 55

grass 55

meadow grass 45, 56

Alliiaii mntabile 58

reticulatum 58

Alpine timothy 34

Alopecurus genieulatus fulvus 34

occidentalis 34

American bulrush 57

vetch 63

Anogra albicaulis 64

Arabis brebneriana 62

canescens 62

Arctic spear-grass 40

Arena lia congesta 61

hookeii 61

nuttallii 61

Ariiitida fasdculata 32

Artemisia 23, 25. 53. 67

cana 67

pedatijida 67

spinexcens 19, 25, 67

tridcntata 18, 25, 67

trifida 67

Ashy rock-cress 62

Asler adscendens 66

Astragalus 63

'jraijii 63

haydenianus nevadensis 63

hypoglollis 63

megacnrpus 63

molliisimus 53

Atriplez 19, 23. 53

argentea 59

confertifolia 19. 25, 59

expansa 60

hastata ' 60

nuttallii 19, 24, 60

Page.

Atrijilex pabularis 60

truneata 60

volutans 24

Australian saltbush 23

Awued sedge 52

BaUamorhiza hirsuta 66

Baltic rush 53

Bank wheat-grass 48

Bearded wheat-grass 47

Bebb's willow 59

Beckuiannia eruca-formis 39

Bench-land spear-grass '. 40

Bent-grasses 29

Big sand-grass 37

Black grama. 33

Blitum, capitatum 59

Bine-joint grass 29. 36

Bouteloua oligostachya 38

Brebner's rock-cress 62

Brome-grasses 28 29

Broinus 28

ciliatui scariosus 46

kalmii 45

multijlorus 29, 46

porteri 46

scabratus 46

Bud-brnsh 19,25,67

sage 25

Buft'ald grass 39

Bunch-grass 29 55

sandwort 61

wheat-grass 47

Bulbous melic-grass 40

Biittercnp gj^

Calamagrostis 29

canadensis 35

acuminata 36

hyperborea americana 36. 55

montanensis 36

neglecta 55

2JUrp urascens 37

scribneri 37

Calaniovilfa longifolia 37

California oat-grass 37

Oarduus leiocephalus 67

Carex 31^53

acutina tenuior 50

atli roUaclnja 3] , 51)

atrata 51)

aurea .50

deflexa media 50

doiiglasii 50

ele charts 53

f estiva stricta 31, 50

viridis 51

fdifolia 51

yeycri 51

hoodii 5x

jonesii 51

lanuginosa 31, 51

69

70

INDEX.

Page.

Carex marcida 31, 51

alterna ^1

debilis ^

media dejlexa ''1

mvltinoda 51, 58

nebrasl'ensix 31, 51, 58

prcevia 51

nigrescenx 51

nana - - '^.^

prehlii ^^

pyrenaica *'^

raiinoldsii 52

siccata 52

stenophylla 52, 58

tenella 52

teretmsctda 58

tolmiei 52

trichocarpa aristata 31, 52

imberhis 31, 52

iitriculata minor 31, 52

vallicola 53

variabilis ...» 53

elatior 53

rastillfja ^^

Ccrcocarpus 1°

parvifolius 62

Chenopodiacea:

Chenopodiu in

album 23, 59

fri'montii 59

ylaucum 23, 59

lfptophyll(( III 59

Choke berry ^9

Chrysothammis 19,23

coilinus 66

lini/olius 60

piimiliis 66

speciosHiK 66

stenophyllus 66

Chylisma scapoidea 64,

Cleome lutea 62

Clustered tieltl-sedgo 51

Colorado blue-stem 26

ColeoMiitlnts microphylliis 66

Columbia needle-grass _ 32

Common sagebrush '^'^1

sijike-rush '■ -i'*. 57

Compositat -•'> 60

Creekbauk rabbitbrusli 66

Cymoplerus 64

Danthonia californira 37

intermedia 3i

23,59
53

Page.

FAijmua canadensis 49

condensatns 27, 49, 57

glaueus 49

macounii 49

occidentaliis 49

salinus 57

simplex 49

F.pilobitini 64

Erigeron con dennatus 66

subtrinervis 66

Eriocoma ciapidata 19, 27, 33, 54

Eriogonum 20, 53

campamdatiim 59

effusum 59

oralifolium 59

Exirotia lanata 19, 60

False couch-grass 38, 47

red-top 41

Feather bunch-grass 33

Fendler's spear-grass - 41

Festnca brevifolia, 45

elatior prate n si ■i 45

kingii 45

45
45
45
34,54
29
58
65

ofi7ia

rxtbra

ihurberi

Fine-top salt-grass

Fowl meadow-grass

Fraser's wild onion

Fremont's beard-tongue

goosefoot 59

Gentiana affini/, 61

Geum macrojihyllum 62

(Jeyer'a sedge '-'^

Giant rye-grass 2i.49. 57

Gilia ccespitosa 6a

congesta 6.>

pungens ccespitosa 65

Glandular cinquetbil 62

Gnaphalium palustre 66

Gramiiii'fe -3

Graphephonnn nmticum 44

Grayia .^pinosa 61

Gray's milk-vetch 63

• Grease-wood 19, 23, 60

50
19
29

y3

35

parry I .

37

Desert .juniper 28,54

rve-grass •"

Descliampsia

cefspitosa

Disticlilis spicata

Dondia diftisa

Downy oat-grass

T>raba glacialis

Dropst'i'd 28

Dwarl sedge

Eai ly bunch-grass

Eatnnia obtutata

Echiniicactiis simpstoni minor. .■

Emmenanthe sahna

scopulina

Eleochai-is

paluxtris

Elymu*

29

37, 55

40, 55

61

37

62

30,55

5'J

39

39

64

65

65

50,' 57

49, 57

28

Great bulrush

Green-sages

Hair-grasses

Hairy muhlenberg

Herd's grass

Heuchera pai-vifolia 62

Uedyfa rum am cricanu m 53

mackenzii 53

Hillside rabbit-brush 66

sedge 52

Hoary i)hlox 65

Holodixc us dumosu!! 62

Hood's sedge ■''1

Hooker's sandwort 61

Hordeum jubatum 49, lO

nndosum 4il, ;>7

occidentalc 49

Tlymenopappus lutetis '>6

Indian niiUct 19. 27, 33, 54

Iva axillaris

.Tamos's bcanl-tongue

.Jones's sedge

Juncus balticus

con/iisiis

xiphioides montanus

66
65
51
58
58
.58

Jttniperus knightii 20. 54

INDEX.

71

Page.

Ealm's chess 46

Keniucky blue-grass 29,43

King's fescue 45

Kochia ainericana 60

Kceleria cristata 39, 55

Lamb8<iuarters 59

Lappida texana 65

Large bladilerpod vetcb 63

flowered pepper-grass 61

fruilcd parsley 64

leafed a veiis 62

mountain bronie-grass 29, 46

Lepidium, medium 61

tnontanum 61

Letterman's needle-grass 54

Lewis's wild flax 64

liinum lewisii 64

Long-bearded wild rye 49, 57

Long-stalked buiicb-grass 42

ljupinui 53

anjenteus 63

leuGophyllus 63

Machceran Ihera sessilijiura 66

Maivastnim eoccinium 64

Manna 28

Many-jointed sedge 51

spiued opuntia 64

Marsh foxtail 34

Meadow barley 49, 57

Meadow fescue 45

grasses 29

Melica bulbosa 40

Mentzelia 04

Mi nzies' pink 61

Monolepis nvttalliana 59

Aloiitiuia blue-joint 36

Mountain blue-grass 43

blue-joint 36

foxtail 34

mahogany 19, 62

meadow grass 29

oat-grass 37

wheat-grass 48

MiMcnhergia comata 33

gracilis breviaristata 33

Narrow-leafed American vetch 63

goosefoot 59

Kebraska sedge 51, 58

Keedlegrass 32, 54

Nelson's neudlegiass 32, 54

salt-sage 24, 60

Kerved manna-grass 44

Nevada blue-grass 43

New sedge 52

Northern meadow-grass 44

wheat-grass 50

Nuttall's wheat-grass 56

sandwort 24, 60

tansy 01

Oblong-leafed gentian 04

Opuntia polyacantha Gi

2)latycarpa 64

Oreocai-ya fava 65

Oxygraplus cyinhalaria 01

Oryzopmis micrantlia 33

Panicinn rirgatuin 31

Panicularia 29

america7ia 30, 44

borealis 44

nervata 44

itricta 44

Page.

Parry's oat-grass 37

PenUlemon aienicolun 65

fremontii 65

jamcsii 65

radicostis 65

strict Its 65

Petradoria puiiiila 66

Peucedanum macrncarjnim 64

Pliala ris arundinacca 32

Philadelplnts occideittalis 62

J'hleiim 28

alpiniDii 34

Phlox canesceng 65

douglasii longi/olia 65

Physaria 62

Plantago erio2)oda 05

Poa 28, 29

arctica 40

buckleyana 29, 40, 55

i'ljilis 41

fendleriana 41

Jhiva 29, 41

glauca 4.-S,

juncifolia 29, 55

Icevijata 29, 42, 56

Uptocoma 42

luiigejjedu7iculata 42

nevadfnsis 43

nemoralix 29, 42

piratentiis 29. 43

rejlexa 29, 43

shelduni 29, 43 56

wheeleri 29. 44

Pon.v-grass 55

Porter's chess 40

Potentilla anserina 62

glandulusa 62

Prairie bulrn.sh 53

evening primrose 64

June gi-ass 39, 55

rush 50

Presls sedge 52

Pru n IIS dem issa 63

Psoralen laiiceolala 53

linearifolia 53

temdrtora 53

Puccinellia airoides 45, 56

Purple milk-vetch 63

top needle-grass 33

Purplish reed-grass 37

Kabbitbrush 19, 20

Kaynolds' sedge 52

Eed-top 30. 35

false mallow 04

fescue 45

Reed 28

cauary-gTass 32

meadow-grass 30, 31, 44

lihiis trilobata 64

Kicbardson's wheat-grass 47

River-bank willow 59

Rough hair-grass 35

leafed bent-grass 35

salt-grass 34

liumcx tuberosus 59

Rush-like sedge 52

Russian thistle 24, 01

Rye-grasses 28

Sage-brush 18,20,25

.S'rtJt.r bebbiana h'S

cordata mackenzieana 58

72

INDEX.

Page.

SaHx fiuviatilin 59

Saltola tragus 61

Siilt-jrrass 40, 55

sages 19, 20, 22, 23, 24

Saiultlime beard-tongue fi5

grass 36

Sarfohatus 19,23,53

vermicidatus 60

Savastana odorata 32

Si'ahroiis cliess 46

ScliedcDinardus panieulatvs 38

Scirpux ca iiipestris 50, 58

luc.astrin 50

inicroca rpua 50

Scribiier's reed-grass 37

Seaside arrow-gra.ss 54

crowfoot 61

Sedges 31

Seneca grass 32

Senecio caims 07

Servici'-berry 19

Shad scale 19

Sheep's fescue 45

Sheldon's blue-grass 29, 43, 56

Slieiilicrd's purse 62

Sliiuv bunch -grass 29, 42, 56

Sbort-awncd bronie-grass 45

leafed fescue 45

Shrubby blite 61

Hilene mcnziesii 01

Silver- weed 62

Silvery lupine 63

salt-sage 59

liisi/nil'i'iHm canescens 02

linifolium 62

Sitaniiiii ('lij)noides 49, 57

Slender cord-grass 38

hair-grass 36

wlieat-grass 28, 48, 56

Slough-grass 39

SuKill l)ot tie-sedge 52

llowered mountain-rice 33

fruited bulrush 50

Smooth lmn( h-grass 29.42,56

Soft-leafed .sedge 52

Siicirtiiia gracilis 38

Si)ear-grasses 28, 29, 42

Spiny sage 61

brush 67

salt-sage 25, 59

Sporobolun 28

airoidcs 34, 54

asperifoliiig 34

confusiis 34

cryptandrus 34

Sporubohis depauperatns 30, 35, 55

simplex 35

Spreading orache CO

salt-sage CO

Siiuirrel-tail grass 49, 5C

atanleya pinnatu 01

intiijrifuUa 01

•Stenolti.s acaulis 66

Stinking sumach 04

Page.

Stipa comata 32, 54

Columbiana 32

lettermani 54

■minor 33

iielsoni 32, 54

tireedyi 33

viridula •. 33

Strawberry blite 59

Strejjtanth us lonairostris 62

Sueda 53

Sweet sage 6 J

Switch-grass 31

Tall manna-grass 44

Tanacetum nuttaUii 67

Taraxia brevijfora 64

Tetradymia 19, 23

canef:cens 67

inerinis 67

mUtallii 67

.<ijii7iosa 67

Tetraiieviis acaulis 67

laiiatu 67

Tlielypodiuut CI

Tliermopsis 53

Thread-leafed sedge 51

Thurber's fescue 45

Timothy ; 28

Tou-nscndia strigosa 66

TrifoUum, loiigijjc.i 53

Triglochin ma ritiina 54

Trisetutn subspicatuiii 37

Triticum festiruui 49

Tuberous dock 59

Tufteil beard-tongue 65

hair-grass 37, 55

Tumbling salt-sage 24

Tweedy 's slipa 33

Vasey's wbeat-grasa 48, 56

Yicia 53

dixsiti/olia 03

linearis 03

Water whorl-grass 55

Western blue-grass 29

pejiper-grass 61

])laiil;uu 65

rye-grass 49

syringa 02

wheat-grass 28. 48. 56

wild cherry 63

Wheat grasses ! 19, 22, 23, 25, 28

Wliite-leafeil sagebrush 67

sage 20,23

Whitlow-grass 62

Wild onion 58

rye 49

Winter-fat 19, 00

Wood meadow-grass 29, 42

Woolly sedgo 51

Wyoming blue-grass 29,44

Xylorrlilza parryi 06

\'elln\v ch'oiiie 02

llowered oi-eocarya 65

top 30

^

Bulletin No. 14.

Agros. 34.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY.
[nrnMM iiiitl Forage Plant InveMtigalioiiM.J

ECONOMIC OKASSES

BY

F. LAMSON-SCRIBNER,

AGROSTOLOGIST.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
18 98.

LETTER OE TRANSMITl^AL.

U. S. Department of Agriculture,

Division of Agrostology,
Washington, I). C, June 39, 1898.

Sir : I liave the liouor to present and recommend for publication as
Bulletin No. 14 ol this Division manuscript containing brief descriptions
of the more important economic grasses of tliis country or those which
have been introduced because possessing some merit. This pubhcation
it is believed will afford a ready answer to the usual inquiries respecting
a large number of our grasses. Much of the matter here presented is
taken from Bulletin No. 3 of this Division, but owing to the fact that
that bulletin exceeded 100 pages the edition published was limited to
1,000 copies, and consequently was very quickly exhausted. The
matter has here been condensed in order that a larger edition may
be published to meet the demands of correspondents.
Respectfully,

F. Lamson-Scribner,

Agro,stologict.

Hon. Jajmes Wilson,

Secretary of Agriculture.

CONTENTS.

Page.

Descriptions '. 7

Grasses for special soils or uses 77

Hay grasses 77

Pasture grasses 77

Lawn grasses 77

Grasses for wet lands 77

Grasses for embankments 78

Grasses for holding shifting sands 78

o
O

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PLATES.

Page.
Plate I. Fig. 1. — Pl.anting Beach grass in siiud near Provincetowii, Mass.
Fig. 2. — Kafir corn in grass garden of the U. S. Department of

Agriculture 10

II. Single plant of native "Giant Millet" in grass garden of the U. S.

Department of Agriculture 28

III. Fig. 1. — Young plants of Teosinte in grass garden of the U. S, De-
partment of Agriculture. Fig. 2. — Reed Canary grass in grass

garden of the U. S. Department of Agriculture 38

FIGURES.

FiG. 1. Agropyron repens 8

2. Agrostis alba 8

3. Alopecurus geniculatus 10

4. Alopecurus pratensis 11

5. Ammophila arenaria 11

6. Andropogon halcpensis 12

7. Andropogon nutans 12

8. Andropogon jirovincialis 13

9. Andropogon scoparius 14

10. Andropogon virginicns 15

11. Anthoxanthuni odoratum 16

12. Aristida fasciculata ,- - - 17

13. Arrhenatherum elatius 17

14. Arundiuaria macrosperma 18

15. Avena fatua 19

16. Beckmannia erucseformis 21

17. Bouteloua curtiiiendula 21

18. Bouteloua oligostachya 22

19. Briza media 23

20. Bromns inermis 23

21. Bromus secaliniis 24

22. Bromus unioloidos 24

23. Bulbilis dactyloides 25

24. Calamagrostis canadensis 25

25. Calamovilfa longifolia 26

26. Campulosus aromaticus 27

27. Cenchrus tribuloides 27

28. Cha-tochloaglauca 27

29. Cha-tochloa germauica 28

30. Cha-tochloa italica 28

31. Chloris glauca 29

32. Cy nodon dactylon 30

33. Cynosurus cristatus 31

34. Dactylis glomerata 31

35. Dactyloctenium a-gyptiura 32

36. Deschampsia flexuosa 33

5

Page.

Fig. 37. Distichlis spicata 33

38. Eleiisiue iudica 34

39. Elymus arenarius 35

40. Elymus virginicus 35

41. Epicampes rigens 36

42. Eragrostis major 36

43. Eriocoma cuspidata 38

44. Euclila^na mexicaua 38

45. Festuca elatior aiundiuacea 39

46. Festuca rubra glaucescens - 40

47. Festuca scabrella ^0

48. Hilaria cenchioides 41

49. Hilaria rigida 42

50. Holcus lanatus 42

51. Ilordeum jnl)atnm 43

52. Imperata bookeii 44

53. Lolium italicum 45

54. Lolinm perenne 46

55. Mublenbergia diffusa 47

56. Mublenbergia mexicana 47

57. Mublenbergia racemosa 48

58. Panicularia canadensis 50

59. Panicularia liuitans 50

60. Panicularia nervata 51

61. Panicum agrostoidcs 51

62. Panicum amarum 51

63. Panicum crus-galli 52

64. Panicum maximum 53

65. Panicum sanguinale 55

66. Panicum serotinum 55

67. Panicum texauum 56

68. Panicum virgatum 56

69. Paspalum compressuin 57

70. Paspalum disticliuin 58

71 . Paspalum Lcve 58

72. Pbalaris canariensis ^'0

73. I'balaris angusta ^'0

74. Pblcum pratense 61

75. Poa buckleyana 62

76. Poa pratonsis 64

77. Kedfieldia llexuosa 65

78. Savastana odorata 66

79. Spartina cynosuroides 6b

80. Spartina patens 66

81. Spartinastrictamaritima 67

82. Spinifex birsutus 68

83. Sporobolus airoides 69

84. 8porobolu8 indicue 69

85. Sporobolus wrigbtii ''^

86. Stcnotaphrum dimidiatum ''1

87. Stipa viridula ''2

88. Tripsacumdactyloides "^3

89. llniola latifo.lia J4

90. Zizania a<iuatica ''^

91. Zoysia pnngens "6

ECONOMIC GRASSES.

DESCRIPTIONS.

No. 1. Agropyron caninum (L.) R. & S. Bearded Wheat-grass.
A fibrous-rooted, rather slender, upright perennial, 2 to 3 feet high, with bearded,
nodding heads or spikes resembling slender heads of wheat. This grass is more
or less frequent in the northern parts of the United vStates, ranging from Maine
westward to the Dakotas. Bearded Wheat-grass is closely related to the more
common and better known Couch-grass (A. rejiois), but differs markedly from
that species in having no creeping rootstocks, and in the longer beards or awns
to the spikelets. No attempts have been made to introduce this grass into gen-
eral cultivation, but its habit of growth and other characters indicate that it
may possess considerable agricultural value. It is readily propagated by seeds,
which may be easily gathered.
No. 2. Agropyron divergens Nees. Wire Bunch-grass.

A slender, usually densely tufted perennial, 1 to 2 feet high or more, with very nar-
row, spreading leaves, and bearded or beardless spikes. The beards or awns,
when present, are widely spreading or divergent. This grass is common in the
Rocky Mountain and Paciiic Slope regious, extending westward to the coast. On
rich lands it often grows to the height of 3 feet, but upon the dry bench lands it
rarely exceeds a foot or 18 inches in height. On dry lands the stems become
wiry with age, and are avoided by stock; but the grass is considered valuable
by the ranchmen for winter grazing. Samples of this grass received from some
points in the West, particularly from Washington, indicate that it possesses
much agricultural value when grown upon good soil, and as it will thrive in
the semiarid regions of the Northwest, its cultivation may prove desirable.
Propagated readily by seed, which can be easily gathered.
No. 3. Agropyron pseudorepens Scribn. & Smith. Western Couch-grass.
A perennial, with creeping rootstocks, abundant in the northern prairie States, pro-
ducing tall and leafy stems, which resemble those of Couch-grass, but are less
wiry. This is less plentiful in the semiarid belt than the Western Wheat-grass
or Colorado Blue-stem, but is better adapted for cultivation as a hay grass
because of its softer stems and leaves. It is one of the most promising native
species.
No. 4. Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. Couch-grass. (Fig. 1.)
A grass abundant everywhere in the Eastern and Middle States, growing in the open
iields, and in many places it has become one of the worst of weeds. Often the
chief labor in managing hoed crops consists in subduing this pest. When once
established, it is hardly less difficult to eradicate than the well-known Johnson-
grass of the Southern States. It is, however, a valuable hay grass, and for two
or three years the yield is large, but, like the Western Blue-stem, it "binds
itself out," and the sod requires breaking in order to restore the yield. It is an

7

8

excpllont grass for bindiug railroad and other embankments subject to ■wash, and
can be recommended for this purpose. The roots are well known in medicine
under the name of Radix graminis. The simple infusion is used as a diuretic.
Propagated by "root cuttings" or by seed.

No. 5. Agropyronspicatum (Pursh) Scribn. & Smith.
Western Wlieat-grass.

A grass closely resembling the Couch-grass of the
Eastern States, and by some regarded as only a
variety of it. It has the same strong and exten-
sively creeping rootstocks, and the foliage and
spikes are very similar, but the whole plant usually
has a bluish color, whence the common name " Blue-
stem," most frequently applied to it in the West.
It grows naturally on the dry bench lands and
river bottoms; and, although the yield per acre is
not large, the quality of the hay is unsurpassed by
any otlier species of the region where it grows. In
Montana and the neighboring .States it furnishes a
considerable amount of native hay, and is there
regarded as one of the most important of the native
forage plants. After three or four successive an-
nual cuttings, the yield diminishes very much, but
the grass is "brought up"
by letting it stand a year
or two, or by dragging
over the sod a shari>
toothed harrow, thus
breaking the roots into
small pieces, every frag-
ment of which makes a
new plant. This grass is
(Hiite distinct from the

Fig. 1— Couch-grass (Agropyron
repent) .

"Blue-stem" grasses of

Nebraska, which are
Bpeciesof Jn(ho2)ogoii (A. 2)rovincialis). There are a num-
ber of other species of Agropyron or wheat-grasses in
the Rocky Mountains, some of which are evidently excel-
lent hay grasses and well deserve the attention of the
agriculturist.

No. 6. Agropyron tenerum Vascy. Slender Wheat-grass.

A perennial buncli grass growing in the northern prairie
region from Nebraska to Montana and Manitoba. Seed
of this grass is now on the market, its sterling quali-
ties for hay having long been recognized by North-
western fainiers. It produces an abundance of soft,
leafy stems and root leaves, and ripens a large amount
of seed that is easily gathered — two of the chief re(|ui-
sites of a good hay grass. This grass is well adapted
for cultivation, and the area devoted to it is deservedly
increasing each year.

Fio.

2. -Redtop
alba) .

{Af^rostis

No. 7. Agrostis alba Liiin. liedto]» or Herd's-grass.

Und(!r the botanical name of Agroslia alha are included a number of varieties, some
of which have received distinct Latin names; :i8, for example, Agroaiia vulgaris

and Agrostifi stoUnifera, and many Englisli or local names; that most generally
applied in the Middle and Eastern States heing llerd's-grass, and in the South
and West, Redtop. The great variability of this grass has led to much diversity
of opinion in regard to its value. The taller forms are largely cultivated for
hay, being usually mixed with timothy and clover. This grass requires con-
siderable moisture in the soil, and is one of the best for permanent pastures in
the New England and Middle States. It makes a very resistant and leafy turf,
which Avell withstands the trampling of stock. It grows well, also, as far
south as Tennessee. Among the forms of low growtli are two varieties which
are unsurpassed, either in fineness or richness of color, for making lawns.

No. 8. Agrostis asperifolia Trin. Rough-leafed Bent.

This grass is common in the Rocky Mountain regions and on the Pacific Slope, grow-
ing chiefly in the mountain parks and along water courses. Its slender leafy
culms are 2 to 3 feet high, and the narrow, pale-green, and densely flowered
panicles 4 to 6 inches long. .Judging from the appearance of this grass, it is
likely to prove, under cultivation, superior to the Herd's-grass or Redtop of the
East, at least for hay.

No. 9. Agrostis canina Linn. Rhode Island Bent.

This species of bent has been introduced into this country from Europe, and ia
cultivated to some extent in the Eastern States. It resembles Herd's-grass (Red-
top) somewhat, but has shorter and narrower leaves. It makes a close sod,
and is considered valuable for permanent meadows and pastures. It is one of
the best grasses for lawns, and for this purpose should be sown at the rate
of 3 to 4 bushels per acre. Retail price of seed quoted in New York catalogues,
$2.75 per bushel.

No. 10. Agrostis coarctata (Reicbb.) Ehrh. Sea-coast Bent.

A creeping perennial with sleuder culms, the upright branches 1 foot high, short and
narrow flat leaves, and densely flowered panicles 2 to 4 inches long. It grows
in damp soils and sands along the sea coast from Newfoundland to New Jersey,
often occurring where constantly drenched by the flying salt spray. It is a fine-
leafed, excellent turf-forming species, valuable for lawns. A similar if not
identical species is common in western Oregon and Washington.

No. 11. Agrostis exarata Trin. Northern Redtop.

The grass upon which this species was founded is a native of Alaska, but a number
of forms which occur in the Rocky Mountain regions and on the Pacific Slope
have been referred to it. Some of these have been characterized as distinct
species, and there are several among them which, from their tall, leafy habit
and vigorous growth, indicate the possession of considerable agricultural value,
although none of them have as yet been introduced into cultivation. They are
deserving of the attention of the agriculturist, and their culture is recommended,
particularly on the Pacific Slope. They would doubtless thrive in the Eastern
and Middle States, and possibly supplant, by their greater luxuriance and better
qualities, some of the species now cultivated.

No. 12. Agrostis scabra Willd. Rough Bent.

A slender, erect, tufted annual, with numerous very narrow basal leaves, and deli-
cate, widely spreading capillary panicles, which at maturity break away from
the culm, and are blown about by the wind, hence one of the common names,
"fly-away-grass." Before the panicle has fully expanded, this grass is some-
times gathered and sold under the name of "silk-grass " for dry bou(iuet8. It is
widely distributed throughout the United States, but is of little or no agricul-
tural value. In irrigated meadows of the Northwest this species, or a form of
it, is occasionally sufficiently abundant to furnish a large amount of hay which
is regarded of good quality.

10

No. 13. Agrostis stolonifera Linn. Creepiuj? Bent.

By some regarded as only a variety of Agrostis alba, with long, prostrate or creeping
stems, well adapted for sandy pastures near the coast, and useful, perhaps, for
binding shifting sands or river banks subject to wash or overflow. It makes a
good pasture grass for low lands, especially for those which are somewhat sandy,
and produces a fine and enduring turf for lawns, for which is is especially well
adapted. It is not a productive hay grass, although it has a record of yielding
on rich, peaty soil 7,742 pounds of hay and 2,722 pounds of green aftermath per
acre. If sown alone, sow at the rate of 2 bushels per acre, or for lawns 3 bush-
els. Current retail price in New York, $3.50 per bushel.

No. 14. Agrostis vulgaris With. Herd's-grass ; Redtop.

This is little more than a variety of Agrostis alba, already noted. It is quoted in the

seed catalogues as a distiuct species, and is
recommended for mixtures designed for
permanent pastures or meadows. It suc-
ceeds as far south as Tennessee, and is often
sown with timothy and red clover. Retail
price of seed, New York market, $1 to $1.50
per bushel.

No. 15. AlopecurusgeuiculatusLinn. Water

Foxtail. (Fig. 3.)
A low, usually procumbent grass, with slender
stems 8 to 18 inches long, often rooting at
the lower joints. It usually grows iu wet
places, and is A-ery widely distributed
throughout the north temperate zone. It
has cylindrical heads or panicles, resem-
bling those of Meadow Foxtail, but much
smaller. This grass enters into the natural
herbage of low. wet meadows and pas-
tures, and in such places affords excellent
grazing, being tender and nutritious.
Alopecurus fnlrua is simply a variety of
this, with short-awned flowering glumes.
Under favorable cireumstauces this grass
makes a good turf and a pleasing lawn of
a deep rich green color, remaining green
throughout the severe winter weather of
the Middle States.
No. 16. Alopecurus occidentalis .Scribu.
Mountain Foxtail.
A grass of the mountain mejidows of the Rocky Mountains, growing in rich soil
along streams and in the open parks. It has sleuder, erect stems 2 to 3 feet
high, with short, oblong heads, thicker and shorter than those of common
Meadow Foxtail. This grass is occasionally found covering extensive areas to
the exclusion of other 8i)ecies. It yiehls a large bulk of tine, long, bright-
colored hay, which is highly valued where it can bo obtained. For the more
elevated meadows of the Rocky Mountain region, and doubtless also for the
New r.ngland and Xortli Middle States, this grass would form an excellent
addition to the cultivated species, and its introduction is recommended.

No. 17. Alopecurus pratensis Linn. Meadow Foxtail. (Fig. 4.)
This well-known European grass has been introduced into this country and culti-
vated to some extent in the New England and Middle States. It is a valuable
grass for moist meadows and pastures, particularly the latter, on account of its

Fig. 3.-

-Water Foxtail (Alopecurus
(jeniculatuH) .

Bui. 14, Div. of Agrostology

Plate I.

FiG. 1. -Planting Beach Grass in Sand near Provincetown, Mass.

Fig. 2.— Kafir Corn in Grass Garden of the U. S. Department of Agriculture.

11

early growth, being one of the earliest of the cultivated grasses. It is very
hardy, and on good soil yields a large amount of excellent forage. In Europe
it is reoarded as one of the best perennial pasture grasses. It should enter into
all nuxtures for permanent pastures, V>ecause it is very last-
ing, highly nutritious, and earlier than most other species.
This grass has a record of producing 20,418 pounds per acre
of green grass, 6,125 pounds of hay, and 8,167 pounds of
aftermath. It is never sown by itself, but is always mixed
with other grasses and forage plants, because it gives a
full yield only in the second or third year. Average number
of seeds in a pound, 907,000. Price of seed quoted in New
York catalogues, $2.30 per bushel, or $32 per 100 pounds.

No. 18. Ammophila arenaria (Linn.) Link. Beach-grass,

(Fig. 5.)
This grass grows more or less abundantly along the sandy coasts

of the Atlantic and the shores

of the Great Lakes. It has

strong, creeping rootstocks,

upright stems 2 to 4 feet high,

and long, rather rigid leaves.

The narrow, densely flowered

panicles which terminate the

stems are from 3 to 10 inches

long. It is one of the most

valuable grasses adapted to

bindinjj; the drifting sands of

our coasts, and has been culti-

FiG. 4. — Meadow Fox-
tail {Alopecuruspra-

vated for this purpose in this
as well as in other countries.
The action of this grass in hold-
ins: the drifting sands is like
that of brush or bushes cut and
laid upf)u the ground in accu-
mulating snow when drifted by the wind. The sand
collects around the clumps of grass, and as it accu-
mulates, the grass grows up and overtops it, and will
so contiuTie to grow, no matter how high the sand
hill may rise. This process goes on over the whole
surface of the plantation, and thus many acres may
be raised far above their original level. A plant will,
by gradual growth upwards, finally form stems and
roots sanded in to the depth of fully 100 feet.
Beach-grass is best propagated by transplanting
(PI. I, fig. 1). The grass is pulled by hand and
planted 1 to 2 feet apart, according to the slope,
by forcing a long spade or shovel into the sand,
which is then carried forward, making an opening
into which the roots are thrust, the spade then
being withdrawn and the sand pressed close about
them. The planting may be done either in the
spring or fall, preferably in the fall. When propa-
gation is by seed, the sowing should be done early in the spring and brush laid
over the ground for holding the sand and seed temporarily in place. Beach-
grass has been used for the manufacture of coarse paper, and it makes an excel-
lent and very durable thatch. It is of no value for fodder.

Fig. 5. — Beach-grrass (Arn^yio-
phila arenaria): a, base of
culm; 6, inflorescence: c.ligule.

12

No. 19. Andropogon contortus Linn. Twisted Beard-grass.

A stout, leafy perennial, 1 to 3 feet liigb, aifording excellent grazing when young,
but the mature seeds are much dreaded by sheep owners, as by their peculiar
structure they not only become attached to and injure the wool, but often pene-
trate the skin and even the intestines of these animals. The strong rhizomes and
tough fibrous roots which this grass has, commend it as a soil binder for river
banks, dams, etc. The awns indicate by their twisting the amount of moisture
iu the air, and may be used as rain or fair weather indicators. In India this grass
is used for thatching. It is a native of tropical and subtropical regions of both
hemispheres, extending northward into western Tc^xas, Now Mixico, and Arizona.

No. 20. Andropogon glomeratus

(Walt.) 15. S. r. lirook-grass.
A stout perennial, 2 to 4 feet high,

with dense, more or less elon- , ^^^^^^^ ^.^ ,, ^^ ^^,

/

Fia.6. — Johnson-graaa (Andropogon hale-
peiisix).

Flo. 7. — ISiishy liliip-slein {Antlropnffvii nntans): a to/,
details of tlio spikelet.

gated, broom-like panicles. It grows in low grounds and marshes from southern
New York to I'lorida, also occurring in Mexico and liower CaliCnrnia. This
species is esteemed a valual)lc pasture gra.ss in the South. Its stems and
leaves when young, are tender and .juicy and are relished by sto(;k of all kinds.
Later the stems become tough and woody and are of less value.

No. 21. Andropogon halepensis (L.) Brot. .Johnson-grass. (Tig. 6.)
A stout ])ereiinial, witli smooth, (Mcc^t culms, 3 to H feet high, .mil strong, creeping
rootstocks. The jtanicles are expanded during llowering and arc from (> to 12
inches long. It is a native of southern Europe and the warmer parts of Asia and
northern Africa. It was introduced into this country about sixty years ago, ;ind
h.iH now become widely distributed and well known throughout the Southern

13

states. In the warmer parts of the Southern States it makes rapid growth, la
but little affected by drought, and the hay, if cut just as the grass is coming
into bloom, is much liked by all kinds of stock. Two or three cuttings may be
made during the season. The extensively creeping rootstocks are fleshy and
tender, and hogs are very fond of them. These roots literally fill the ground near
the surface, and every joint is capable of developing a new stem. This grass,
when once it has become established, is exceedingly difficult to eradicate, and
hence has come to be greatly feared by the majority of farmers. Unless one
wishes to give up his laud entirely to Johnson-grass, and can certainly prevent
its spreading to the lands of others, its introduction would be of doubtful econ-
omy, owing to its powerful and
rapidly spreading roots. In
India the natives make rude
writing pens from the stems.

No. 22. Andropogon hallii Hack.

Turkey-foot.
This is a stout grass, from 3 to 6

feet high, closely related to

the Big P.lue-stem {Andropogon

2)rovincialw), but appears to be

confined to the sandy regions

of the West. It is a good sand

binder and is common in the

sand hills of Nebraska, and

extends southward into Texas.

Its agricultiiral value is not

known, but although more

woody, it is probably nearly

as valuable as Big Blue-stem.

No. 23. Andropogon nutans
Linn. Bushy Blue-stem. (Fig. 7.)

This is a stout perennial, 4 to 6 feet
high, growing in dry soil along
the borders of fields and open
woods, and on the prairies of
the West it often forms a large
proportion of the so-called
prairie hay. It is held in little
esteem in the Eastern and
Southern States, but in the
West it is said to make excel-
lent hay, and is particularly
valuable because of the rela-
tively large amount of long
root-leaves which it produces,
is given the first place among

Fig. 8. — Big Blue-stem (Andropogon provincialis) : a to
g, details of the spikelet.

All stock eat it greedily. In South Dakota it
the native grasses as a hay-producing species,
thriving best on the rich prairie bottoms. During the dry season it produces
but little seed, though it usually makes a good growth of root leaves. In the
middle Atlantic States this grass seeds freely and the seeds are easily collected.

No. 24. Andropogon provincialis Lam. Big Blue-stem. (Fig. 8.)

A stout perennial, with erect, more or less branching, and often bluish or glaucous

stems, 2 to 6 feet high, long leaves, and flowers in short spikes, which stand two

to five close together at the apex of the stem or its branches. These spikes are

bluish or purple, sometimes pale green, and more or less hairy. This grass has

14

a wide range, extending over the United States east of the Kocky Mountains,
and in the West and Northwest, particularly in the Missouri region, it is very
abundant, and is highly valued for hay. It grows in a great variety of soils,
and under extremely varying conditions of climate, and enters largely into the
composition of the hay of the prairies. The early growth consists of a great
adundance of long leaves, and if cut in early bloom the hay is readily eaten by
horses and cattle, but if allowed to fully mature the stems become hard and
woody and the hay produced is of inferior quality. Investigations of the seed
production of this Andropoaon indicate that it matures seed rarely. It is stated
that a very favorable season of moisture is required to make it fruit abun-
dantly. This lack of fertility, if really true, will be a serious obstacle to the
general propagation of the grass by the usual and convenient method of seeding.

No. 25. Andropogon saccharoides Swz. Feather Sedge-grass.

A variable grass, growing to the height of 1 to 3 feet, with nar-
row, silvery-bearded panicles. Some forms of this species
have been introduced into cultivation for ornament. It is a
native of our Southwestern States and Territories, in some
of its varieties extending southward to Chile, where it is re-
garded as one of the best pasture grasses of the Cordilleras.

No. 26. Andropogon scoparius Michx. Little Blue-stem.
(Fig. 9.)

A rather slender perennial, 1 to 3 feet high, more or less branched
above; the slender racemes are single and terminate the
culm or its branches. This grass has a similar range to the
Big Blue-stem, extending over nearly all of the United States
east of the Kocky Mountains, and in the prairie regions it is
nearly always found associated more or less abundaiitly
with the Big Blue-stem and Bushy Blue stem. It is common
in the mountain districts of the South, and is valued there
for grazing. In the West it is cut for hay, but is not so
much thonubt of as the Big Blue-stem. In South Dakota
this is one of the most common grasses in the basins of the
Bad Lands.

No. 27. Andropogon sorghum sativus Hack. Includes the

cultivated varieties of sorghum.
Andropogon sorghum includes many varieties, a number of
which have been recognized by some iintbors as distinct
botanical species under the genus Sornlunu; otheis, includ-
ing Hackel, have referred them all to the genus Androimjnn.
Hackel has elaborately worked out the botanical characters
of the species and characterized tlie known varieties, giving
to each a technical name. It is not necessary here to follow
out his classification, which is apparently good. In the works of otliers there
is much confusion in the botaui(;al classification, and still more in the applica-
tion of the connnon or English names. The same name has been applied to
ditferent varieties and the same variety has often been designated under vaiious
names. All the forms are of Eastern origin, and have arisen probably from a
common stock through ages of cniltivation. From varieties of this species are
obtained grain, which furnishes nutritious food for man and domestic animals,
particularly poultry. Sirup and sugar in commercial quantities are obtained
from the saccharine varieties. The variety mcchavatus, or caiinese sugar-grass,
yields about 13 per cent of sugar, lirooms and brushes, used in ill civilized
countries, are made from the iuliorescence of the variety known as l)room corn,
and all furnish fodder of more or less value for farm stock.

Fio. 9.— Little Blue-

stem (Androimgon
tcoparhin).

In Africa alcoholic

15

drinks are prepared from the grains, and useful coloring pigments are con-
tained in the fruiting glumes. The variety known as Kalir corn (PI. I, tig. 2),
which grows to the height of 4 or 6 feet, has been cultivated with great success
as a fodder plant in the semiarid regions of the West. In fact, all the sorghums
will grow in drier climates or under more trying conditions of drought than
Indian corn. They may be cultivated in much the same Avay as that cereal,
but the seed may he planted more thickly. In chicken corn or white
Egyptian corn (var. cernnuvi) the deusely flowered panicle is abruptly bent
or recurved, so that it points downward. This variety is largely cultivated in
tropical and northern Africa and in some parts of southern Asia, where it is
used as a cereal. It is occasionally grown in this coun-
try, the seed being prized as food for poultry. The vari-
eties adapted for the production of fodder or silage are
particularly valuable for cultivation in the South and
Southwest. The amount of fodder produced is often
very large, of excellent quality, and there are few among
the larger grasses better adapted for soiling. Yellow
Mile Maize, AVhiteMilo Maize, and .Jerusalem Corn, non-
saccharine varieties of Andropogon sorghum, are grown
both for fodder and for the seed, particularly in the
Southwestern States.

No. 28. Andropogon squarrosus. Linn. fil. Vetivert.

A stout perennial, 4 to 6 feet high, with strong, fibrous, and
highly fragrant roots. A native of India, occurring also
in some of the West India Islands and Brazil, growing
in marshes and on river banks. Introduced into l.oui-
siana many years ago, and now spontaneous in some of
the lower parts of that State. Cultivated successfully
at Knoxville, Tenn., where the fragrance of the rhizomes
and roots was developed to a marked degree, btit the
plants did not bloom. In India this grass is largely used
for thatching, and is woven into mats, which serve as
screens or shades for doors and windows (tatties), awn-
ings, covers for palanquins, and fans, and brushes used
by weavers in arranging the thread of the web are made
from either the roots or the whole plant. The roots, laid
among clothing, impart a pleasing fragrance to the gar-
ments and are said to keep thorn free from insects. Fans
made from the root fibers were among the articles on sale
at the World's Fair in the Javanese bazaar. The roots
are an article of commerce sold by druggists. In Euro-
pean drugstores the roots are known as lUtdix miatheri or Radix vetiveriw, a stim-
ulant or antiseptic. They yield a perfume known as vetivert, or, in India, itar.

No. 29. Andropogon virginicus Linn. Broom-sedge. (Fig. 10.)
A rigidly erect perennial, 2 to 4 feet high, bearing a narrow, elongated, and loosely-
branched panicle of silky-bearded racemes. The stems are strongly flattened
near the base, and at maturity they are too hard and woody to be eaten by stock
or to be of any value for hay. When young, however, this grass affords most
excellent grazing. Milch cows fed upon it are said to yield butter of superior
quality. There is probably no native grass better known to the farmers of the
South than this, aud although possessing some value, as here indicated, it is,
broadly speaking, one of the worst weeds of that section, interfering seriously
with the formation of permanent meadows. Constant tillage or very close graz-
ing appears to be the only means of keeping this grass from occupying the land.

Fig. 10. — Broom Sedge
(Andrupoc/on virgini-
cus).

16

No. 30. AntLoxanthum odoratum Linn. Sweet Vernal-grass. (Fig. 11.)
A jierennial, early-flowering, sweet-scented grass, introduced into this country from
Eurojie, and tiow widely distribut<>d over the Eastern and Central States. It is
an inferior fodder grass, but owing to its earliuess it possesses some value in
mixtures for pastures, and its sweet scent adds a pleasing fragrance to hay, of
which it should form only a small percentage. The leaves have a bitter taste,
and the grass is apparently unpalatable to stock, for they will not readily eat
it. It is regarded as a serious jjest in New Zealand. The stems have been used

in the manufacture of imitation Leg-
horn hats. Average number of grains
in 1 pound of pure seed, 924,000.
Price of seed cjuoted in New York
catalogues, $6 per bushel. Weight
per bushel, about 10 pounds.

No. 31. Aristida fasciculata Torr.

Needle-grass. (Fig. 12.)

Needle-grass grows from 6 inches to a foot
high, and is a njitive of the arid re-
gions, from Montana southward to
Texas, where it is particularly abun-
dant in poor soils, and presents a great
variety of forms. It is usually found
in dry, gravelly soils on the plains,
mesas, and foothills. In the Eastern
and Middle States the species of Aris-
tida are deemed of little or no value,
but in the Southwest, where every
mouthful of fodder of any sort has
value, they are not wholly worthless.
Arti<Hda schiedeaiia and vl. hromoides,
growing ui)on rocky and desert soil in
Arizona and New Mexico, supply in
their thin, scattered tufts "dainty
bits seized upon by stock with avid-
ity." (I'ringle. )

No. 32. Aristida stricta Michx. Wire-
grass.

This is one of the "wire-grasses" of the
Southern States, growing to the lieiglit
of 2or;5 leet. Tliesiiiijjle stems are ter-
minated by a narrow panicle, usually a
foot in length. It is common along dry,
sandy ridges and in the pine barrens.

Fig. 11. — Sweet Vernal-grass (Anthoxanthwn
odoratum): a, spikelet; b, floret; c, aiidro-
gyiieciiiiii.

No. 33. Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) M. A: K. Tall Oat-grass. (Fig. 13.)
A loosely tutted perennial, 2 to t feet high, introduced from Europe as a fodder grass
and now quite generally uistril)uted over tlie regions east of the Mississippi. In
Europe it is regarded as one of the best meadow grasses, but is not recommended
for pastures. It does well in the Southern States, where it is frequently culti-
vated, and is valued Itoth for winter grazing and for hay. In California it is
sjtoken of in the highest terms, particularly for its drought-resisting (lualities.
It does not form a very comi)act turf, and when sown should be mixed with
other grasses. It grows rapidly, blooms early, and when cut dries out readily.
It is not suited to heavy, moist soils, but tlirives best on loamy sands or loams.
It produces a largo yield, antl on good soils three or four cuttings may be

17

obtained during the season. It is best sown in the spring, but in the .Southern
States it may be; sown in September to advantage. In New Zealand this grass
is spoken of as fast becoming a weed in mixed pastures ; and, further, it is stated
that the early growth is much relished by stock, but later in the season it is not
touched. On rich, clayey loam this grass has made a yield of 17,015 pounds of
green fodder, 6,380 pounds of hay, and 13,612 pounds of green aftermath per
acre. When sown alone, the amount of seed to sow per acre is 5 to 6 bushels.
Owing to the structure of the seed, it may be sown deeper than most other
grasses. Average number of grains in one pound of pure seed, 1.59,000. Price of

seed, quoted from New York
catalogues, $3.2.5 per bushel,
or $18 per 100 pounds.

Fig. 12. — Needle-grass (Aristida fasciculata) -. a, fipikelet;
b, indurated flowering glume, the awns cut off.

Fig. 13.— Tall Oat-grass (Arrhe
natherum elatius).

No. 34. Arundinaria macrosperma Michx. Cane. (Fig. 14.)

This is the bamboo which forms the well-known canebrakes of the South. It is
perennial, with woody stems 10 to .30 feet high, and evergreen leaves, which
furnish a valuable supplement to the winter pastures. The plant blooms but
once, and when the seeds mature the cane dies. The canes are used for many
purposes, such as iishing rods, scaffolds for drying cotton, splints for baskets,
mats, etc. Attempts made to cultivate this grass have not been successful.

No. 35. Arundinaria tecta (Walt.; Muhl. Small Cane.

This is regarded by some as only a variety of the cane mentioned above, but it is of
smaller growth, rarely exceeding 10 feet in height, and extends as far north as
Maryland. It forms extensive "canebrakes" in many parts of the Southern
States, and its perennial leafage, together with the younger stems and branches,
supply forage for thousands of cattle during the winter season. This fodder,
4393— No. 14 2

18

however, does little more than sustiiin the life of the auiuials. It is of little or
no value for fattening cattle or for milch cows.
No. 36. Arundo donax Linn. Reed.

A tall, leafy perennial, attaining the height of 10 to 15 feet, or in very favorahle
locations even 30 feet. The leaves are broad and widely spreading and the
stems are leafy to near the top. The panicle has some resemblance to that of
pampas grass, but is not so large. This grass is grown for lawn decoration and
to conceal unsightly objects. It is a native of southern Europe, northern Africa,

and western Asia, and is said
to be spontaneous along the
Kio Grande. In some coun-
tries the stout stbms are used
for laths and, when split, for
woven worl< ; the leaves are
used for thatch or rooling, and
the stout rhizomes are em-
]iloyed as a diuretic. A culti-
vated variety has its broad
leaves striped with longitudi-
nal white bands. It presents
a very striking ai»pearance.
This grass is ]>ropagated l>y
transplanting the roots, which
work may be done at any time
during the season. After
growth has fairly commenced
the subsequent development
is very rapid, and for this
reason it is one of the most
important plants of its class
for quickly producing scenic
elVects or for concealing un-
sightly objects.

No. 37. Astrebla pectinata F. v.

Mnell. Mitchell- grass.
A smooth, <'reet grass, 1^ to 3 feet
high, with liat. long-pointed
leaves and densely llowered
terminal spikes or heads. It
is a native of Australia, grow-"
ing naturally upon the inte-
rior })lain8. It is regarded by
the stockmen of that country
as the best of all native
grasses, both for its drought-
enduring qualities and for its
fattening projierties. If cut just when coming into bloom, it makes excellent
hay. The setnl is produced in abnndance, and is easily collected. This may
prove a valuable grass for the seniiarid districts of the Southwest. The seeds
of this grass, as well as tliose of the closely related Axtrebla triticoides, weic
formerly used as food by the natives of Australia.
No. 38. Avena americana Si ribn. American Oat-grass.

In the grassy parks and on the foothills of tlu' eastern slopes of the Rocky Moun-
tains, tliis Arena, which closely resembles the Arena pratenau of Europe, is fre-
quently found associated with the other »ative grasses. Where abundant y^,

fVi. H.—ii^Wi (j^ruudinafia tnacrotperma) : a
U, jimIi'.-i and liidiciilcs; r, frraiii.

floret;

19

makes a valuable additiou to the grazing resources of the country. It is deserv-
ing of a trial under cultivation.

No. 39. Avena fatua Linn. Wild-oats. (Fig. 15.)

An erect annual, 2 to 3 feet high, with loose, ojien piiniclcs, 8 to 10 inches long, the
whole aspect of the plant closely resembling forms of the cultivated oat. The
spikelets are larger, however, and the flowering glumes are covered with long,
brown hairs, and have a twisted awn an inch in length. It is a native of the
Mediterranean region, but is now widely distributed over grain-growing coun-
tries, and with the closely related J. harhata Brot. is especially common in Cal-
ifornia and Oregon, and has spread eastward to Minnesota. It is of rare
occurrence in the Eastern States. By some this is 8ui)posed to be the original
of the cultivated oat (Avena satira),
which is said to readily degenerate into
it. Avena fatua is in most places regarded
as a troublesome weed. When abundant
in the grain fields, it occupies the place
of better plants, and reduces the gr.ule
of the thrashed grain by the admixture
of its inferior and lighter seeds. The stiff
and twisted awns are injurious to stock,
as they freijuently cause irritation of the
nostrils and mouths of the cattle feeding
upon them. In California the young
plants, before the bearded or awned spike-
lets mature, are esteemed for grazing and
forage. "The use of the Wild-oat, with its
brown, hairy seed and twisted awn, as an
artificial fly by fishermen, is well known,
the uncoiling of the awn when, wetted
causing those contortions by which it
imitates a fly in trouble." (Hooker.) A
form of the Wild-oat with the flowering
glume smooth (var. (iJahrescena Coss.) is
quite widely distributed on the Pacific
Slope, where it has become a most trouble-
some weed in wheat fields.

Fig. 15.— Wild Oats {Avena fatua) .

No. 40. Avena pubescens Linn. Downy
Oat- grass.

This grass is similar in habit and appearance
to Arena fatua, l)ut is much less com-
mon. It is a European grass, and. has thence been Introduced into this country.
It is occasionally found in the grain region of the Pacific Slope. The soils best
suited to the growth of this grass are sandy loams, upon which it is valuable
for early mowing and pasturage Under favorable conditions it has produced
15,654 pounds of green fodder, or 5,870 pounds of hay, and 6,860 poundj of after-
math per acre.

No. 41. Avena sativa Linn. Oats.

A well-known erect annual, 2 to 4 feet high, with flat leaves and expanded panicles
of rather large pendulous spikelets. There are many varieties, which have been
divided into two classes, "panicle oats" with widely spreading panicle branches;
and "banner oats" with the panicles somewhat contracted and one-sided.
These two races are divided into "chaffy'' and "naked-fruited" sorts; further
varieties are established upcwi the color, form, or some special character of the
grain. Oats have been cultivated from very early times in Europe, and they

20

form the princii)al grain of such northern countries as Norway and Sweden, and
Scotland, and iu these countries boiled oatmeal and oatmeal cakes are impor-
tant articles of food. Boiled oatmeal is also much used in this country, espe-
cially at breakfast. The grain, however, is principally cultivated here as food
for horses. In the Southern States, oats, particularly winter oats, are largely
grown for forage. Sown in August, they fiu'uish the best grazing from Octo-
ber to the latter part of Aiiril, and will then yield a more certain and a larger
crop of grain than spring-sown oats. They are often cut green for soiling and
for hay. Oat hay is quite extensively used in the South and in Calif(U-nia. The
practice is to cut Avheu the grain is iu the ''dough" stage, or when the straw
commences to turn yellow below the head and the leaves are still green. The
yield ranges from 3 to 4^ tons per acre, according to the variety and the season.
The feeding value of oat hay is higher than that of tinutthy, containing about
8.8 percent of crude protein, and 55 to 05 percent of fat formers, while the latter
(timothy) contains from 5 to 7 per cent crude protein, and 45 to 55 per cent
fat formers. Among the cereals, oats are the most nutritious, hut oaten Hour
lacks the gluten of wheat, rendering the making of bread from it impossible.
Oatmeal is richer in nitrogenous matter than soft wheats, and contains more fat
than any of the other grains. Russian "quae'' beer is made from oats.

No. 42. Avena sterilis L. Animated Oats.

A stout, oat-like grass, with one-sided panicles, and very large, awuedspikelets ; the
awn is very long, twisted, and "kneed" or geniculate. It is the twisting and
untwisting of these awns when exposed to changes of moisture and dryness that
has given to this grass the common name of "animated oats." The untwisting
or coiling-up of the awn causes the spikelets to tumble about in various directions,
suggestive of independent motion or life-like activity.

No. 43. Bambusa. Bamboo.

The bamboos belong to the Bamhusea, a trihe of grasses numbering about 175 species,
chietiy limited to South America, southern and eastern Asia, and the East Indies.
There are no Euro]tean species, and only two in North America (see Arundinaria).
Of the whole number of species only one is common to both hemispheres. The
largest bamboos attain a height of IL'O feet, with a diameter of a foot or more.
A South American species has leaves 3 to 12 inches wide and 5 to 15 feet long.
In India are extensive bamboo forests, and in countries where these grasses
abound they are employed for many jnirposes. They furnish material for the
complete construction and furnishing (including domestic utensils) of houses.
They are used iu shipbuilding and in the construction of bridges. Buckets,
liitchers, llasks, and cups are made from sections of the stems. Baskets, boxes,
fans, hats, and jackets are made from split bamboo. Ropes and Chinese paper
are made from these grasses. A Chinese umbrella consists of bamboo paper,
with a bamboo handle and split bamboo for a frame. The leaves are used for
packing, filling beds, etc., and occasionally serve as fodder for stock. The
young shoots serve as a vegetable. Tabashir, <>r bamboo maiiua, a silicious
and crystalline substance which occurs in the hollow stems of some bamboos, is
regarded as itossessing medicinal properties. Good drinking water collects in
quantities in the hollows of the internodes of many of the larger bamboos. All
sorts of agricultural implements, appliances for spinning cotton and wool or for
reeling silk, are often (onstructed entirely from bamboo. Aery many articles
of househohl use or decoration made from bamboo have become articles of com-
mene in Europe and this country. So many and varied are the uses of the
several species of bamboo, that it is possible to mention here only a small part
of them. Bamboos are propagated by seed, but more often by cuttings. I'lants
from the seed do not attain a sufficient growth to admit (Topi)iiig under 10 or 12
years.

21

No. 44. Beckmannia erucaeformis (L.) Host. Hlongh-grass. (Fig. 16.)
A stout, erect, subiifiuiitic perennial, 1 to 4 feet high, with narrow, densely flowered
panicles. The leaves are hroad and Hat, and the stems are coarse but tender,
becoming somewhat woody when old. It grows along the banks of streams and
rivers and frequently follows the course of the irrigating
ditches. When young, however, this grass is palatable
and readily eaten by stock. In some portions of the North-
west, to which region this grass is confined in this country,
it often occurs in such (|uantities as to constitute an import-
ant part of the forage of low pasture lands. It may be recog-
nized by the peculiar, si)ike-like branches of the panicle,
which have some resemblance to the rattles of a rattle-
snake, and for this reason it is sometimes called "Rattle-
snake-grass." It i.s deserving of trial under cultivation for
low meadow lands in the more Northern States, and is
especially adapted to irrigated alkaline lands.

No. 45. Bouteloua curtipendula (Mx.) Torr. Side Oats.
■ (Fig. 17.)
This is among the tallest of our species of Bouteloua, the rather

stout, tufted stems being from 1 to 3 feet high. It has

tough, perennial, fibrous roots, flat, long-pointed leaves,

and many short spikes arranged along the upper portion

of th<- stem. Its range extends
from New .lersey westward to
the Rocky Mountains and south-
ward through Texas into Mexico.
Where abundant, it is said to
make fair hay, and the numerous
root leaves afford good pastur-
age. The hay is readily eaten
by stock, but on the range cattle
show a decided preference for
Blue Grama. Several species of
Grama have been successfully

grown in small cultures at some of the experiment
stations, but none of them, although apparently most
valuable as i»asture grasses for the semiarid regions,
have been introduced into general cultivation.

No. 46. Bouteloua eriopoda Torr. Black Grama.

This is one of the species of Grama so valuable for grazing
in New Mexico and Texas. The slender stems are 1 to
2 feet high, and from its thrifty habit of growth it
forms dense and excellent pasturage wherever it
grows abundantly. It is a common grass along the
Rio Grande and in the region between the Pecos and
the Gila ; also in the Olympia, Guadalupe, and Eagle
mountains, and on the Staked Plains in Texas. The
woolly-jointed stems at once serve to distinguish this
from the allied species of Bouteloua.

No. 47. Bouteloua oligostachya (Nutt.) Torr. Blue, or

White Grama. (Fig. 18.)

This is one of the most abundant and most valued of the Grama grasses, and extends

from Wisconsin westward to California, and southward into Texas and northern

Mexico. It is a perennial, 6 to 18 inches high, its strong rhizomes and numerous

Fig. 16.— Slough-grass
(Beckmannia eruece-
formig).

Fig. 17. — Side Oats {Boute-
loua curtipendula).

22

root-leaves forming dense and more or less extensive patches of excellent turf.
In Montana it is known as Buft'alo-grass. It frequents the bench lands of th it
State, growing at elevations of from 3,000 to 4,000 or 5,000 feet, and not infre-
quently covers wide areas. Xo other grass better withstands the tramping of
stock, and it is unsurpassed for grazing purposes. In the early dajs in the
Southwest it formed a large proportion of the hay delivered at the various mili-
tary posts and stage stations, and was considered the best ol)tainable there.
Like the true Bufl'alo-grass, it cures during the dry season in the turf into perfect
hay, losing none of its nutritious properties.

No. 48. Bouteloua polystachya Torr. Low Grama.

This is a small, slender grass, of good quality. It is one of the smallest of the
Gramas, aud only occurs sparingly here and there in scattered tufts. It rarely

exceeds 6 inches in height, and is confined to the
arid regions of the Southwest.

No. 49. Bouteloua repens (HBK.) Scribn. Creep-
ing Granui.

A common grass in the vicinity of Acapulco, Mexico,
where, according to Dr. E. Palmer, it occurs on
the highest mountains and down their stony
slopes to the water's edge. Greedily eaten by
stock.

No. 50. Bouteloua texana Watson. (Seed Mescjuit.)

This is a small but excellent grass, common about 8an

Antonio and at other i)oints in Texas, chieHy along

the Rio Grande. It is recognized as an important

grass in the stock ranges.

No. 51. Brachypodium japonicum Miq. Japanese
Wheat- grass.

A promising Japanese perennial, closely resembling
Bearded Wheat-grass (Agropi/ron caninum), but of
rather stronger growth. It was iutroduced into
California by the Agricultural Experiment Station
of the University of California, at Berkeley, from
New Zeahmd, in 1886, and the first seed was dis-
tributed in California in 1889. It has been culti-
vated with success at a number of points in Cali-
fornia and at several of the exi)erimeiit stations in
the East. In tlie Southern States it is regarded as
a valuable grass for winter, grazing, as it makes
its best growth during the cooler months.

Small Quaking-grass. (Fig. 19.)
An erect ])erennial, from 1 to 2 feet higli, introduced into this country from Europe
]»ecause of its pleasing ornamental apitearance. It has escapiMl from cultivation
in many places, and has becomt; sparingly naturalized. It is occasionally <ulti-
\ ated for ornament; the nodding panicles of rather showy spikelets are used
for winter bou(|uet8. It is but little known here, but is classed as a valuable
m<!adow grass in Middle Euroi>e and is recommended as an admixture for i)as-
tures on dry, thin soils. liriza minor is a smaller and niorc^ delicate annual
species, .also cultivated occasionally as an ornamental and for dry bouquets.
/!ri:(i maxima, also an annual, is a larger ornamental species.

No. 53. Bromus ciliatus Linn. Swamp Chess.

A native perennial of wide range, frequent in open woodlands, growing to the height
of 3 to ."> feet. It is leafy to the toj), and would doubtless make a hay grass of

Fio. 18— Blue, or White Grama
{Bouteloua oligostachya) .

No. 52. Briza media Linn.

23

good appeaTance, aTthougli of somewhat inferior quality. No attempts Iiave
been made to cultivate ir, lor agricultural purposes. It makes a vigorous early
growth on good soils ami is recommended for propagation in wooded parks and
woodland pastures.

No. 54. Bromus inermis Leyss. Smooth Brome-grass. (Fig. 20.)
An erect perennial, 2 to 5 feet high, with strong creeping rootstocks, and a loose open
panicle, 4 to 6 inches long. A native of Europe introduced into this country by
the Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of California about 1880,.
which gives considerable promise of value both for haj^ and pasturage. It is
strongly stoloniferous, and quickly makes a thick, firm turf. It appears to'
grow with equal vigor in Canada and in Tennessee, remaining green through-
out the winter season in the latter Stiate. The strong p«rennia.l character of

Fig. 19. — Small Quaking-grass (Bnza
media).

Fig. 20. — Smooth Brome-grass (Bromus
inermis).

this Brome-grass and its unusual drought-resisting powers are qualities which
recommend it for general cultivation, particularly in the semiarid regions of the
West and Northwest. It thrives well on dry, loose soil, but of course the better
the soil the greater the yield. Its nutritive value is comparatively low, and
before undertaking its cultivation the fact should be remembered that it is
somewhat difEcult to eradicate when once established, although by no means so
difficult as Couch-grass or Johnson-grass. In Europe it is classed among the
best hay grasses. The seeds are quoted in New York catalogues at from $20 to
$22 per 100 pounds. A bushel weighs about 14 pounds. Sow three bushels to
the acre if sown alone. In this country the yield of seed per acre has been 600
pounds, which at the prices named would make it a very profitable crop. Pro-
fessor Fletcher, of Canada, reports a yield of 3f tons of hay per acre.

24

No. 55. Bromus pumpellianus Scrihn. Western Brome-grass.

A native of tlu^ Northwestern States in the Rocky Mouutaiu region, extending into
Canada. In habit of growth it closely resembles Hungarian, or Smooth Brome-
grass (B. inermis), and is doubtless equally valuable. Prof. .Jame.s Fletcher, who
has cultivated this grass at the experiment station at Ottawa, Canada, says,
"This is a very valuable grass, producing an abundance of leaves, continuing in
flower for a long time, and giving a heavy aftermath."

No. 56. Bromus racemosus Linn. Upright Chess.

An introduced annual, 1 to 3 feet high, with more or less spreading and nodding
panicles and smooth sjiikelets. This is a very common grass in cultivated lields
and waste places, and is often mistaken for Chess, from which it differs chiefly
in its narrower pauides and .straight awns, which are nearly as long as the

Fio. 21.— Chess {Bromiu seealinui).

Fig. 22.— Rescue-grass (Bromux xmioloides) .

flowering glumes. This grass has become very common in certain .sections, par-
ticularly in the South. A lield of it presents an attractive appearance, and the
hay produced is of good quality.

No. 57. Bromus secaliuus Linn. Chess; Cheat. (Fig. 21.)

A well-known, weedy, annual grass, introduced into this country many years ago,
and now common in grain fields and waste lauds. The panicle is spreading and
more or les.s drooping, and the awns of the flowering glumes are usually much
shorter than the glumes themselves and more or less fltjxuose. The idea that
Cheat or Chess is degenerated wheat has no foundation whatever in fact. Only
Cheat seeds will produce Cheat, and it is certain that wherever these plants
appear they were preceded by ( "heat seeds, which may have been introduced with
the grain sown, or brouglit by birds or animals from other lields. Cheat and
wheat are only remotely related; they belong to quite distinct tribes in the grass

25

It grows to the height

Fig. 23.— Buffalo-grass (Bul-
hilis dacti/loicleg) . a , female
plant; b, male plant.

family; wheat is less likely to change into cheat in a single generation than
into the more nearly allied oats, or than wheat is to change into barley, with
which it is very closely related.

No. 58. Bromus unioloides Willd. Rescue-grass. (Fig. 22.)

This Bromus, which is a native of South America, and probably also of the extreme

southwestern ijortion of the United States, is a strong-growing grass, with

rather broad, much flattened, usually bearded spikelets.

of 1 to 3 feet, and in the more vigorous plants the

branches of the nodding panicle are widely spreading.

It grows rapidly, seeds freely, and dies after seeding.

If, by frequent mowing or close grazing, it is prevented

from going to seed, its duration may be continued

over two or three years or more. If the seeds are

allowed to fall, as they frequently do when mature,

young plants soon appear, and a fairly continuous

growth of this grass may thus be maintained. In

many parts of the Southern States, where it has been

most cultivated, it has come to be regarded as one of

the best winter grasses, as it makes its chief growth

during the cooler months of the year. Sow in Augnst

or September, at the rate of 30 to 40 pounds to the acre.

No. 59 Bulbilis dactyloides (Nutt.) Eafin. Buffalo-
grass. (Fig. 23.)

This is the true Bnff'alo-grass of the Great Plains region,

which is reported to have been much more abundant and more widely distributed
in times past than it is at present. Now, however, it is known to extend from
the British Possessions southward into Texas, where it is considered an invalu-
able grass and one of the best constituents of sheep pastures. It has a low habit

of growth, rarely more than 5 or 6 inches high, and pro-
duces numerous creeping and widely spreading branches
or stolons, which root at the joints, each joint forming a
new tuft, and in this way the grass often covers large
areas with a close mat of fine-leafed herbage, which is
greatly relished by all grazing animals. As a winter for-
age, it is without an equal. The habit of growth of this
plant is very similar to that of Bermiula-grass, but the
stems and leaves are much finer and the turf formed more
compact. Live roots transplanted from Nebraska to the
grounds of the Department of Agriculture at Washing-
ton, D. C, have groAvn with remarkable vigor, and it may
be possible to utilize this most palatable and nutritious
grass in portions of the Eastern or Southern States.

No. 60. Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. Blue-
joint. (Fig. 24.)
A native grass common in the Northern and Northwestern
States, extending clear across the continent, usually
growing in moist meadows. The leafy stems are 3 to 5
feet high, and the open brown or purplish panicles have
some resemblance to those of Redtop. Occasionally it is
found occupying considerable areas to the exclusion of other grasses, and under
such conditions it yields a large amount of excellent hay, highly prized by farm-
ers and eaten with avidity by all farm stock. This grass grows naturally on low,
moist meadows, and has succeeded well under cultivation. In the northern por-
tion of the United States its more extended culture for hay is recommended.

Fk;. 24.— Blue-joint (Gal-
amagroetis canadensis).

26

No. 61. Calamagrostis cinnoides (Mulil.) Spreng. Reed Bentgra.ss.

A stout, reed-like grass, 3 to 5 feet bigh, not infrequent in low, moist grounds and
swamps, ranging from New England southward to Tennessee. No attemi)t&
have been made to cultivate it, and little is known of its agricultural value.
Probably of some use for low woodlands where grasses are desired for pasturage,
and if it will thriv^e in the open it would make a most excellent hay-grass for
low meadows.

No. 62. Calamagrostis hyperborea americana (Vasey) Kearu. Yellow-top.

A very common grass in low meadows and shady river banks throughout the North-
west. It artords a large amount of excellent hay if cut in proper season. A
good grass for cultivation in moist, sandy meadows.

No. 63. Calamagrostis neglecta(Ehrh.)Gaertn. Pony-
grass.

A rather slender, erect i)erennial, with narrow leaves,
and a contracted, densely flowered, brownish panicle,
3 to 6 inches long. A native of Northern Eurojie and
North America, ranging along our northern borders
from Newfoundland and Maine to tlie Pacific, being
most abundant in the Rocky Mountain region. Under
experimental cultivation it has succeeded well. It is
a productive grass, much liked by stock, especially
horses, and is deserving a place among the cultivated
species.

No. 64. Calamagrostis suksdorfii Scribn. Pine-grass.

A rather slender, erect grass, 2 to 3 feet high, with
smooth stems, narrow leaves, and contracted, usually
pale, straw-colored panicles. A common grass in the
Northwest, growing in low pine woods or on moist
mountain slopes. It is said to be one of the most
common grasses in Washington, and it presents all
the ([ualities of an excellent hay or pasture grass.

No. 65. Calamovilfa lougifolia (Hook) Scribn. Sand-
grass. (Fig. 2.5.)
A stout, long-leafed grass, 1 to 4 feet high, growing in
sands or sandy soil along the siiorcs of the (ireat
Lakes and iu the Missouri region of the West, ex-
tending southward to Kansas. Its very strong and
far-reaching rhizomes or creeping "roots" make this
an exceedingly valuable grass for binding drifting
sands, or those subject to wash by swift currents or
the beating of the waves. As a sand binder for interior regions of the country
this grass is probably unsurpassed. Its bmg, tough leaves suggest a possible
vahn- for jtajier making.

No. 66. Campulosus aromaticus (Walt.) Sdribn. Toothache-grass. (Fig. 2t!. )

A perennial grass with erect stems 3 to 4 feet high. Native of the Southern States
from Virginia southward, growing in the wet pine barrens, possessing no agri-
cultural value, liut rather cnrinus in ajtpearance. The strong rootstocks are
leuion-scented and have a pungent taste.

No. 67. Ceuclirus echinatus Linn. Cock-spur.

A rather stout annual, with branching culms 1 to 2 feet long, and dense heads or
spikes made n\> of 20 or more globul.ir, spiny burs containing the sj)ikel<'ts. It
is a weed of the fields and waste places of the Southern and .Southwestern States.

Fig. 25. — .-^aiul-jri-jms (Oalamo-
vilfa lumjifolia).

27

No. 68. Cenchrus tribuloides Linn. Saud-bur. (Fig. 27.)

A widely distributed grass growing in sandy soils along river bants, tie seasliore
and more or less scattered tbroughout tbe interior of tbe country in sandy dis-
tricts. It is one of tbe w orst of annual weeds wherever it becomes abundant.
The prostrate branching stems are 1 to 2 feet long ; tbe spikes are composed of
10 to 15 strongly spiny burs, which readily become detached and adhere to
passing objects. No pains should be spared in efforts to exterminate this grass
wherever it makes its appearance.

No. 69. Chaetochloa glauca (Linn.) Scribn. Yellow Foxtail. (Fig. 28.)
An erect annual, 1 to 2 feet high, with flat leaves, and a bristly, cylindrical, s])ike-
like, densely flowered panicle 1 to 3 inches long. Tliis grass is widely distrib-
uted throughout the tropical and warmer temperate regions of the world, grow-

FiG. 26. — Tooth ach(> - s v » s s
( Oainpvloiiu>i arotnaticus).

Fifi. 27.— Sand-bur {Cenehrus tribu-
loides).

Fig. 28.— Yellow
Foxtail (Chceto-
chloa glauca).

ing as a weed in cultivated grounds. It is especially common in the Southern
States, where it continues t<> bloom throughout the season, from June to Octo-
ber. It is distinguished from Seta^-ia viridis by its somewhat larger sjiikelets
and more widely spreading yellowish bristles.

No. 70. Chaetochloa italica (Linn.) Scribn. Millet; Hungarian-grass. (Fig. 30.)
This grass, in some of its varieties, has been cultivated in the East for many centu-
ries, and in some parts of India and Trans-Caucasia it still forms an important
article of food. Its culture extends back to an early date in Egypt, and in the
lake dwellings of the stone age it is found in such quantities that it must be
regarded as tbe main bread supply of the prehistoric peoples (Hackel). In
Europe and in this country it is cultivated to some extent for fodder and for the

28

Beed, the latter being used chiefly for fowls. It grows rapidly, and may he cnt
within sixty or sixty-live days from the time of sowing. If used for fodder, it
should he cut just as it begins to head, before blooming, for when more advanced
it is apt to be injurious to stock fed upon it. When cut in good season it is one
of the most valuable of soiling plants. German Millet, Cluvtochloa germanica
(fig. 29), is only a variety of ChwtocMoa italica, distinguished by its smaller,
more compact, and erect heads, the bristles of which are usually ])nrpli8h. Sow
2 to 8 pecks per acre for hay. One peck is sufficient when sown for seed.

No. 71. Chaetochloa magna (Griesb.) Scribn. Giant Millet. (PI. II.)

This native millet grows in swami)s along the coast from Florida to Delaware. The

leaves are very broad and long, and the stems are often 8 or 10 feet in height.

It is one of the most promising grasses for use in the reclamation of swampy

Fio. 29.— German Millet (Ohceto-
chloa germanica) .

Fia. 30.— Millet (Ohcetochloailalica).

lands along the foast. It has been giown successfully in the grass garden on
the Department grounds. A single plant, with much branched stems, is showu
in PI. II.

No. 72. Chaetochloa verticillata (Linn.) Scribn. Bristly Foxtail.

Has about the same wide distribution as Chittoihlua j/hinca, but is much less com-
mon in the United States. It is rarely found exce])t in waste town lots and
about dwellings in the Atlantic States. The bristles in this species are barbed
downward, on account of which the "heads" cling to clothing or other objects
with which they may come in contact. A weed.

No. 73. Chaetochloa viridis (Linn.) Scrilm. Green Foxtail.

Similar in hiibit to (luitoclduu (jlaiua, wilb about the same distribution, and eqn.ally
common in this country, appearing as a weed in all cultivated grounds. It

Bui. 14, Div. of Agrostology

Plate II.

Single Plant of native "Giant Millet" in Grass Garden of the U.
Department of Agriculture.

S.

29

begins to bloom <i little earlier than the Yellow Foxtail, the more numerous
spikelets are smaller, the head or panicle less erect, and the bristles usually
green, not 3"ellow, as in that species. The stems are very tough and may be
utilized for making paper.

No. 74. Chloris barbata Sw. Bearded Crowfoot.

This and the very similar C. elegans of our Southwestern States and Territories are
pleasing ornamental grasses, growing to the height of 1 to 2 feet, the main stem
and branches being terminated by 3 to 10 bearded spikes, which impart to them
a striking appearance and make them valuable ornamentals. C. poUjdactyla,
a West Indian sjiecies which has been found in southern Florida, is equally
attractive, and has longer and more graceful spikes. C. barhata appears to be
the only one generally cultivated, but there are several native species which
are quite as ornamental. C. gracilis,
a native of Central America and Mex-
ico, is another species occasionally
cultivated for ornament.

No. 75. Chloris glauca (Chapm.) Vasey.

Smooth Chloris. (Fig. 31.)
A strong-growing grass, with diffusely

spreading and ascending stems, 2 to

4 feet long, bearing 10 to 2.5 slender

terminal spikes. Native of Florida,

growing on brackish marshes and

along the borders of cypress swamps.

This is a handsome species, well de^

serving the attention of the florist

and although not at present recog-
nized as possessing any agricultural

value, it produces a large amount of

comparatively tender herbage and

may prove to be a desirable fodder

plant for certain localities along the

Gulf coast. It has made a good

growth under cultivation on clayey

soil at Washington, D. C.

No. 76. Chloris verticillata Nutt.
Windmill-grass.

A low, spreading perennial, with upright
lloworiug branches 6 to 20 inches high.
The small awned spikelets are in slen-
der spikes, which are crowded near the apex of the stems, and become widely-
spreading at maturity. This grass is common in many places in central Texas,
New Mexico, Arizona, northward to Kansas, and by some ie spoken of very highly
as an excellent grass for grazing, and one not easily tramped out. The arrange-
ment of the spikes gives the grass an odd and somewhat pleasing appearance, mak-
ing it of some use as an ornamental species for gardens. It is a good turf-former.

No. 77. Cinna ariindinacea Linn. Indian Reed.

A tall, leafy grass, 3 to 7 feet high, native and frequent in shaded swamps and damp
woods or along streams in wet meadows. For such places it may possess some
agricultural value, as it yields a large amount of excellent hay where growing
abundantly.

No. 78. Coix lacryma-jobi Linn. .Job's Tears.

This grass is a native of southern Asia, and is occasionally cultivated in this country

Fifi. 31. — Smooth Chloris (Chloris glauca).

30

for ornament or as a curiosity. It is cultivated for food by some of the hill tribes
of India, and supplies a staple article of diet of the Tankhul Nagas of Manipur.
The female dowers of this j^rass are inclosed in a nearly glolmlar, capsule-like
covering, Avhich is A'ery hard and becomes nearly -white with age. In some coun-
tries these capsules are used for dress ornanjentation and by the Catholics for
rosaries. In China this grass is cultivated 1o some extent, because the fruit is
believed to be valuable as a diuretic and antiphthisis. It is a hardy annual, 2 to
3 feet high, with broad leaves and a curious, nodding inflorescence. The "seeds"
may be obtained from any of the leading seedsmen.

No. 79. Cynodon dactylon Pers. Bermuda- grass. (Fig. 32. )

A grass widely dispersed over tlie tropical regions and warmer countries of the globe.
It has a creeping habit of growth, extending over the surface of the ground and

rooting at the joints. In poor soils the
leaves are short and the upright flowering
stems are only a few inclies high, but on
good land it grows to the height of 1 to 2
feet and yields a large amount of excellent
hay. It may be cut three or four times dur-
ing the season. In the Northern States it
does not aftord a profitable crop and Is of
little value for pasturage north of Virginia,
but in the Southern States and in the warm-
er regions of the Southwest and on the Paciflc
slope it is cultivated extensively and is most
highly prized, chiefly for grazing, all kinds
of stock being exceedingly fond of it. It
grows freely on sandy soils where other
grass<s will not thrive, and resists extreme
drought aud high temperatures. It is par-
ticularly a, sun-loving grass, and will not
thrive in the shade. It is useful for binding
drifting sands and the loose soil of embank-
ments or those subject to wash. It makes a
])leasing lawn grass, aud is extensively used
for this purpose in the liotter portions of
the United States, for it will thrive where
the grasses ordinarily employed for lawns
could not survive. The yield of hay under
good conditions is from 3 to 4 tons to the
acre, and as high as 10 tons to the acre have
been produced under jieculiarly i'avorable
circumstances. While this grass will sur-
vive the winters oC tlie latitude of I'hila-
deljihia, the leafage is very sensitive to cold and turns brown with the first
frosts. This fact renders it objectionable as a lawn grass, except in regions
where the winter season is very mild. In many portions of the Southern States
there is probably no grass ecpial to IJermuda for suuuuer ])a8ture8, aud none
which will better resist tlie tiampling of stock. Herniiida doj-s not mature seed
except in the extreme southern portion of our country, but seed obtained from
more southern latitudes is olVered for sale bt some of our leading seed dealers.
The most direct and certain method of jiropagatiou is by transjilanting, which
may be effected by cutting up Benuuda turf into small pieces, scattering these
along shallow furrows and covering them lightly. A\'lien once established, Ber-
muda grass is very persistent and didicult to eradicate, and it should not be
introduced upon land which is lik(^ly to be used for other crops. New York
catalogues «iuote the seed at !^1 to $1.25 per pound, retail. In the vicinity of

Fi(i. 32.

-JJerniuda-grass (Oynodon
dactylon).

31

Washington, D. C, Bermuda-grass is known as wire grass, and in Australia it
is called Couch-grass.

No. 80. Cynosurus cristatus Linn. Crested Dog's-tail. (Fig. 33).

A slightly tufted perennial grass, 1 to 2 feet high, with fine and chiefly radical
leaves. It is a native of Europe and is adapted to cultivation in moist, tem-
perate regions, and has been siiaringly introduced into this
country. On moist, rich land it is fairly productive, hut is
rarely sown alone, excepting for seed or the formation of
lawns, for which latter purpose it is well adapted, as it
forms an even and compact sward when thickly sown. It
is said to thrive well in the shade, a fact which gives it im-
portance to those having shaded lawns. It forms a good
hottom grass, has a highly nutritive A^alue, and is recom-
mended for all mixtures used for permanent pastures, espe-
cially in hilly regions. The mature stems of this grass are
amouir the most valuable of those used in the manufacture
of Leghorn hats. Number of seeds in a pound of pure seed
is about 1,127,000. Price of seed in New York, 40 to 60 cents

per jiound, or $7 to $12 per bushel of
21 pounds.

Fig. 33.-Crestert Dog's-
tail (Cynosurus cris-
tatus.)

No. 81. Dactylis glomerata Linn.
Orchard-grass. (Fig, 34.)

This is one of the best known and most
popular of our cultivated grasses.
It will grow well on any soil con-
taining a reasonable amount of fer-
tility, excepting that which is very
wet. It is a hardy grass and may
be grown successfully anywhere in
the United States, except in the ex-
treme South and iu the arid regions
of the West. It yields an abundant
crop of excellent hay, and may be
sown alone for this purpose, but
owing to its habit of forming tufts
or tussocks, the land should be

seeded heavily or the seeds should be mixed with other
kinds, to act as fillers or bottom grasses. It is a good
pasture grass, especially for opeu woodlands, and affords
excellent grazing earlier than almost any other species.
The aftermath is uneijualed in amount by any of the
grasses ordinarily cultivated for hay. When sown with
other grasses, the tendency of Orchard-grass to form tus-
socks is much diminished and the sward greatly improved.
Heavy rolling is also recommended for checking or pre-
venting the tufted growth which this grass naturally
assumes. By this operation the tufts are pressed down
to the level of the other grasses and the turf becomes
more uniform. In old, rich meadows of Orchard-grass
it is advisable to harrow iu the spring and afterwards use
the roller. Its best record of yield, made by Sinclair, Avas 27,905 pounds green,
11,859 pounds of hay, and 11,910 pounds of green aftermath per acre. Sow 3
to 4 bushels to the acre. The average number of grains in one pound of pure
seed is 579,500. Price of seed, as given in New York catalogues, $3 per bushel
pf 14 pounds. In England Orchard-grass is known as Cock's-foot.

fio 34 . — Orchard-grass
;( Dactylis glomerata) ■

32

No. 82. Dactylocteniumaegyptium (Linn.) Willd. Crowfoot-grass. (Fig. 35.)
This grass, which is a weed throughout all the warmer countries of the world, has
become quite common in some of the Southern States. It closely resembles the
more common Goose-grass or Duck's-grass {Eleusine indica), from which it dif-
fers chiefly in having the terminal spikes shorter and each tipped with a sharp
prolongation of the axis. It is usually found in cultivated fields, and often in
such abundance as to displace the less vigorous native sorts, and ia sometimes
cut for hay. In parts of \frica, where this grass is common, a decoction is pre-
pared from the seeds, which is used for iuflaramation of the kidneys. In Aus-
tralia it is valued for pasture. In ludia the grain is sometimes used for food
by the natives in times of scarcity. The Mohave Indians of California also use

the grain for food, grinding it and mak-
ing the flour into cakes or mush. (C. E.
Orcutt.)

No. 83. Danthonia compressa Austin.
Tennessee Oat-grass.

A slender, erect, tufted perennial, usually
growing to the height of about 2 feet,
with long and narrow root-leaves, and
few-flowered spreading panicles. It is a
common grass in the hilly regions of New
England and the Middle States, and ex-
tends southward into North Carolina and
Tennessee along the mountains, where
it forms the bulk of the forage of the
so-called "balds" or parks which are com-
mon to mountains in the South. It is
highly nutritious, as determined by
chemical analysis, as well as by its effect
upon the stock grazing upon it. It stands
well the trampling and grazing of both
horses and cattle, but sheep are too close
feeders, and where these range it soon
disappears.

No. 84. De8champBiacaespitosa(L.)Beauv.
Tufted Hair- grass.

A native perennial, ranging from New Eng-
land to Pennsylvania, and westward to
the Pacific Coast. It yields an inferior,
coarse, harsh forage, and is not eaten by
stock except when young. It has a record of producing 10,1'0!) pounds green
and 3,:U8 ix.unds dry hay per acre. .Johnson, in his work on British grasses,
says of the tendency of Tufted Hair-grass to form tussOcks: "In the economy
of nature these tufts, so unsightly and disfiguring to the landscape, are valuable
by contributing to elevate and solidify low lands liable to be overllowcd by
rivers, and where they occur on hill and mountain slopes, by binding the spongy
sqil and preventing the 8lii>8 which would leave tlieni bare." This grass is most
abundant in the Rocky Mountain region, whore it doubtless serves to a consid-
erable extent the purpose here mentioned. In England it is sometimes used by
the fiirmers to make door mats. In Germany it furnishes the "Lyme-grass"
used in upholstery. Price of the seed in New York, $22 per 100 pounds.

No. 85. Deschampsiaflexuosa (L.) Trin. Wood-Hair grass. (Fig. 36.)
A slender perennial grass, 1 to 2 feet high, with numerous very fine root-leaves and
a delicate capillary panicle. It grows in tufts like Deachamptiia caapitoaa, and is

Fig

35. — Crowfoot-grass ( Dacttfloctenivm
(vgypt'nna) .

33

more common in the Eastern States than that species, but is even less valuable
for meadows. It is, however, of some value for Avoodland pastures, as it will
grow very well iu the shade. It extends southward along the mountains into
North Carolina and Tennessee. Its range westward is limited. It has a record
of producing- 12,209 pounds of rowen and 3,318 of dry hay per acre. The price of
seed quoted iu New York catalogues is $15 pur 100 pounds.

No. 86. Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene. Salt-grass. (Fig. 37.)
An upright, wiry grass, 10 to 20 inches high, with strong, extensively creeping root-
stocks. Common along the coast on both sides of the continent, and abundant
in the alkaline regions of the interior, where it is often found covering consider-
able areas to the exclusion of other grasses. It thrives even iu ground heavily
crusted with alkali and other salts sufficient to destroy almost any other kind

Fig. 36.— Wood Hair-grass (Deschampsia

Jlexuosa).

Fig. 37.— Salt-grass ( Distichlis
spicata).

of vegetable growth. Prospectors and miners consider its presence a sure sign of
water near the surface, and when crossing the desert select spots where it grows
to dig for water (Orcutt). In fanning lands it is deemed a nuisance, for its
tough, matted roots make a sod almost impossible to break up with a plow.
Although sometimes eaten by stock in the absence of better sorts, it has little
agricultural value. It is a good grass for binding loose sands or soils subject
to wash.

No. 87. Eatonia obtusata (Michx.) Gray. Early Bunch-grass.

A tufted perennial, 1 to 2 feet high, with flat leaves and rather densely flowered
nodding panicles. This is a native species, growing usually in moist soil, and
ranging from New York to California and so>uthward. A tender grass, readily
eaten by stock, which, when abundant, supplies considerable native forage of
good quality.

4393— Eo. 14 3

34

No. 88. Eleusine coracana (L.) Ga-rtn. African Millet.

An erect auniuil grass, 2 to 4 feet high, closely related to and much resembling our
common crowfoot {Eleusine indica), but of rather stouter habit and with larger
spikes and seeds. It is cultivated in India, southern China, Japan, and in many
parts of Africa for the grain, which is used as food. It forms the principal food
of many African tribes. In spite of the bitter taste of the Hour, a kind of
bread or unleavened cake is made of it. Beer is brewed from the grain in
Abyssinia. Said to yield good crops, even on very poor soil, and may be culti-
vated in the same way and for the same purposes as millet. The seeds are
marked with very tine, comb-like lines.

No. 89. Eleusine indica (Linn.) Ga^rtn. Goose-grass. (Fig. 38.)
A coarse, tufted annual, with erect or spreading stems, 6 inches to 2 feet high ; spike-
lets arranged in a number of spikes which are clustered at the top of the stem.

This grass is distributed throughout
the warmer countries of the globe,
and is particularly abundant in the
Southern States, growing in culti-
vated grounds about dwellings, etc.
It has somewhat wiry, flattened
stems, many springing from a single
root, and rather thick leaves. Some
authors have spoken of it as being
nutritious and good for grazing or
soiling and for hay, but it is more
generally regarded as a weed, and
often a troublesome one in door-
yards or lawns.

No. 90. Elymus areuarius Linn. Sea
-Lyme-grass. (Fig. 39.)

A stout, coarse grass, 2 to 8 feet high,
with strong, creeping rootstocks,
smooth stems, long, rigid leaves, and
dense terminal spikes 6 to 12 inches
long. The spikelets are about an
inch long and three- to four-llowered.
This grass is common along the sea-
coast of northern Europe, our north
Atlantic coast, and on our Western
shores from Santa Cruz, Cal., north-
ward to within the Arctic zone. It
is one of the best grasses known for
))iuding the drifting sands of the
coast, and in northern Europe has been cultivated along with Beach-grass for this
jmrpose. These two gra.sses when eoiiibiiied seeiu admirably ada])ted for the pur-
po.sc of forming a barrier to the encroachuient ol' the sea ; the sand that Beach-
grass arrests and c(dlects about itself the Lymc^-grass secures and holds fast.
The seeds are used for food by the IMgger Indians of the Northwest, and as the
grass springs up around their deseited lodges it is called by the settlors "lianche-
riii'' grass. This J>yme-grass is usually regarded as possessing little or no forage
value, but in very moist climates or under certain favorable conditions it may
yield a valuable fodder, for w hen young the grass is tender and nutritious.

No. 91. Elymus canadensis J^inn. Wild Rye.

A rather stout, smooth ])crcnuial, 3 to 5 feet higli, with broad, llat leaves, (> to 12
iuilies long. The bearded spikelets are arranged in a terminal spike or " head,"
which has some resemblance to a head of rye. Common in low thickets and

Fiii. ;i».— Goo.se-gra8.s (Eleusine indica).

35

along streams in rich, open woods thronghout tbe country. In the Northwest
it is regarded as of some agricultural value; its cultivation is evidently worthy
of trial, for if it could be successfully grown its yield of hay would be large,
and, judging from appearances, the hay would be of good quality.

No. 92. Elymus condeusatus Presl. Giant Eye-grass.

The largest of the native Rye grasses, growing to the height of
5 to 10 feet. Common in the Eocky Mountain regions and
on the Pacific slope, usually growing along rivers or streams
the banks of which are protected and held together by the
strong, spreading rootstocks of the grass. This grass is
useful for holding the sand on railway banks, etc. When
young this grass makes excellent hay, and when allowed to
stand it affords a considerable amount of fodder for stock on
the winter ranges. The seeds are used for food by the Indians.

No. 93. Elymus macoimii Vasey. Maconn's Rye-grass.

A perennial grass, found (^uite abundantly in moist meadows,
in the gravelly foothills of the northern Eocky Mountains.
The culms are leafy, and this grass contributes cxuite
largely to the nati\e hay cut by the ranchers of the North-
west. It is apparently a very valuable species.

No. 94. Elymus mollis Triu. Soft Sea Lyme-grass.

A grass which closely resembles and has
the same habit of growth as Elymtis
arenarius. It is distinguished by
having the stem soft-downy just be-
low the head or spike and in having
five to seven flowered spikelets, the
outer glumes of which are broader
and five- to seven-nerved. This grass
occurs along the shores of the Great
Lakes and northward on both the
Atlantic and Pacific coasts.

No. 95. Elymus triticoides Xutt. Wild
Wheat.

Fig. 39.— Sea
grass (Ell/ in
nariui).

Lyme-

iis are-

r>y some this has been regarded as a small, reduced form of
Ehimiiv condensatu!^, mentioned above. It grows to the
height of 2 to 3 or 4: feet and is native of the Eocky Moun-
tain region and Pacific Slope, extending eastward nearly
to the Mississippi. While it is a grass of good appear-
ance and possibly of some agricultural value, no attemjits
have been made to cultivate it.

No. 96. Elymus virginicus Linn. Terrell-grass. (Fig. 40.)

The most common of our native species of Lyme-grass,
growing along streams, the borders of woods and thick-
ets, more rarely in the open ground. It is an erect,
smooth grass, 2 to 3 feet high, with rigid terminal spikes,
which are often partly included within the upper leaf-
sheath. This grass has the appearance of possessing some
agricultural value; it forms an inferior turf, and by the
time it blooms all the lower leaves are usually dead.
When young it doubtless possesses some value as a native pasture grass. In
Kansas, South Dakota, and Nebraska it is regarded a valuable grass for wood-
land pastures.

Fig. 40. — Terrell-gi-ass
(Elymus virjiiiiciis) .

36

No. 97. Epicampes rigens Benth. Deer-grass. (Fig. 41.)

A stout, erect grass, 3 to 4 leet Ligh, with rigid, wiry stems, and a very long, narrow,
densely llowered, spike-like panicle. This grass is not uncommon in Arizona,
southern California, and New Mexico, growing in sandy soil. It is regarded as

one of the best native dry-land grasses, and is closely
grazed wherever stock tan get at it. The roots of E})!-
campes mucroura — Mexican Broom-root or Mexican
Whisk — are used in making brushes and are exported
from Vera Cruz to Europe fof this purpose.
No. 98. Eragrostis abyssinica Link. Teft'.
A brauchiug. leafy annual, 2 to 1 feet high, with widely
spreading capillary panicles of many spikelets. This
grass grows readily from seed, wiiich is produced abund
antly, and it may be of some value for hay in parts of the
Sou til or Southwest. In northeastern Africa, when; the
grass is apparently native, the grain is extensively used
for food, l)eing made into
l)read, which possesses a
slight but agreeable acid
taste. There are two va-
rieties cultivated, a white
and a red variety, the for-
mer being much superior
to the latter and used only
by the higher classes. It
is sometimes grown in gar-
dens for the elegant pani-
cles, which are used in
bou(iuets. KviKjrosUti neo-
mexicana Vasey, with the
general habit of growth of
Teft", occurs in New Mex-
ico, si)ringiug up after
rains, particularly in the region about Doming,
1^ where it is called "Crab-grass." It is an annual,
growing to the height of 2 to 4 leet, with widely
spreading, many llowered panicles, and is largely
cut for hay.
No. 99. Eragrostis major Host. Stink-grass.

(Fig. 42.)
A rather showy. uuich-l>rauchcd annual, with erect or

Fig. 41.— Beer-grass [Epi-
cainpet riyens) .

asceiuling stems, (I inches to 2 or 3 feet liigh.

Fio. 42.— Stink-grass (Eragrostix

iiiajiir).

When fresh

This .species, which is a native of Europe, has
bcconu' widely distributed in this country, grow-
ing cliietly in cultivated or waste grounds, especially in light soils.
it emits a strong, unpleasant odor.

No. 100. Eragrostis obtusiflora (Fourn.) Scribn. Mexican Salt-grass.

A rigid perennial, 12 to 18 inches high, with strong and extensively scaly rootstocks,
stiff and sharp-pointed leaves, anil nujre or less sjireadiug i)auicles. Abundant
in the highly alkaline soils ol" Suli»hur Springs Valley, Arizona, where the large
rootstocks serve to bind the shifting sands. In the absence of other grasses it
is eaten by stoiik.

No. 101. Eragrostis pilosa ( Linn.) Hoauv. Slender Meadow-grass.

A slender l.raucliing annual, (I to 18 inches high, with narrow. Hat leaves and capil-

37

lary, open panicles. This grass is widely distributed throughout the subtropi-
cal aud warmer temperate regions of both hemispheres. In this country it has
received no attention or is regarded as little more than a w eed, but in Australia
and India it is spoken of as being an excellent fodder grass, and the seeds are
eaten by the natives of Ajmere, India.

No. 102. Eragrostis purshii Schrad. Southern Spear-grass.

A native annual, similar in appearance to Eragrostis pilosa, and growing in similar
situations. It is common from the Middle States southward, and extends south-
westward into Texas and Arizona, where it exists iu a great variety of forms.
It grows to the height of 1 to 2 feet. It is nowhere considered of any agricultural
importance.

No. 103. Erianthus ravennae Boauv. Plume-grass.

A stout grass growing to the height of 8 or 10 feet, with large and plume-like pani-
cles 10 to 20 inches long, resembling in some degree Pampas-grass.' t^ultivated
for lawn decoration, as is also the variety with variegated leaves. A nat'ive of
the Mediterraueau region. ^^>,;. \ ' ' ' :- ^^^

No. 104. Erianthus saccharoides Michx. Plume-OTiifS^ HEW YC;

A tall stout grass of striking .appearance, 4 to 6 feet higl>>s.wiya arrefldLsh i)r,8irvery-
white showy panicle from .5 to 10 inches long. This graJJSscaiijjes from Xew.Jer^
sey to Illinois and southward to the Gulf, growing in very wfei.;irlac<» «mjl,t5pen
swamps. Of no agricultural value, but deserves notice as an orntsj^^fal grass
for lawns and gardens.

No. 105. Eriochloa aristata Vasey. Mexican Everlasting-grass.

A branching leafy annual, 2 to 3 feet high ; native of Mexico. Seed of this grass was
obtained by the Dei»artment in 1888. It was cultivated in the grass garden
located at Starkville, Miss., by Prof. S. M. Tracy, who says that it is a much
more promising grass than E. annulata, more hardy, less injured by drought, aud
produces a heavier growth. It will make two good crops of hay annually in the
South, the best crop being from the second growth, which is ready to cut in
October. The grass produces an abundance of seed and reseeds itself, making
its production comparatively inexpensive.

No. 106. Eriochloa punctata (Linn.) Hamilt. Everlasting-grass.

A quick-growing, smooth, succulent perennial, 2 to 3 feet high, with flat leaves and
narrow panicles 2 to 4 inches long. Widely distributed within the tropical and
subtropical regions of both hennspheres. In Australia it is regarded as an excel-
lent pasture grass, lasting all the year round and well liked by stock. The seed,
which is produced abundantly, is easily gathered. This grass deserves the
attention of Southern dairymen. In Arizona it grows throughout the valleys
iu irrigated soil, or iu the rich moist places of the plains, yielding abundant
herbage eagerly sought by all kinds of stock.

No. 107. Eriocoma cuspidata Nutt. Indian Millet. (Fig. 43.)

A grass of rather striking appearance, 1 to 2 feet high, widely distributed through-
out the Rocky Mountain region from British America southward to Texas and
New Mexico, eastward to the Missouri, and Avestward to the Sierras of California.
It grows iu dry sandy soils, forming bunches of greater or less size, and from
this habit of growth it has been called, along with a number of other grasses,
"I'.unch-grass." It thrives iu soil too dry and sandy for the growth of most
other grasses, aud is much esteemed for grazing in the regions where it abounds.
In New Mexico this grass is by some deemed superior to grama, on account of
its large and nutritious seeds or grains, which are used by the Indians to some
extent for food.

38

No. 108. Enchlaena mexicana Rchrad. Teosinte. (Fig. 44.)

A stout, leiil'y, auuiuil gra.ss, N to 10 or 12 feet high, resemljling Indian corn, to which
it is hotauicallj" closely related. The variety 7s. Jnxiiridns, of the seed cata
logues, which has been cultivated in various parts of the South and West, has a
habit of tillering, or sending uji many — 20 to 50 — stalks from the same root
(Plate III, fig. 1). From this habit the bulk of fodder produced to the acre is
very large, probably uncqualed by any other grass. It is liked by all kinds of
stock, and has especial value as a green fodder when other forage is dried up.
It may l)e cut several times during the season, but nearly as good results will be
obtained from a single cutting, made before there is any frost. The stalks are
tender, and there is no waste in the fodder when dry or green. One pound of
seed to the acre, planted in drills 3 feet apart and thiimed to a foot apart in the
drill, is recommended. It is a native of the warmer portions of ilexico and

Central America. The seed rarely matures
north of southern Florida.

No. 109. Festuca duriuscula Lam . Hard Fescue.

A slender, densely tufted, perennial grass, 1 to 2
fe(!t high, with numerous very iine radical
leaves and open panicles. This is one of the

Fm. 43. — Indian Millii (Eriocoma cutpidata).

Fig. 44.— Teosinte (Euchlcena mexicana).

foiiiis of Slieep's Fescue, mid is of little value except in pastures. Its particular
merit lies in i.ts iibility to thrive on dry sandy soils uuli( for tlie growth of bet-
ter grasses, and it Avell resists long periods of summer drotight. It is well
ada))ted to the cooler and mountainous regions of our country, being a native
of the cooler temperate regions of both hemispheres. On well-manured, clayey
l:ind this Fescue has j)ioduccd upon :i single acre 18,37<! pounds of green hay at
tiiue of (lowering, and 8,2()!) pounds of hay besides 10,029 pounds of aftermath. It
possesses some value as ;i lawn gr.-iss, bul if used for this ])uri)ose it should be
sown thickly and unmixed with other sorts. Sow 2\ to ;{ bushels to the acre.
Price of seed in New York market, $16 to $18 per 100 pounds.

No. 110. Festuca elatior Linn. Tall, or ^leadow Fescue.

Tliis grass has been widely cultiyated in this country, having been introduced from
Europe, and lias become thoroughly naturalized. Ti is an exceedingly valuable

Bui. 14, Div. of Agrostology.

Plate III.

Fig. 1.— Young Plants of Teosinte in Grass Garden of the U. S. Department of

Agriculture.

Fig. 2. — Reed Canary Grass in Grass Garden of the U. S. Department of

Agriculture.

39

grass lithcr for mowing or pasture. It is productive on soils which are not too
dry, and, heiug of long duration, is especially valuable for permanent pastures.
It thrives best on moist soils rich in humus, whether marls or clays. The variety
jjraten-sis, or Meadow Fescue, is a common form, rather smaller than the species,
with a narrower and fewer-flowered panicle. Variety arundhiacea, or Reed
Fescue (tig. 4.5), is a very vigorous, tall form, 3 to 4 feet high, exceedingly hardy,
and yields a very large amount of hay of excellent (luality, succeeding best on
lands that are comparatively moist. The seed of Meadow Fescue is quoted in
some of the New York catalogues at $3. .50 per
bushel or $22 per 100 pounds. A bushel weighs
about 14 pouuds.

No. 111. Festuca heterophylla Laui. Various-
leafed Fescue.
A rather slender European grass, 2 to 4 feet high,

with very narrow (setaceous) root-leaves, and

narrow but flat culm leaves. It is a perennial,

closely related to Creeping Fescue, of which it

has been made a variety by some authors. The

panicle is comparatively large, open and nod-
ding at the apex. It is a species pieferring a

rather mild climate, and grows naturally in open

woodlands or along their borders. It makes its

best growth on low-lying lands which are not

too dry, but npou good soil it withstands pro-
tracted periods of drought very well. Owing to

the great jiroduction of flne root leaves, this

species makes a good liottom grass, and as these

leaves are quite soft the grass is well adapted

for lawns, and is particularly recommended for

those which are too much shaded for the suc-
cessful growth of other lawn grasses. It is an

excellent grass, also, for woodland parks where

the soil is not sandy. European authorities

have classed it with the best forage plants. It

is little known in this country, but the seed is

offered for sale by our leading seedsmen, the

retail ]irice being from $2.75 to $3 per bushel of

about 14 pouuds. j-iq 45

No. 112. Festuca kingii (S.Wats.) Scribn. King's
Fescue.

A tall dio'cious bunch grass, common in the foothills and canyons of Colorado and
Montana. It is a very robust species, and supplies a large amount of good
though coarse winter forage. Growing naturally at an elevation of 7,000 to
8,000 feet, it might prove valuable in cultivation in similar localities.

No. 113. Festuca ovina Linn. Sheep's Fescue.

Sheep's Fescue exists in many varieties in the Northwestern States, especially in the
Rocky Mountain region. Some of these varieties attain the height of 2 or 3 feet,
but for the most part they are rarely more than a foot high, producing a large
amount of fine herbage, which is valuable for grazing, especially for sheep.
Some of the native varieties are well worthy the attention of the agriculturist.
All the forms of Festuca oriiia are "bunch-grasses," and are devoid of the creep-
ing roots, the presence of which distingui-shes the Red Fescue {Festuca rubra)
from this species. Sheep's Fescue is well adapted for cultivation on light, dry
soils, especially those which are shallow and silicious. Although a native of
this country, our seed supply comes mostly, if not entirely, from Europe, where

-lieed Fescue (Festuca da-
tior aiundinacea).

40

the grass is also native. Sow 2i to 3 1)nsbel8 per acre. The weight of a bushel
of seed is about 14 poniids. Price per bushel, $2.25 to $2.75 iu New York.

No. 114. Festuca rubra Linu. Red Fescue.

This grass grows aloug the Atlantic coast of the New England and Middle States,
and in the Northern States, extending westward to the Pacific. Like Feslma
oviva, it presents many forms, but in some respects is superior to that species, as
by its creeping rhizomes it will form a compact and durable
^^ turf. On account of this haldt of growth, it is a useful

grass for binding moving sands along the seacoast, or cov-
ering gravelly banks and dry slopes. In Germany, Red
Fescue is regarded as one of the most valuable grasses for
,wr dry, sandy meadows. Owing to the great production of fine

root leaves, this species makes a good bottom grass, and as
these leaves are quite soft the grass is well adapted for
lawns, and is jiarticularly recommended for those which are
too much shaded for the successful growth of other lawn
grasses. It is an excellent grass also for woodland parks
where the soil is not sandy, European authorities have
classed it with th(^ best forage plants. It is little known in
this country, but the seed is offered for sale by our leading
seedsmen, the retail price being from $2.50 to $3 per bushel
of about 14 pouiuls. A variety, F. rultra f/lancescetis Hack,
(fig. 46), is the best pasture grass in the mountain meadows
of North Carolina and East
Tennes.see.

No. 115. Festuca scabrella Torr.

r;re;it Hunch-grass. (Fig. 17.)

A strong iierenuial, growing in

large tufts or bunches 1 to 3

or 4 feet high. A native of

the Rocky Mountain regions,

extending from Colorado

northward and westward to

California and Oregon. It

often occupies extensive

mountain parks, to the ex-
clusion of other grasses, where it affords excellent
grazing. It may be cut for hay, of which it fur-
nishes a large amount, excellent in (juality, espe-
cially for horses. It is one of the best grasses for
Aviuter stock ranges. In the Norfliwesf, particu-
larly in fhe Rocky Mountain region, there are
many native species of the genus Fvsinca which
are well deserving the attention of stockmen and
farmers.

No. 116. Festuca tenuifolia Sibth. Slender Fescue.

A low and fin<!-lcafed grass, in habit of growth resem-
bling Fentuca uviiiti, of which it is reg.irded as
only a vaiiety by nu)8t authors. It has no special yxn 47
agricultural value, but will grow in dry iiud
comparatively sterile soil. Its One, h.iii-iike

leaves and densely cespitose hiibit of growth reinler it a gnod lawn gi'ass when
properly treated, especially for shady places, and it is also a good i)lant for
edgings.

Fin. 4C. — Tenne.saee
Fescue {Fegtuca ru-
bra (jlaucesceng) .

-dreat Hiiiicligra.ss (Fe.9.
tnca scabrella).

41

No. 117. Foiiniiera mexicana Scribn. Mexican Lawn-grass.

A low, extensively creeping grass that grows in tlie mountain valleys of western

Mexico. Stock cat it with avidity. An excellent lawn and pasture grass for

suhtropical regions.

No. 118. Gynerium argenteum Noes. Pampas-grass.

A stout perennial, 8 to 12 feet high, with mostly radical, narrow leaves .3 to 6 feet
long, and showy, silvexy white or rose-red panicles 1.5 to 30 inches long. A much-
prized ornamental for lawn decoration. The handsome panicles are used for
dry bouquets. Growing Pampas plumes is an important industry in some parts
of California. These plumes or
panicles are cut when exposed only
a few inches from the leaf sheath,
then dried, and don(' up into bun-
dles for shiimient. Pampas-grass
is a nativ<' of southern P.razil and
Argentina, and there the long
leaves are used for paper making,
and a decoction of the rhizome is
used as a diuretic. G, roseitm is a
horticultural variety, with pale,
rose-colored plumes. G.variegatum
is a form with variegated leaves.

No. 119. Hilaria cenchroides HBK.

Curly Mesquit. (Fig. 48.)

A delicate perennial with slender,
creeping stems, the upright, leafy
shoots a few inches to nearly a foot
high. This is one of the most val-
uable of tlie grasses of the dry
plains and mesas of the Southwest.
It foruis a dense, green sward, and
in habit of growth closely resem-
bles the true Buftalo-grass. It has
the Iiabit of creeping over the
ground and rooting at the joints
of the stems, from which sjiring
leafy branches that in turn reacli
out for other places in which to
take root. It makes a thick mat
of leafy turf during the sunmicr,
matures on its roots, and in the fall
and winter, when not rotted by
late rains, aftords excellent pastur-
age for all classes of stock. No

grass stands the long drj^ spells to which the Southwest is periodically subject
better than the Curly Mesquit. At such times it dries up and appears dead,
but in a few hours after a warju rain it becomes green to the end of the smallest
brandies. It is best proi)agaied by transplanting the runners. Seed is produced
in abundance, but is both difficult to harvest and of rather uncertain vitality.

No. 120. Hilaria mutica Benth. Black Bunch-grass.

This is a rather coarse perennial, with creeping rootstocks, and stems 12 to 18 inches
high. It is common on the dry mesas of New Mexico and Arizona, extending
eastward into Texas and Indian Teriitory. Where abundant it is regarded as
one of the most valuable native grasses and furnishes excellent pasturage at all

Fk;. 48.— Curly Mesquit (Hilaria cenchroides) ; a,
group of sjjikelets; 6,spikelet; c, d, florets.

42

times when not covered with snow, and is frequently cut for hay. It forms
dense jjatches of greater or less extent on hillsides, mesas, and plains. It is also
called "Black grama," and is largely g.ithered for hay, being uprooted with a
hoe. (Pringle.)

No. 121. Hilaria rigida (Thurb.) Scribn. Galleta. (Fig. 49.)

In the driest regions of southern California and Ari-
zona, growing in the deserts where other grasses
are rarely seen. It has coarse, much branched,
and woody stems, 2 feet high or more, growing in
great clumps, resembling in its habit some; of the
dwarf bamboos. The stems and leaf sheaths are
clothed with a dense, white-matted pubescence,
which gives to the grass a peculiarly striking
appearance. In the regions where it grows it is
regarded as valuable forage for pack animals and
mules, there being little other vegetation which
they can eat. Without this grass miners and
prospectors would lind great difliculty in travers-
ing the arid mountain and desert regions of the
Southwest, since scarcely any other forage plants
occur in the districts oc-
cupied by it (Orcntt).
The Hilarias, of which
we liave four species,
are grasses peculiarly
adapted for growth in
the drier lands of the
S o n t h \v c s t , and al-
though they are, with
the exception of Hilaria
cenchroides, wiry and
tough, the forage they
att'ord is very accept-
able in the absence of
more succulent plants.

Pin. 40.— Galleta {Tlilaria rigida).

No. 122. Holcuslanatus T.inn. Velvet-grass. (Fig. 50.)

A perennial, 1 to 2 feet high, with a creeping rootstock, and
stems and leaves clothed all over with a soft, whitish
pubescence. Tliis grass has been introduced into this
country from Europe, and has become naturalized in
many ])laces. It possesses little nutritive value, and
is not well liked by stock, particularly horses. It
pdsscsscs some value, however, on peaty or sandy soils
where the better grasses will not grow. Its cultiva-
tion, however, is not recommended. It is entirely
uusuited (or lawns.

No. 123. Holcus mollis Linu.

Fig. 50.— Velvet-grass (Hoi-

c%is lanatni).

Creeping Soft-grass.

Clcsely allied to Velvet-grass, and said to be similarly

well adapted to light, san<ly forest lands. It is occasionally found in the East-
ern States, the. seed having been introduced with that oC otlier grasses from
Europe, as both llohux moUin and IIolciin latiatiis are often used to adulterate
the seeds of more expensive grasses, especially the so-called prepared mixtures

43

of seedsmen. In Germany this grass is used on railway embankments, where
on the poor, thin soil its strong, cr('ei)ing roots form a turf which holds the
earth together, thus preventing it from being washed or blown away.

No. 124. Hordeixm jubatum Linn. Sqnirrel-tail-grass. (Fig. 51.)
A rather slender annual or biennial, usually about a foot high, growing along the
sandy seashore, borders of the Great Lakes, and in the alkaline regions of the
West. The long, slender awns of the glumes are widely spreading, and the head
or spike is thus given the appearance of the "brush" of tlie fox, hence the com-
mon name, ''foxtail." This grass is sometimes recouunended for cultivation for
ornament, and if the tops are cut«off before the awns have expanded they may
be used for dry bouquets; but the heads soon break np, and for this reason the
ffrass is of little value even for ornament. It
has no agricultural value, and, in fact, where
it has spread in the West, as it often does along
the irrigating ditches, it becomes a serious
pest. Hay containing this squirrel-grass is
considered nearly valueless. The sharp-pointed
joints of the spike, each with several long and
slender l)eards, stick fast in the nose and
mouth of hoi-ses and cattle, often penetrating
the flesh, and cases are reported where they
have caused the death of these animals.

No. 125. Hordeumniurinuni Linn. Wall Barley.

A coarse, tufted annual, 6 inches to 2 feet high, with
dense aiid somewhat (lattened, bearded spikes
2 to 4 inches long The beards or barbed awns
are 1 to lA inches long and rather rigid. This
grass IS a native of Europe, and has been intro-
duced along the Pacilic Coast, particularly in
California, where it has become a serious pest.
At maturity the head or spike readily breaks
np, and the groups of spikelets, which are sharp
pointed at the base, adhere to almost any pass-
ing object; they work up the nostrils of cattle
and into the fleece of sheep, .and may do in-
jury to the animals in much the same way as
the native Hordcum juhatum.

No. 126. Hordeum sativum . lessen. Barley.

Cultivated barley presents many varieties, pri-
marily divided into two-rowed, four-rowed,
and six-rowed races. The varieties under these

races are based upon the varied characters presented by the head, beards, or grain.
All appear to h.ave originated from Hordeum spontaneiim Koch, which grows wild
in the countries of southwestern Asia. Six-rowed barley has been in cultivation
since prehistoric times in southern Europe ; two-rowed barley is now largely cul-
tivated in England and central Europe. The four-rowed barleys are of later
origin than the others, and are most generally cultivated in northern Euroije and
in this country. The barley crop of the United States for 1895 was 87,072,744
bushels, of which amount six States produced over 73,000,000 bushels, California
leading with 19,023,678 bushels. Barley is the most important cereal of the far
north, some of the varieties being cultivated in Norway to latitude 70'-'. It is
employed in making bread also in northern Asia and Japan. Barley soup is an
article of diet in central Europe. From naked barley {Hordeum decorticatum) a

Fig. 51. — Squirrel-tail-gr.iss (Hordeum
jvbatum).

44

innciliiginons tea is prepared, used in medicine. The grain is largely fed to
horses, both in tliis tonntry .md in Europe, hut the chief nso is for brewing beer.
"Brewers grains," a by-product, both wet and dry, are fed to cattle, chiefly iu
the vicinity of breweries.

No. 127. Hydrocliloa carolinensis Beaux-. Floating-grass.

A slender aquatic grass of the Gulf States, growing along muddy banks and In
shallow streams. The stems are often 2 feet or more in ItMigth, and in sliallow
water their summits apjiear above the surface, wliile in water of greater depth

the uppermost loaves are
floating. The tender
stems and loaves are eat-
en by stock, and may af-
ford some food for water-
fowl.

No. 128. Imperata arundi-
nacea C'yrill. Blady-grass.
A sand and soil binder com-
mon throughout the
warmer temperate and
tropical regions of both
hemisi^heres. It is a
stout, erect, leafy grass,
1 to .3 foot high, with sil-
very-white spike-like
panicles. The rootstocks
form a perfect network
of strong fibers, ,ind in
warm conntries tlie grass
is recommended for bind-
ing river banks, the sides
of dams, and the loose
sands of the coast. This
grass is easily propagated
by root cuttings, and
might be utilized along
the Gulf Coast or along
the Lower Mississippi in
strengtliening the h'voes.
In tlic Malay Arcliipelago
this Imperata is the prin-
tii)al grass of the Alang
Alang iiclds, and is used
by the natives for thatch-
ing roofs. Cattle eat it when young with apparent relish, and in Bengal it
forms a very large porti()u ol" the jiasturagc. Tlic Tclingas make use of it in
their marriage cennnouifs. In western Texas and Arizona there is a native
species, Imperata hooleri (fig. .'32), very much like the one above described, iu
ap]»carain<' and liabit of growth. It grows nalinally around tlic borders of
aikaliiie S)iritigs.

No. 129. Isachue aiistralis !»'. lir. Swamp Millet.

A slender grass, creeiiing at the base, the ujiiight sti^ms 1 to 2 feet higli, witli loose,
open ])anicles of very small spikelets. It is a native of southern .\si.a and Aus-
tralia, generally found growing along the sides of streams and on swampy
ground. It is said tn be liked by rattle, and Mr. I'red Turner reeonnuends it

Fio. 52. — Tmpfrnta hookeri : a to ti. dot.iils of sitikclef .

45

for planting- on the banks of rivers or dams to protect tlicra from injury l)y heavy
rains or floods. The underground stems and roots qniclvly form a perfect mat
in the soil, and when once established they make a very firm turf. The grass
may be propagated by seeds or pieces of the root.

No. 130. Koeleria cristata (Linn.) Pers. Prairie June-grass.

This is a common grass upon the open meadows and plains of the Central and "West-
ern States, and extends beyond the Pocky Mountains to the Pacific Coast. It is
one of the " bunch-grasses " of the plains region, where it is generally associated
with the more common Bunch-grass, Foa hucldeyana. On the dry bench lauds
it is seldom over a foot high,
but in irrigated ground grows
to the height of 2 feet or more,
and makes excellent hay. Its
cultivation is not to be recom-
mended where better grasses
may be had. However, it pos-
sesses some value for furnishing
early forage, and might be used
in reseediug the native pas-
tures.

No. 131. Lamarckia aurea
Moench. Golden-top.

A low annual, 3 to 12 inches high,
with flat leaves and elegant
one-sided panicles 2 to 3 inches
long. This very attractive and
favorite ornamental grass is a
native of southern Europe and
southwestern Asia. It is fre-
quently cultivated in gardens,
and is a pleasing grass for edg-
ings. It has escaped from cul-
tivation in southern California,
and has become apparently
spontaneous there.

No. 132. Lolium italicum A. l!r.
Italian Rye-grass. (Fig. 53.)

A well-known and excellent grass
for rich and rather moist lands,
particularly for the Eastern
States. It is a very rapid grow-
er, forms a dense turf, and in
Eurojje, whence the grass w as

introduced into this country, it is regarded as one of the best hay grasses. On
stifi', heavy clays or on very dry soil it does not do well; but on good, calcare-
ous loams or marls, or on moist, loamy sands, where the soil is in good condi-
tion, it is very productive, and no other grass repays manuring so well. It is
not recommended for permanent pastures, as its duration is only two or three
years, but it is a most excellent species for tem])orary meadows. Few grasses
develop more rapidly than this, and where the soil is rich and its fertility
maintained by applications of liquid manure, cuttings may be obtained within
three or four weeks from seeding, and at intervals of a month or six weeks
successive crops may be harvested. Owing to its succulent character and rapid
growth, this makes one of the best grasses for soiling. Italian Rye-grass is at

Fi(i. 53.— Italiiiu Kyc-grass (Lolhim italicum): a, spike-
let; h, c, florets; rf, e, caryopsis.

46

once distinguished from any of the forms of perennial Rye-grass hy its awned
or bearded spikelets. Adulterations of the seed of Italian Rye-grass are rare,
owing to its relative cheapness. The average purity of commercial seed is 95 per
cent, while the germinative power is 70 per cent. The germinative power dimin-
ishes rapidly with the age of the seed. One pound of seed contains on an average
285,000 grains, and the weight jier bushel varies, according to the quality, from 16
to 24 pounds. Thiee l)U8hel8 of seed of average quality are reijuired for sowing
an acre of land. The current price in the New York market is $10 jier 100 pounds.

No. 133. LoUum pereniie Linn. Perennial Rye-grass.

Perennial Kye-grass has l)een cultivated iu England for more than 200 years, and is
therefore one of the oldest if not the very lirst grass gathered and cultivated

separately for agricultural purposes. It is indig-
enous to Europe, North Africa, and western Asia,
and was many years ago introduced into this
country from England. Here it has never been
so highly esteemed as in England, where the soil
and climate appear to be especially well adapted
to its growth. Moist and rich loams or clays are
the soils best suited to it, as with Italian Rye-
grass, it responds promptly to the application of
quick manures. For pastures on hea\y soils in
moist climates it is especially valuable, and under
such conditions is largely used iu mixtures for
permanent pastures. It is a good hay grass where
the conditions are favorable, l)ut in this country
will never be so highly esteemed as Timothy.
There are several Aarieties of jierennial Rye-grass
recognized by agriculturists. Pacey's Perennial,
a vigoious form, is one of these. The average pu-
rity of ])erennial Kye-grass seed is given at 95 per
cent, and the germinative power at 75 per cent.
Good commercial seed should grade higher tiiau
this. One pound of pure seed contains on an aver-
age 33(5,800 grains. Of course, where the seeds are
larger and heavier, this number would be consid-
erably less. The best seed weighs from 25 to 35
pounds per bushel, and 2 to 3 bushels of seed are
re(|uired per acre. The current retail price of
good seed is tS i)er 100 pounds.

No. 134. Lolium temulentuni Linn. L>arnel.

An annual grass, 2 to 3 feet higii, having a general re-
semblance to Italian Rye-grass, but usually stouter, more strictly erect, with
longer glumes and larger seeds. It has been introduced into tills country with
the seeds of other grasses, and is occasionally met with in grain lields and
about dwellings. The grain contains a narcotic or jiolsonous principle, whi<h
causes eruptions, trembling, and vertigo In man and llesh-eatiug animals. If
the seeds are malted with barley, the ale causes intoxication very suddenly. It
is contemled by some that perfectly healthy Darnel .seeds are innocuous — that
only grains which are crgotized or otherwise diseased arc injurious.

No. 135. Mauisuris. Rat-tail-grass.

The native species oiWaniauria are branching, leafy perennials, with slender, cylin-
drical, many-jointed H])lkes, which readily bn'ak up. They are I'oninl cliiclly in
tiie pine-barren swamps of the (Julf States. They are of little agricultural value
iu this country. Manisuris conqireasa, a native of southern Asia, south Africa,

Fig. 54. — I'erennial Rye-grans
( Lidlmti jxrennc).

47

and Australia, ^'here it is called Mat-grass, has creeping or ascending flattened
stems, rather short leaves, and slend<'r spikes. In some parts of Australia it is
hi<Thly esteemed for pasturage, and is said to retain its greenness tbronghout
the year in drj^ climates. It is not injured by light frosts. The prostrate stems
sometimes attain a length of 5 or (i feet. A closely related
species, M. fascicuJata, occurs on tlie lower Rio Grande.

No. 136. Melinis minutiflora Beanv. Molasses-grass.

A sweet and highly nutritious species, and the most esteemed
of the grasses of central Brazil, where it is native, grow-
ing upon the hills and dry lands. It is regaided a most
excellent grass for dairy cows, and deserves a trial in the
Southern and Southwestern States and California. The
Brazilian names for this grass are "Cainm mellado" and
"Cajrim gordura." The English name given above is a
translation of these. This species occurs also in Ascension
Island, Natal, and Madagascar.

No. 137. Muhleubergia diffusa Schreb. Nimble Will.

(Fig. 550
A low, slender, diffusely branched grass groAviug on dry hills,

in woods, and especially in shady,

waste grounds about dwellings.

The leafy, Aviry stems, which are

from 6 to 18 inches long, s])ring

from extensively creeping and

rather tough rhizomes, which make

a turf very difficult to break up.

When young, this grass is readily

eaten l)y all kinds of stock, but

after it matures it is so tough that

few animals will touch it. It pos-
sesses really very little agricultural

value, and some look upon it rather

as a weed. It is a native from

southern New England to lowa^
Michigan, and southward, blooming in the latter part of
summer.

No. 138. Muhleubergia distichophylla Kth. Bearded

Saccaton.
This is a strong, tirmly rooted grass, 3 to 4 feet high, with

rather lonu' and rieid kavos, and a narrow panicle often

exceeding a foot in length. It is frecjuent in the ricli

valleys in Arizona and New Mexico, and on rich bottom

lands it is often cut for hay. It is a coarse grass, like

SjJoroboliis icrighiii, and by the settlers is classed with

it imder the general name of Saccaton. In Arizona it

forms the more common " hay" that one finds in the towns

and way stations, being pulled by the Mexicans or Indi-
ans and brought in on the backs of donkeys or on carts.

There are many species of Multlenbergia in the south

western part of the United States and northern Mexico.

and doubtless many of them are of considerable agricultural value. Muhlenhergia

rirescens is a soft and leafy species growing in clumps on the higher slopes of the

mountains in Arizona, and with Foa fendleriana forms the chief herbage of the

so-called ''deer parks" of the mountains. (Pringle.)

Fm. 55.— Niiiil)le wm
(Muhlenhergia dif-
fusa).

Fig. 56. — Knot root irntsa
(Muhlenhergia mexi-
cana).

48

No. 139. Muhlenbergia mexicana (Linn.) Trin. Knot-root grass. (Fig. 56.)

A much-branched, leafy perennial, 2 to 3 feet bigli, with strong, scaly, creeping root-
stocks, whirli often do good service in binding river banks, along which this
grass freiiuently grows. In the Northeastern States this grass is common in low
meadows, where it occasionally forms a considerable proportion of the native
hay of such placi's. If cut before the stems liave become woody, which they do
after dowering, the liay produced is of good (juality. It ranges from New Eng-
land southward to the Gulf and westward to the Kooky Mountains. In the
Eastern States It blooms in August.

No. 140. Muhlenbergia porteri Scribn. Wire grama.

This grass is a native of Xew Mexico and Arizona, growing
on the dry mesas and table-lands. It has a straggling
habit of growth. The stems are 1 to 2 feet long, much
branched, and often matted together. It furnishes ex-
cellent feed for cattle in tlie regions where it grows,
and yields good hay, which is har\ ested in considerable
abundance by the ranchmen. It withstands drought
very well, but is soon run out under the continued
trampling of cattle.

No. 141. Muhlenbergia pungens Thuib. Blow-out grass.

A rather rigid perennial, 12 to l!^ inches high, with linn
shar|[)-pointed leaves and open panicles. It has strong,
creeping roots, and often does good service as a sand
binder. In tlie sand-hills region of Nebraska it grows
abundantly around the borders of the so-called "blow-
outs,"' preventing their extension and assisting mate-
rially in restoring the turf. In some parts of Arizona
where it occurs it is esteemed a valual)l<; forage plant.
It grows from Nebraska southward to New Jlexico and
Arizona, and along the Colorado River above Fort Yuma.

No. 142. Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) B. S. P. Wild

Timothy. (Fig. 57.)
An upright, usually sparingly l)ranched perennial, 2 to 3
feet high, with densely ilowered, narrow panicles 2 to
1 inches long, often resembling those of timothy. The
rootstocks are very tough, and closely covered with
thickened scales. It fre(iuents bogs and low grounds
from Now England westward to the Rocky Mountains,
extending southward to Tennessee, New Mexico, and
Texas. It is little prized in the East, but in the Northwestern States is recom-
mendt^d as an excellent grass for hay.

No. 143. Opizia stolonifera I'resl. Mexican Lawn-grass.

An extensively creeping, dio-cious grass, the very slender, ])r()strate stems sending
ui> leafy tutts 1 to 4 inches high. Similar in habit to Bermuda, but more deli-
cate. According to Dr. E. Palmer, this is one of the most important grasses of
M(!xico. Growing close tn tin' ground, it forms a tlii<k sod ovei- all exposed sur-
facis, even over the cobblestones in the streets of towns. It is used in the public
8i[uarc8 with good effect. By regular watering it is easily kejtt green, and but
little cutting is neeessarj'. The seed isilillicult to obtain, owing to th(^ constant
nibbling of domestic animals. I'ropagatiou by cuttings of the rooting, i)ros-
trate stems is ](roba])ly the best method. Trials with this grass ought to be
undertaken in the Southern States, both for lawns and pastures.

Fi(i. 57. — Wild Timothy
( Miililenberjia raceinosa.)

49

No. 144. Oplismenus setarius R. & S. Creeping Beard-grass.

A slender perennial of the Gulf States, with decumbent or creeping stems, and short
and rather broad leaves. It possesses no recognized agricultural value, but as it
grows naturally under the dense shade of trees it might be used for covering the
ground in shady places where other grasses will not thrive. It can be propagated
by pieces of the stem, which root at the joints, and if eared for, will in a short
time make a good turf. A closely allied grass of similar habit of growth, with
variegated leaves, is often grown in greenhouses for its ornamental appearance.

No. 145. Oryza sativa Linn. Rice.

A tropical or subtropical, semiaquatic grass, the grain of which is the staple food of
one-third of the human race. It is most extensively cultivated in southern Asia,
China, and Japan. The annual produce of these countries is estimated at
100,000,000 tons. The rice-growing districts of China support the densest popu-
lation in the world. In .this country rice is cultivated in the States of South
Carolina, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. The estimate of the crop of cleaned
rice produced in Louisiana in 1895 was 82,436,832 pounds. " Paddy" is the grain
in the husk. There are many varieties of rice, distinguished by color or size of
the grain, absence or presence of beards, etc. There are two classes known as
"lowland rice" and "upland rice." The latter is cultivated to some extent in
western Tennessee. Rice straw is used for making paper.

No. 146. Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx. Mountain Rice.

A perennial, 6 to 18 inches high, with very long basal leaves overtopping the stems.
Thisgrowsinrich, open woods, upon hillsides, fromNew England to Minnesota and
northward. It is one of the early blooming species, llowering in May and ripen-
ing its seed in June and July. The leaves remain green throughout the winter.

No. 147. Oryzopsis melaiiocarpa Muhl. Black-fruited Mountain Rice.

A rather stout, long- and broad-leafed grass, 2 to 3 feet high, with a simple panicle
of a few rather large spikelets. Grows in rich, rocky woods from New England
southward to Pennsylvania and westward to the Rocky Mountains, blooming in
July and August. These species of Oryzopsis have no recognized agricultural
value, but they are very hardy perennials and might be propagated .o advantage
in woodland parks.

No. 148. Oryzopsis micrautha Thurb. Small Indian Millet.

A perennial, quite widely distributed throughout the central and western counties
of the Dakotas and in eastern Montana. It grows in dry, sandy soil, and though
tough and wiry, is nutritious and is considered a valuable grass.

No. 149. Oryzopsis miliacea (Linn.) Hack. Many-flowered Millet-grass.

A perennial, 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, with a many- and small-flowered nodding panicle,
6 to 12 inches long. It is a native of central and southern Europe, growing in
dry, open woods and thickets. Was introduced into California in 1879, and has
been cultivated experimentally with varying success at a number of jjoiuts in
that State. On the granitic soil of San Diego, California, it has grown 3 feet high
without irrigation, and remained green throughout the year. Horses and cattle
are said to eat it greedily. In Europe it is not regarded as possessing much, if
any, agricultural value.

No. 150. Panicularia americana (Torr.) MacM. Reed Meadow-grass.

A stout, erect, leafy perennial, 3 to 4 feet high, with long, rather broad leaves, and a
large, nodding panicle. It is common in the northern Middle States and south-
ward along the mountains to Tennessee and North Carolina, extending westward
to the Rocky Mountain region. It grows along streams and in moist meadows,
and in such places often forms a considerable jjortion of the native hay. It is
liked by cattle and is a good pasture grass for wet lands.
4303— No. U 4

50

No. 151. Panicularia canadensis (iMicbx.)Kuiitze. Rattlesnake-grass. (Fig. 58.)
A grabs .similar in lia1>it to the last aud growing in similar .silnatioDS in the Northern
States, exteudiug southward to Peuusylvauia and westward to Kansas. It is
less common than P. americana. It has received no attention from the agricul-
turist. The nodding panicles of rather large spikelets are sometimes gathered
for dry houquets.
No. 152. Panicularia fliiitans (Linn.) Kuntze. Floating Manna-grass. (Fig. 59.)
This gras.s grows to the iieiglit of from '.^ to 5 feet, and has a nariow panicle composed
of rather few long aud narrow or cylindrical spikelets. It is a cosmopolitan
species, found in all temperate regions of the world, and is regarded as one of
the best fodder grasses for swampy meadows. In some ])arts of Europe the
seeds are 'fathered ami used for human I'ood in the form of sou])S and gruels.

Via. .')8.— Rattlesnake-grass (PainmUiiiii nnia
cicns-is).

Fiii. .'59.— Floal ill}; Manna grass { I'nnicularia

llllitUlii).

No. 153. Panicularia nervata (Willd.) Kiint/.e. Fowl Meadow-grass. (Fig. 60.)
A leafy jiereunial, 1 to 3 feet liigh, with cxi»anded nodding jianicles of small spike-
lets. This is a com n species in low meadows aud moist grounds, extending

from New ICngland southward to the (iiilf States and westward to the I'acilic
coast. It is a good fodder plant for moist meadows, \aries greatly in size,
aicording to soil and location. I'aniciihiria amerUana and I'aniritlaria neriata
furnish food for water fowl during the fall migrations and are valuable in ganic
)>reser\es along with Zizania aiiuatica.
No. 154. Panicum agrostoides Mnhl. Mnnro-grass. (Fig. til.)
A native jjcrennial, with hrauching, leafy stems, 2 to 4 feet high, and a panicle
n-sembling that of Ke<ltoi). It grows in low meadows and along the banks of
creeks, shores of jionds, etc.. and often yields a large amount of very good native

51

hay. In low, moist, uinl ratlier rich iiieadows its ciiltivatiou wonkl douhtless
he protitahle, ami it is certaiuly deserving of a trial la such locations.

No. 155. Panicum amarum E^ll. Bitter Panic-grass. (Fig. 62.)
A grass of the sandy seacoasts, ranging from Connecticut southward to Florida ajid
along the (inlf. It has coarse, hard stems, 1 to 5 feet high, and strong, creeping
rootstocks, making it an excellent sand hinder. The islands oif the coast of
Mississippi are almost wludly made up of drift sands, the outer sides hciug
dunes from 10 to 30 feet high, Avhile the middle of the islands is usually low and
occupied by swamps or lakes. This bitter panic is very abundant upon the out-
side of these dunes, where it is exposed to the winds and Avaves, and where
it serves to etfectually hind the otherwise shifting sands. The leaves and stems
have a Inttcr taste, hence the common name.

Fig. 60. — Fowl Me:idi)\v-gra88
(Panicularia nervata) .

Fig. 61 Miinro-gras.s

(I'anicxim a(jro»toi-
des) .

Fm. 62. — Bitter Panic-grass (y'(/>i
icum ainarum) .

No. 156. Panicum capillare Liuu. Okl Witch-grass.

An annual, with usually coarse, branching stems, 1 to 3 feet long, hairy leaf sheaths,
and widely spreading panicles. Grows in cultivated grounds, wh(^re it often
becomes a somewhat troublesome weed. Being an annual, however, it is easily
eradicated. Possesses no value for fodder excepting for fall feed on stubble.

No. 157. Paiiicuin ciliatissimum Buckl. Iiidhm Wheat.

A more or less extensively creeping perennial, Avith short leaA^es and upright dowering
stems, 6 to 18 inches high. The panicles are narrow and few flowered, and in
the prostrate forms usually ^lartly included Avithin the leaf sheaths. This grass
is a native of Avestern Texas, and doubtless possesses sonu; agricultural value for
the drier regions of the Southwest. The creei>ing stems resemble someAvhat
those of Bermuda-grass, but the leaves are usually more crowded and broader
in proportion to their length.

52

No. 158. Paniciim colonum Linu. Shama Millet.

A native of the tropical and warmer temperate regions of the Old World. In
northern India it is considered one of the best fodder grasses. Introduced into
the Southern and Southwestern States, where it is occasionallj^ found in waste
grounds about dwellings. It is closely related to Panicum critH-galli, differing
from that grass iu its smaller size and more simple iuHorescence. The stems
and leaves are tender and readily eaten by stock. In India the grain, which
is produced abundantly, is sold in the markets and used for food.

No. 159. Pauicum crus-galli Linu. Barnyard-grass. (Fig. 63.)
This well-known annual of rank growth is common in rich, cultivated ground, espe-
cially around dwellings. There are stsveral forms presented by this species.

That growing as a weed around barn-
yards and dwellings, in cnlti Abated
grounds in the Atlantic States, was
probably introduced from Europe.
There are, however, several native varie-
ties, or possibly good species. One of
these occurring in the brackish marshes
or meadows along tiie seaco.ist, grows to
tile height of 3 to 5 feet, with the lower
leaf sheaths verj' hirsute, and the spike-
lets loug-awned. A tall, smooth form
occurs in New Mexico, Arizona, and the
Mohave desert region, springing up after
the summer rains in all swampy places
or lowlands. It grows to the height of t>
or 7 feet, and its seeds, which it produces
abundantly, are collected by the Mohave
Indians, ground into Hour, and cooked
for food. The poorer classes of India
also use the grain for food. A variety
introduced from .Japan has been culti-
vated at some of tlie ex})eriment stations
and treated as a millet. At the Hatch
Experiment Station, iu Massachusetts,
the crop produced was very uniform,
averaging 7 feet in height. The yield
was at the rate of 11,207 i)oun<i8 of straw
per acie and 6(i.7 bushels of seed. When
sown ibr silage or for soiling at the rate
of on(! peck of seed to the acre, the yield
was at the rate of front 15 to 18 tons ])er acre. A Held sown July 26, alter a crop
•^ of hay was removed, yielded 12 tons ])er acre. It is very much liked by stock,
and is a valuable forage plant for feeding green or (or tlie silo. It is n«)t so well
adapted lor hay, as it is a coarse, succulent grass, and rather dillicult to dry.

No. 160. Pauicum digitarioides Carpenter. Maiden Cane.

A rathei- coarse gra.ss, 2 to 1 feet high, growing along ditches, in swaini)s, and in
moist sands from Delaware soiitliward to Florida and along the (inlf near the
coast. It has strong and widely spreading or cree])ing rootstocks, which are
useful in binding sandy railroad embankments in the Southern and Gulf States.

No. 161. Panicum fa.sciculatum S\v. lirown-top.

A rather coarse and much-l)ranched leafy aumuil, growing iu clumps to the height
of 2 to 3 feet. The leaves are Hat, one-fourth to one-half an inch wide, and 2 to
6 inches long. It is a native of Texas and Florida. Similar m character and
closely allied botanically to I'ai^cum texanum.

Flo. 63. — Barnyard- (frn-ss (Panicum cruii-<jalli).

53

No. 162. Panicum lachnanthum Torr. Arizona Cotton-grass.

This ia a native of the dry regions of Arizona and New Mexico. It resembles Pani-
cum Janatinn, but has more slender stems, which rise from strong, woolly, and
knotted rootstotks. This may prove to be a valuable pasture grass for the dry
or semiarid regions of the Southwest.

No. 163. Panicum lanatum Rottb. Cotton-grass.

A variable species widely distributed throughout the tropical regions of both hemi-
spheres. It is a perennial with slender or stout stems 1 to 3 feet high, usually
with flat leaves and narrow panicles, the spikelets being densely clothed with
long .silky or cottony hairs, which are white, or sometimes brownish or purplish.
When abundant this grass yields excellent pasturage. It has been found in
southern Florida and at other points near
the Gulf coast. Tliere is a variety of this
species growing in the dry regions of Ari-
zona and New Mexico which has more slen-
der stems, that spring from strong woolly
and knotted rhizomes. Doubtless this form
would be a valuable pasture grass for the
dry or semiarid regions where it is native.

No. 164. Panicum maximum Jacq. Guinea-
grass. (Fig, 64.)

This grass was long ago introduced into Amer-
ica, presumably from tropical Africa, and
has for many years been cultivated in trop-
ical South America and the West Indies.
In these regions it is spoken of as being a
splendid pasture grass, growing to the
height of 12 feet, forming dense tufts. It
is readily proi)agated by cuttings of the
creeping rootstocks. It has been intro-
duced into some of the Gulf States, par-
ticularly Florida, where it is highly valued.
Few grasses yield a larger amount of fod-
der, and it may be cut as often as once a
month during the growing season. If
allowed to attain its full size it becomes
coarse and unfit for forage. Its stems are
killed by the first frosts of autumn. It
seeds only in the warmest parts of the
States bordering the Gulf. It is much less

hardy than .lohnson-grass, with which it has been confounded by some, and has
quite a distinct habit of growth.

No. 165. Panicum miliaceum Linn. Broom-corn Millet.

A rather coarse annual, attaining a height of 2 to 4 feet, with large, drooping,
loosely flowered panicles. There are several varieties, distingiiislied l)y the
color of the fruit or character of the panicle. This is the true millet which has
been cultivated in the East from prehistoric times, so that now its native coun-
try is not known. It is .still cultivated to a considerable extent in China and
Japan, also in South Russia and Rouuumia, and to a limited extent in other
parts of Europe and North Africa. It requires a rich soil, and under favorable
conditions its growth is very rapid and its production of seed large, in some
instances amounting to 60 or 70 bushels to the acre. The grain is nutritious,
and is one of the best for feeding poultry. When ground, the flour makes a

Fig.

64. — Galnea-grass (Panicum maxi-
mum) .

54

rich and nutritions porridge, for which purpose it is chielly used in tho eastern
• •ountries where the grass is grown. In northern India, where the grain is
hirgelv nsed, a prei)aratioii of it constitutes a favorite food at iiiarriage cere-
monies. Owing to its rapid iiiid sonn-what succulent growth, it is an excellent
soiling plant. It has, however, been little cultivated in this country, hut is occa-
sionally found in the older settlements in cultivated fields and waste grounds
about dwellings. The number of grasses termed millets in various ]>arts of the
world is large, and includes many very different species, whose grain, however,
is used for human food. Most of the so-called millets belong to the genera
Chatochloa, ratiicum, and Paspahim. They form the princij»al food grains of the
natives of many parts of Africa and Asia. It has been estimated that the
millets feed one-third of the human race.

No. 166. Pauicum molle 8w. I'ara-grass.

A rather coarse, reed-like perennial, 4 to 6 feet high, with hairy nodes, and narrow,
lax i»auicles. fi to 8 inches long. It is cultivated in ."^outli America, and in the
West Indies and Mexico, and has been introduced into some of the Gulf States.
It is grown with success on the high pine ridges of Florida, and wherever culti-
vated it is most highly esteemed and regarded as a very fa