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BIENNIAL REPORT

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OF THE

BOARD OF HORTICULTURE

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STATE OF OREGON

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1911 - 12

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TWELFTH BIENNIAL REPORT

OF THE

Board of Horticulture

TO THE

TWENTY-SEVENTH

LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY

REGULÄR SESSION

OF TUE

STATE OF OREGON

19 13 kBA«**

SALEM, OREGON

WILLIS S. DUNIWAT, STATE PRINTER

1913

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LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

Gaston, Oregon, January 1, 191?>.

To the Honorable the Legislative Assembly of the State of
Oregon:

Gentlemen : In conformity with the Statute which directs
the Board of Horticulture to report biennially to you, I here-
with submit my report of the work of the board for the years
1911 and 1912.

The board as now organized consists of five members for
the five horticultural districts of the State, a commissioner at
large and a secretary, and is supplemented by a county fruit
inspector for each of the prominent fruit-growing counties.
It is the duty of the district commissioner to look after the
enforcement of the horticultural laws in their respective dis-
tricts, to train and supervise their county inspectors, to gather
information and statistics, and to attend to inspection of
nurseries. The law requires that the commissioner at large,
who is ex officio president of the board shall visit all the
principal fruit-growing sections of the State at least once
each year, and the fruit shipping centers during the shipping
season, and that he shall at all times meet and address as
many fruit growers' meetings and associations as possible.

The efficiency of the inspection work has been greatly
increased during the past two years as evidenced by the
improved condition of the orchards in general, and especially
by the vastly better grade of fruit tö be found on the markets.
But considerable difficulty has been experienced by the com-
missioners in securing and retaining the Services of competent
county inspectors owing to the small remuneration connected
with the office.

Section 5491, Lord's Oregon Laws, says that it shall be the
duty of the board to report to the legislature, what, if any,
legislation is needed in aid of the horticultural and fruit-
growing interests of the State. In accordance therewith, I
submit a draft of two proposed bills embodying the recom-
mendations of the board in this respect. The points covered
in these recommendations are those in which the experience
of the board has shown the present law to be weak and in
need of amendment. They are briefly summarized as follows :

1. Strengthening the Quarantine Law. — A condition arose

Letter of Transmittal.

in Oregon very recently which called attention in a forcible
manner to the weakness of the present law in this respect.
The alfalfa weevil has become a very serious pest in Utah
and Wyoming 1 , and it is highly desirable that its further spread
be prevented by the stopping of shipments of alfalfa from
infected districts into clean territory, but it was found that
Oregon has no law whereby such importations can be pro-
hibited, and our growers must run the risk of this infestation
until such a quarantine law can be provided. The law pro-
posed by the board is based on the national law and the best
provisions of such State laws as are now in force.

2. Providing State Inspector for Portland. — All local
inspection is now done by county inspectors paid by their
respective counties, but the geography of Oregon is such that
the work required in Portland and Multnomah County is out
of all proportion to that of any other point. All importations
of nursery Stocks and fruits from foreign countries are entered
here, and this business has grown to such proportions that
it alone is sufficient to keep one man constantly employed.
This branch of the work should be done by the State, and we
respectfully ask that the board be given sufficient funds to
employ a suitable man for this work. The county, as here-
tofore, will continue to take care of the market and local tree
inspection.

3. Authority for Additional Inspectors. — In some of the
large fruit-growing counties additional help is needed for short
seasons of the year, and county courts should have definite
authority to appoint such, where needed, and when requested
by the horticultural commissioner for the district.

4. Authority for County Inspectors to Enter Upon Private
Property in the Pursuit of Their Duties. — Certain cases have
arisen where inspectors have been warned that they would
enter upon private property at their peril, and it is important
that they be fully protected in this respect.

A few other minor changes are suggested.

You will note from the following reports that the value of
the fruit crop for the present year has reached the handsome
total of over $7,100,000, in spite of the low prices at which
the bulk of the crop has been sold. The appended semiannual
reports of the commissioners and secretary show in detail the
work that has been accomplished and how the funds have
been expended, and I respectfully call your attention to them
for further details.

W. K. Newell,
President State Board of Horticulture.

OFFICERS OF THE BOARD.

W. K. NEWELL -- President

R. H. WEBER - Treasurer

IT. M. WILLI AMSON ----------- Secretary

Office : Portlaxd, Oregon.

BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS.

STATE AT LARGE

W. K. NEWELL ----- Gaston

FIRST DISTRICT

A. C. GOODRICH ------------ Yamhill

SECOND DISTRICT

CHAS. A. PARK ------ -- Salem

THIRD DISTRICT

A. H. CARSON ---- - Grants Pass

FOURTH DISTRICT

R. H. WEBER ------------ The Dalles

FIFTH DISTRICT

JUDD GEER -------------- Cove

DISTRICT BOUNDARIES.

FIRST DISTRICT

Multnomah, Clackamas, Yamhill. Washington, Columbia. Clatsop and

Tillamook Counties.

SECOND DISTRICT

Lincoln. Marion. Polk, Benton. Linn. and Lane Counties.

THIRD DISTRICT

Douglas, Jackson, Klamath, Josephine, Coos, Curry, and Lake Counties.

FOURTH DISTRICT

Morrow, Wasco, Gilliam. Hood River, Crook, Sherman, and Wheeler Counties.

FIFTH DISTRICT

LTmatilla, Union, Baker, Waliowa, Malheur, Grant, and Harney Counties.

COUNTY FRUIT INSPECTORS

Baker — Carl C. Mason, Newbridge. Linn — D. W. Rumbaugh, Albany.

Benton — W. F. Groves, Corvallis. Lincoln — S. G. Irwin, Newport.

Clackamas — O. E. Freytag, Oregon City. Malheur — J. A. Lackey, Ontario.

Clatsop — B. S. Worseley, Astoria. Morrow — H. A. Cummins, Heppner.

Columbia — J. W. Pomeroy, Scappoose. Marion — C. O. Constable, Salem.

Coos — P. M. Hall-Lewis, Marshfield. Multnomah — J. E. Stansbery, 582
Curry — ■ Windsor St., Portland.

Douglas — F. A. McCall, Roseburg. Polk — ■

Gilliam — T. C. Mobley, Olex. Sherman — A. P. Altermatt, Rufus.

Grant — B. S. Adams, Prairie City. Tillamook —

Harney — A. F. B. George. Bums. Umatilla — S. J. Campbell, Freewater.

Hood River — W. H. Lawrence, Hood Union — W, W. Randall, La Grande.

River. Wallowa — ■

Jackson — J. W. Myers. Central Point. Wasco — J. P. Carroll, Mosier.

Josephine — J. F. Burke, Grants Pass. Washington — H. C. Atwell, Forest
Klamath — O. A. Stearns. Klamath Falls. Grove.

Lake — A. M. Smith. New Pine Creek. Wheeler —

Lane — Geo. W. Taylor, Eugene. V.imliill — D. T. Williams, Yamhill.

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PROPOSED LAW RECOMMENDED BY STATE BOARD

OF HORTICULTURE.

AN ACT.

To amend Section 5482 of Lord's Oregon Laws, being Section 1 of
Chapter 222 of the General Laws of 1905; and Section 5484 of
Lord's Oregon Laws, being Section 3 of Chapter 222 of the General
Laws of 1905, as amended by Section 3 of Chapter 58 of the General
Laws of 1907; providing for the appointment of county inspectors
of fruit orchards, etc., defining their duties, rights and powers;
authorizing the appointment of deputy county inspectors; requiring
common carriers to give notice to inspectors of arrival of nursery
stock; providing for the deputizing of inspectors for nurseries, and
providing for the compensation of county and deputy county inspectors.

Be it enacted by the People of the State of Oregon:
Be it enacted by the Legislative Assembly of the State of
Oregon:

Section 1. That Section 5482 of Lord's Oregon Laws, being
Section 1 of Chapter 222 of the General Laws of Oregon of
1905, and Section 5484 of Lord's Oregon Laws, being Section
3 of Chaüter 222 of the General Laws of 1905 as amended by
Section 3 of Chapter 58 of the General Laws of 1907, be and
are hereby amended so as to read as follows :

See. 5482. Upon a petition of not less than 25 residents
and fruit-growers of any county of this State, the county
court of said county shall appoint a county inspector whose
duty it shall be to inspect orchards, nurseries, trees, shrubs,
vines, fruits, vegetables, plants, packing houses, warehouses,
storerooms, farms and other places within said county, and to
enforce all laws of the State relating to such insect pests and
such diseases as affect trees, vines, plants of any kind, or
fruits or vegetables of any kind, and all other horticultural
laws of the State; provided, however, that the inspector so to
be appointed shall be recommended and certified to be compe-
tent by the commissioner of the State Board of Horticulture
of the district in which said county is situated, and said
county inspector shall hold his office during the pleasure of
of said county court and of the commissioner of the State
Board of Horticulture for sa'd district. With the consent
of the county court of any county, the county inspector of
such county may appoint one or more deputies to serve during
the pleasure of the county inspector and of the county court,
but no such deputy shall be appointed until the commissioner
of the State Board of Horticulture for the district in which

8 Proposed Law.

such county is situated shall certify that the person to be
appointed as such deputy is competent and shall recommend
his appointment. Every such deputy county inspector shall
have and perform all the powers and duties of a county
inspector except that of appointing deputies. The county
inspectors and deputy county inspectors and all other persons
authorized to enforce the horticultural and inspection laws of
Oregon are authorized and empowered to enter upon or into
any premises, land, buildings, enclosures, or other places, for
the purpose of inspecting any article which is subject to or
may be subject to infestation with any insect injurious to any
article which grows upon or in or from the soil by processes
of plant growth, or the eggs, larvse or pupse of such insects
or with any disease injurious to any such article or articles
and for the further purpose of enforcing any of the laws of
this State relating to horticultural quarantine, or horticultural
inspection or the abatement of horticultural nuisances or any
other duties imposed by law upon such inspectors and other
persons authorized to enforce the inspection and horticultural
laws of Oregon. Every person, firm or Corporation doing
business as a common carrier within the State of Oregon
shall, upon the arrival of any shipment of nursery stock, trees,
plants, vines, shrubs, cuttings, or scions at the Station or other
place to which the same is consigned, notify the State Inspector
if there be one in the county in which such shipment has
arrived, or if there be no State Inspector in said county, shall
notify the county inspector of said county, and if there be
neither State Inspector nor county inspector in said county,
shall notify the commissioner of the State Board of Horticul-
ture of the district in which said county is situated, of the
arrival of such shipment and the date and place of arrival,
and shall not deliver such shipment to the consignee until
authorized to do so by the State Inspector, county inspector
or commissioner or officer of the State Board of Horticulture ;
provided, hoivever, that if such shipment originated within the
State of Oregon and the notice be given personally or by
telephone or telegraph and inspection has not been com-
menced within 72 hours from the time of sending notice; or
if such notice be sent by mail and inspection has not been
commenced within as much time more than 72 hours as is
usually required for a letter to go from the place of arrival
of such shipment to the residence of the inspector notified,
then such shipment originating in Oregon may be delivered
to the consignee. It shall be the duty of the inspector or
commissioner receiving notice of the arrival of any shipment
of nursery stock, trees, plants, vines, shrubs, cuttings, or
scions to inspect or cause to be inspected said shipment as

Proposed Law.

soon as can reasonably be done without omitting the Per-
formance of other official duties equally urgent. Upon the
request of any nurseryman or tree dealer doing business with-
in the State of Oregon, the commissioner of the State Board
of Horticulture for the district in which the shipping place
of business of such nurseryman or tree dealer is located may
deputize a suitable person to inspect outgoing shipments from
said nurseryman or tree dealer, and said nurseryman or tree
dealer shall pay such person so deputized for his Services
while they are required by such nurseryman or tree dealer.
In case the shipping business of any two or more nurserymen
and tree dealers is not in the aggregate more than one person
can properly inspect and such group shall make satisfactory
arrangements for the payment of the person making such
inspection, the commissioner may deputize a person to inspect
the shipments of all members of such group. No person
deputized by a commissioner to inspect outgoing shipments
of nursery stock shall make any certificate concerning such
shipments which is not true, and no person so deputized shall
allow a certificate of inspection given by him to be attached
to any tree, shrub, vine, plant, scion, bud, or box, crate, bale,
bündle or Container of the same or of any of them unless he
has personally inspected the articles and all of them immedi-
ately before signing such certificate which must be dated in
writing at the time it is signed. The commissioner may revoke
deputization of any such person at any time if he believes
such person is not properly doing his duty.

See. 5484. Such county inspector and each deputy county
inspector shall be paid for his Services by the said county the
sum of three dollars per day and his actual necessary expenses
ineurred in the Performance of his duties. The county
inspector and each deputy county inspector shall report
monthly to the commissioner of the State Board of Horticul-
ture of the district in which he is employed the time for which
he is entitled to pay during the month for which such report
is made and a statement of his actual necessary expenses
ineurred in the Performance of his duties as such inspector
or deputy inspector with vouchers for such expenses, and the
commissioner shall certify the same to the county court of the
county before such compensation and expenses shall be paid.
The county court of each county shall supply the county
inspector and deputy county inspectors with such blanks, sta-
tionery and postage as are needed in the Performance of their
official duties. If it appear to the county court of any county
that it will be for the best interest of the people of such county
to do so, it may agree to pay, and pay to its county inspector
a larger sum than three dollars per day for his Services.

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CHAPTER 246.

AN ACT

[h.b. 129.]

To provide for the protection of horticulture and to prevent the intro-
duction into this State of insects or diseases or animals injurious
to fruits or vegetables of any kind, fruit trees, vines or bushes
or growing products of the soil; providing for a quarantine to pre-
vent the introduction of such insects, diseases and animals into the
State and their spread from infected districts within the State to
uninfected districts; making a violation of this act a misdemeanor
and providing the penalty therefor; providing for a State inspector
and defining his duties and fixing his compensation; providing that
said act shall be an emergency measure and go into effect immediately,
and repealing conflicting acts and parts of acts.

Be it enacted by the People of the State of Oregon:

Section 1. That, whenever, in order to prevent the intro-
duction into the State of Oregon of any tree, plant or fruit
disease, or of any injurious insect or animal not theretofore
widely prevalent or distributed within and throughout the
State of Oregon, the Commissioner at Large of the State
Board of Horticulture shall determine that it is necessary to
forbid the importation of any class of nursery stock or of any
other class of plants, fruits, vegetables, roots, bulbs, seeds or
other plant products or of any articles which are naturally, or
liable to be, the hosts of such injurious diseases, insects or
animals, from country or locality where such disease or in-
sect or animal infestation exists, he shall promulgate such
determination, specifying the country and locality and the
class of nursery stock or other article which in his judgment
should be excluded. Following the Promulgation of such
determination by the Commissioner at Large of the State
Board of Horticulture, and until the withdrawal of said Pro-
mulgation by him, the importation into the State of Oregon
of the article or articles specifed in the said Promulgation
from any country or locality specified in the said Promulga-
tion is hereby prohibited ; provided, that before such Promul-
gation becomes effective the Governor of the State of Oregon
shall approve such Promulgation in writing thereon, and such
Promulgation so approved shall have been published in three
newspapers designated by the Governor in writing. When-
ever the Commissioner at Large of the State Board of Horti-
culture deems it for the best interest of the State of Oregon to

12 The Law.

withdraw such Promulgation, he can do so with the written
approval of the Governor of Oregon by Publishing a notice of
such withdrawal in three newspapers to be designated by the
Governor. Proofs of publication of such promulgations and
withdrawals of promulgations shall be filed in the office of
the Secretary of State.

Section 2. The Commissioner at Large of the State Board
of Horticulture is authorized and directed to quarantine any
locality within the State of Oregon when he shall determine
the fact that a dangerous plant disease or insect infestation
new to or not theretofore widely prevalent or distributed
within and throughout the State exists in such locality. The
Commissioner at Large of the State Board of Horticulture
shall publish a notice of such quarantine in such newspaper
published within or near the quarantined locality as the Gov-
ernor of Oregon may designate, and the quarantine shall be
effective immediately upon the publication of such notice.
Such notice must be approved in writing by the Governor
before publication. From and after the publication of such
notice it shall be unlawful for any person, firm or Corpora-
tion to carry or transport any article or articles specified in
the notice of quarantine from the quarantined locality into
or through any other part of the State. Whenever it appears
to the Commissioner at Large that such quarantine of said
locality is no longer necessary, he shall give notice that such
quarantine is no longer in force. Such notice shall be ap-
proved by the Governor in writing and shall be published in
some newspaper within or near the quarantined locality to
be designated by the Governor. Proofs of the publication of
the notices provided for in this section shall be filed in the
office of the Secretary of State.

Section 3. The State Board of Horticulture shall appoint
a State Inspector to hold office during the pleasure of the
board. It shall be the special duty of the State Inspector to
inspect nursery stock, trees, shrubs, plants. fruits and vege-
tables and other articles mentioned in this act, Coming from
points without the State, and to enforce the provisions of this
act and all other horticultural laws of the State relating
thereto. He shall also have all the duties, powers and rights
of a county inspector and is granted Jurisdiction to act
throughout the State. His salary shall be $1,200 per year and
he shall be allowed the expenses necessarily incurred in the
Performance of his duties. His salary and necessary expenses
shall be paid monthly in the same manner as the members
of the State Board of Horticulture are paid from the funds
appropriated for the said board; provided, that his monthly

The Law. 13

account shall be first approved in writing by the Commis-
sioner at Large of the State Board of Horticulture. Before
entering upon his duties the State Inspector shall make and
subscribe an oath to support the Constitution of the United
States and the State of Oregon, and to diligently, faithfully
and impartially discharge the duties of his office. This oath
shall be filed in the office of the Secretary of State.

Section 4. Any person, persons, firm or Corporation who
shall bring or cause to be brought into the State of Oregon
any nursery stock, trees, shrubs, plants, vines, cuttings, grafts,
scions, buds, fruit pits, or fruit or vegetables, shall immedi-
ately after the arrival thereof, notify the State Inspector,
if he be in the county in which such articles are received, of
their arrival, and hold the same without unnecessarily mov-
ing the same or placing such articles where they may be
harmful, for the immediate inspection of said State Inspector
or county inspector or other person authorized to make such
inspection. If there is no State Inspector in the county in
which such article is received, it shall then be the duty of
such person, firm or corporation to notify the county in-
spector of the county in which the article is received. If there
is neither State Inspector or county inspector in the county
in which such article is received then it shall be the duty of
the person, firm or corporation to notify the commissioner of
the State Board of Horticulture for the district which in—
cludes said county who shall make immediate arrangement
for the inspection of such article or articles. The commis-
sioners of the State Board of Horticulture and their deputies,
the secretary of the State Board of Horticulture, the State
Inspector and the county inspectors and their deputies are
hereby authorized and empowered to enter at any time into
any car, warehouse, depot or upon any ship within the bound-
aries of the State of Oregon, whether in the stream or at the
dock, wharf, mole or any other place where such nursery
stock or fruit or vegetables or seed or other such articles are
received, or in which any of such articles are imported into
the State, for the purpose of making the investigation or
examination to ascertain whether such articles are infested
with any injurious insects or their eggs, larvae or pupae or
other animal or plant disease. If, after such examination or
inspection, any of said articles are found so infected or in-
fested, then it shall be the duty of the owner, owners, or per-
sons, firm or firms or corporation having Charge or posses-
sion thereof toso disinfect at his or their expense such por-
tion or portions of the ship, dock, wharf, mole or car or ware-
house or depot where such articles may have been located

14 The Law.

in such manner as to destroy all infection or infestation pres-
ent, and all articles apt to be so infested or infected shall be
held until the said articles have been thoroughly disinfected
and all injurious insects, or their eggs, larvae or pupae or
other animal or plant diseases have been eradicated and de-
stroyed ; provided, hoivever, that all articles of nursery stock,
trees, shrubs, plants, vines, cuttings, grafts, scions, buds,
fruit pits, fruits, vegetables or seed which are infested or
infected with injurious insects or their eggs, larvse or pupae
or other animals or with injurious plant diseases liable to
cause damage in this State, shall be destroyed or re-shipped
out of the State as hereinafter provided.

Section 5. When any shipment of nursery stock, trees,
vines, plants, shrubs, cuttings, grafts, scions, buds, fruit pits,
or fruit or vegetables or seed imported or brought into this
State is found infested or infected with any injurious insects
or their eggs, larvae or pupae or other animals or with any plant
disease liable to be detrimental to orchards, vineyards,
gardens or farms in Oregon, or any part thereof, and the
nature of the animals or insects or diseases is such that there
will not be danger of the escape or spread of such animals,
insects or diseases if the infested or infected articles are
promptly shipped out of the State, then the State Inspector,
county inspector or other person duly authorized to make
inspection of such articles and who has made such inspection
shall notify the owner or persons, firm or Corporation having
possession or control of said articles to ship the same out of
the State within a specified time, the limit of which shall be
not less than 48 hours nor more than 10 days, according to
the nature of the insects or diseases, and it shall be the duty
of such owner or owners, or persons, firm or Corporation to
so ship said articles, but such shipment shall be made under
the direction of the officer making the inspection and shall
be at the expense of the owners, his or their agents. In case
of a failure of the owner or owners or his or their agents to
comply with the notice the said articles shall be destroyed by
said officer at the expense of the said owner or owners, his or
their agents. When any carload, case, box, package, bale or
bündle of such articles is in part infected or infested and
the nature of the infestation or infection is such that the
portion of shipment which is not infested or infected can be
separated from the portion which is infected or infested with-
©ut danger of escape from the infested or infected articles
of the insects, their eggs, larvae or pupae, or the animals, or
the disease or diseases with which such articles are infested,
and the owner or person, firm or Corporation having control

The Law. 15

or possession of such articles desires to separate the portion
not infested nor infected from the portion which is infested
or infected the officer making the inspection shall give a
permission in writing to make such Separation within a time
specified in such permission, which time shall be reasonable
for the Performance of the work, but with due regard to the
safety of the State; such permission shall be granted only
upon the condition that the owner or owners or his or their
agents make such Separation and destroy all the infested or
infected portion at his or their own expense and under the
supervision of the officer doing the inspection or of some
person authorized by him to supervise the work of Separation
and destruction, and shall pay for the Services of the person
authorized to supervise such work when it is necessary for
the officer making the inspection to authorize and depute
some person to supervise such work. Whenever the official
who makes such inspection has other official work awaiting
and it appears that the time required for separating and de-
stroying such articles may exceed one hour, he may authorize
and depute some proper person to supervise the Separation of
the uninfested and uninfected articles from the infested or
infected articles and the destruction of the infested or
infected articles, and the person so authorized shall be paid
for his Services by the owner or owners or his or their
agents for his Services while supervising the Separation and
destruction of such articles. In case of the failure of the
owner or owners, his or their agents to_ comply with the
foregoing conditions within the time speeified in the written
permission, the contents of every such car, case, box, pack-
age, crate, bale or bündle containing articles infested or
infected as aforesaid, shall be destroyed at the expense of the
owner or owners, his or their agents.

When any shipment of any nursery stock, trees, vines,
plants, shrubs, cuttings, scions, buds, fruit pits, seeds, fruits,
vegetables or other articles brought into the State are in-
fected or infested with any disease or insects or their eggs,
larvse or pupse which are injurious to trees, plants, vines,
shrubs, fruits, vegetables and other plant growths, and the
nature of such infection or infestation is such that the ship-
ment can not be re-shipped out of the State without danger
of damage to the orchards, vineyards, farms, gardens and
their productions, of Oregon, or to any of them, such shipment
shall be immediately destroyed by the State Inspector, county
inspector or commissioner of the State Board of Horticulture,
who shall have inspected the same, or under his direction.

16 The Law.

Section 6. Each carload, case, box, package, crate, bündle
or bale of trees, shrubs, plants, vines, cuttings, grafts, scions,
buds, fruit pits, fruit or vegetables imported or brought into
this State shall have plainly and legibly marked thereon in a
conspicuous manner and place, the name and address of the
person, firm or Corporation shipping the same and the name
and address of the consignee; also the name of the country,
state or territory where the Contents were grown and must
show that it contains nursery stock, seedlings or seeds.

Section 7. No person, firm or Corporation shall bring or
cause to be brought into the State of Oregon any fruit or
vegetable or host plant which is known to be, or hereafter
may become a host plant or host fruit of any species of the
fruit fly family, trypetidae, from any country, state or dis-
trict where such species of trypetidae is known to exist and
any such fruit, vegetable, or host plant, together with its Con-
tainer and packing, shall be immediately destroyed at the
expense of the owner or agent.

Section 8. No person, firm or corporation shall bring or
cause to be brought into the State of Oregon any peach, nec-
tarine or apricot tree or cutting, grafts, scions, buds or pits of
such trees, or any trees budded or grafted upon peach stock
or roots that have been in a district where the contagious
disease known as "peach yellows", "little peach", and "peach
rosette" or any one of them, are known to exist, and any such
shipped into this State shall be destroyed or returned to the
point of shipment at the Option of the owner or agent and at
his expense.

Section 9. Any nursery stock, trees, vines, plants, shrubs,
cuttings, grafts, scions, buds, fruit pits, fruits, vegetables or
other articles infested with any species of injurious insects,
or their eggs, larvae or pupae, which would be liable to cause
damage to the orchards, vineyards, farms and gardens and
their products, or with any disease liable to spread to fruits,
vegetables, trees, vines, plants or any other useful product
of the soil in Oregon, are hereby declared to be a public nuis-
ance, and the several commissioners of the State Board of
Horticulture, the State Inspector or the county inspector who
inspects the same is invested with the power to abate the
nuisance in a summary manner.

Section 10. Any person violating any of the provisions of
this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon
conviction thereof, shall be punished by a fine of not more
than $100, or by imprisonment in the county jail for a
period of not exceeding three months.

The Law, 17

Section 11. The members and officers of the State Board
of Horticulture and the State Inspector and the county in-
spectors are authorized to collaborate with the Department
of Agriculture of the United States in all matters relating to
the inspection of nursery stock, plants, fruits, vegetables,
bulbs, seeds or other plant products shipped into the State of
Oregon from foreign countries or from other states or ter-
ritories.

Section 12. Inasmuch as it is a matter of general knowl-
edge that there now exists in portions of the states of Utah
and Idaho a dangerous insect pest known as the alfalfa weevil
which does great damage to alfalfa, clover, vetch and similar
forage plants, which pest is not known to have yet been in-
troduced into the State of Oregon, but would cause a great
amount of damage and loss to the farmers of this State if
introduced, and there is imminent danger that this pest will
be introduced in Oregon by means of hay brought into this
State from the infected sections of the states mentioned, and
existing laws make no Provision by which quarantine can be
established to prevent the introduction of this pest, and it is
necessary for the immediate preservation of the public health,
peace, safety and welfare that legal Provision be made for
establishing a quarantine against said pest, an emergency is
hereby declared to exist and this act shall be exempt from
the power of the referendum and shall take effect and be in
füll force from and after its approval by the Governor.

Section 13. All acts and parts of acts conflicting with
the provisions of this act are hereby repealed.

Filed in the office of the Secretary of State February 26, 1913.

REPORTS OF W. K. NEWELL

President of Board and Commissioner at Larc/e.

APRIL MEETING, 1911.

Gaston, Oregon, April 1, 1911.
To the Honorable the State Board of Horticulture:

It is impossible at the present time to make any reliable
predictions as to the fruit crop of the Coming season, as you
well know, but the indications are good. Conditions so far
have been favorable in most all cases; the trees ripened their
wood well and went into the winter in good condition, and there
has been no excessive cold to do injury. While we have had
a few heavy frosts that have perhaps injured some of the
very early fruits such as early strawberries, the great bulk
of the crop was not sufficiently advanced to be injured at that
time.

Nearly all fruit trees are carrying a good supply of strong-
looking buds and, barring extremely unfavorable weather,
will set a good crop. It is hardly to be expected that the trees
which bore the wonderful crop of last year will repeat the
Performance again this season, but from present appearances
even these trees will have a reasonable supply of fruit. With
the increased acreage which will come into bearing this sea-
son for the first time the total crop of the State should be
considerably in advance of that of any previous year.

Colorado is confidently expecting a bumper crop this year,
as her crop of last season was very short, and our sister
states of Washington and Idaho are also looking for good
yields. Considerable preparation has been made at Eugene,
Roseburg and in the Rogue River Valley for fighting frost
by means of smudge pots filled with fuel oil, and it is hoped
that the tests will be sufficiently extensive and accurate to
afford definite Information lipon this subject, in case it becomes
necessary to use them at all.

Some progress has been made in the matter of perfecting
f ruit-growers' organizations ; many local unions have been
formed and will be ready for business the Coming season.
While at the present writing it seems improbable that the
scheme for a central selling agency for the entire northwest

Reports of W. K. Newell. 19

will materialize this year, the agitation of the question will
result in good, by calling attention to the absolute necessity of
strong local organizations as the only basis upon which the
structure can be erected.

Recent press reports show that the railroads have granted
a material reduction in freight rates on fruits from California
points east. Our growers should at once demand the same
concessions.

In accordance with an act passed at the last session of the
legislature, the members of the experiment Station staff at
Corvallis will establish a number of branch stations for the
purpose of studying fruit pests throughout the State. I trust
that each of you will make it a particular point to co-operate
with them in every way possible.

W. K. Newell,
Commissioner at Large.

APRIL MEETING, 1912.

Gaston, Oregon, April 8, 1912.

To the Honorable the State Board of Horticulture:

It is the unanimous opinion among Oregon fruit-growers
at the present time that this is to be the "big" year in fruit.
All indications point to a heavy yield, and only extremely
unfavorable weather can prevent it. The great amount of
new acreage that will come into bearing will swell the total,
and it will likely tax our machinery for harvesting and dis-
tributing. However, it is not well to count our chickens before
they are hatched ; the time for spring f rosts is not yet entirely
passed, and our ideas may be materially reduced.

But, in the event of a big crop, the problem of marketing
will be a big one. This, of course, is not directly in our line
of work, but indirectly we can have a decided influence. First
of all, the Standard of fruit marketed must be raised materially
over that of last year. In a light-crop year the quality of
fruit is always lower, and a little more latitude is advisable
and even necessary, in the rules regarding marketing, but with
a füll crop we must draw the lines closer. The producer is
entitled to protection against competition from inferior fruit
and the consumer is certainly entitled to a pack fully up to
Standard. Not only must we be careful in insoection of the
export fruit, and in that of the large markets, but in that of
the smaller markets as well. The interior towns must not
be made a dumping ground for stuff that will not stand inspec-

20 Report of State Board of Horticulture.

tion elsewhere. Pests may thus be introduced into new sec-
tions where otherwise they might be kept out for many years.
I would urge that you give this matter a great deal of atten-
tion during the coming season and see that all your inspectors
are fully posted.

Fruit that is fit only for the vinegar factory should, just
as far as possible, be converted into juice at the point of pro-
duction. Such fruit should not be shipped unless there are
absolutely no facilities near at hand for caring for it, and
then only under special permit, and direct to a factory.

I would also urge that you give every assistance in your
power to the formation of local fruit-growers' organizations.
With all that has been said and written on this subject there
are still important fruit-growing districts in the State that
have no Organization. We must keep hammering away on
the importance of every fruit-growing Community providing
its own facilities for marketing its crop in the most profitable
manner.

For many years, ever since Prof. Cordley worked out the
problem of fighting the apple tree anthracnose, we have been
advocating the importance of early fall spraying of the apple
tree, and every year's practice shows more strongly the im-
portance of this spraying. And now Prof. Lawrence, employed
as a special investigator by the Hood River growers, and at
this time also county inspector for that county, has been
investigating this problem still further and has become con-
vinced that the larger part of the premature rotting of fruit
that has been giving so much trouble of late is due to the
action of this most obstructive fungus. It therefore becomes
of still greater importance to apply this early fall spray in
order to kill the spores on the fruit as well as on the branches.
Prof. Lawrence advises the application of 4-4-50 Bordeaux or
1-30 lime-sulphur just before the apples are ready to pick.
Red apples should be pretty well colored before spraying.
Apples so sprayed will of course have to be carefully wiped
before marketing, but that will be a small item compared with
saving it from rotting prematurely. This will make the spray-
ing most effective for the disease on the branches also.

I am glad to be able to report that the question of Standard
packages and grades for fruit is at last in a fair way to be
settled amicably and to the advantage of all concerned. This
question, under the guise of the "Porter Bill," the "Lafean
Bill," and the "Sulzer Bill," has been agitated for a number
of years, and the northwest growers have feit that the pro-
posed legislation was very unfair to them, in that it provided
for a box that we could not well use, and that it failed to give

Reports of W. K. Newell. 21

any credit to superior size and color in its grading rules, and
that the methods of inspection were faulty, and lastly, that
the penalties for its violation were excessive.

As the matter was brought up in Congress again this winter
it became necessary for us to give it further attention, and
to that end, Mr. C. E. Whisler of Medford and I went to
Washington early in March. We were joined on the way
by Judge Fremont Wood of Idaho, who worked in close har-
mony with us on every point. Representatives from the state
of Washington were also sent, but owing to some delay they
failed to arrive until after the question was settled. Mr.
Joseph Wilson, of Hood River, also joined us at Washington.

The friends of the "Sulzer Bill" were at Washington in füll
force; the National Fruit Jobbers' Association, the Western
Fruit Jobbers' Association, the retail dealers organizations, and
präctically every fruit-growers' Organization in the apple grow-
ing states east of the Mississippi River was represented at the
Conference and the hearing before the Committee on Coinage,
Weights and Measures of the House. The friends of the bill
had recognized the necessity of compromising with the dele-
gates from the northwest, so a Conference was held at the
Raleigh Hotel the day before the hearing, March 6th, at v/hich
all the representatives were present, and it was agreed that
the present bill should omit all reference to the box or basket
package and be confined to the barrel alone; that all future
objection to the northwest Standard box as a Standard package
should be removed, and that the penalties should be made less
stringent. A new bill was then drafted along these lines, and
the Substitute bill was introduced the next morning by Repre-
sentative Sulzer of New York, and the entire delegation of
fruit-growers and commission men appeared before the com-
mittee in its behalf. It is believed that this bill will pass at
the present session and take affect July 1, 1912. This then
leaves the field clear for us to secure the adoption of our box
as a national Standard, and it should now be an easy matter.
Wherever the eastern growers are taking up the packing of
apples in boxes, they are adopting our box, and the Colorado
growers are beginning to realize that they must fall in line
also. I believe that in future the majority of the fancy apples
both east and west will be packed in our box, and that we
shall use the eastern barrel for much of our cheaper grades.
This was the opinion of most of those present at this meet-
ing. I feel that this meeting will be productive of much good
as many misunderstandings were cleared away and the feeling
firmly established that our interests were not antagonistic, but
mutual, and that we must work together in all things to estab-

22 Report of State Board of Horticulture.

lish higher grades of fruit, better marketing and larger con-
sumption.

The probabilities are that the eastern fruit crop will not be
very large this year, owing to the heavy crop in many sections
last year, and the excessively long cold winter just passed.
The southern Mississippi Valley states report prospects very
good at the present time.

Another matter that our organizations must take up is the
raising of funds for systematic advertising of apples as food.
Not one-half the apples are being consumed by our people
that there should be. Baked apples could supplant the bulk of
the so-called "breakfast foods" to the great advantage of the
American people, and a continued campaign of advertising
could accomplish it.

W. K. Newell,
Commissioner at Large.

ESTIMATE OF FRUIT CROP. 1912.

Gaston. Oregon, December 1, 1912.
To the Honorable the State Board of Horticulture:

I submit herewith my report of the quantity and value of
the fruit crop for the State for the year 1912, based on the
reports sent in by the commissioners and county inspectors,
from personal Observation and from all other sources of
Information available. The total is very satisfactory in quan-
tity, and in view of the comparative low prices at which much
of the fruit has been sold, in value also :

Kind. Quantity. Value.

Apples, busheis 3,750,000 $2,812,000

Dried prunes, pounds 18,000,000 1,080,000

Fresh prunes and plums, pounds 15,000,000 725,000

Pears, busheis 550,000 450,000

Peaehes, boxes 1,100,000 410,000

Cherries, pounds 12,500,000 475,000

Grapes, pounds 5,715,000 171,450

Strawberries, pounds 12,000,000 360,000

Loganberries, pounds 5,500,000 220,000

Raspberries, pounds 3,500,000 180,000

Blackberries, pounds 2,500,000 75,000

Gooseberries, pounds 650,000 24,000

Currants, pounds 475,000 25,000

Miscellaneous fruits, busheis 20,000 30,000

Nuts, pounds 300,000 40,000

Total value ' $7,107,000

W. K. Newell,

Commissioner at Large.

Report of A. C. Goodrich. 23

REPORT OF A. C. GOODRICH

Commissioner for the First District.

OCTOBER MEETING, 1912.

Yamhill, Oregon, October 2, 1912.

To the Honorable the State Board of Horticvlture:

I beg leave to submit my report as commissioner of the first
district:

Owing to conditions not linder my control I have not been
able to visit the orchards in my district nor the displays of
fruit at the various fairs as much as I should have liked.

Outside of the prunes, we have had a very good crop of fruit
throughout the district and growers have, in the main, had
fairly satisfactory prices for that part of the crop that has
already been marketed. Berries did better than the unfavor-
able weather of the early spring would have seemed to War-
rant, and owing to the very good growing conditions during
the summer, and perhaps something to better methods and
more thorough cultivation, the cane fruits have made a very
favorable growth.

Winter apples have done very well and are much more free
from worms than in former years, owing, without doubt, to
more intelligent and thorough spraying ; though there is much
yet to be desired in the matter of the control of apple scab
which has not been controlled nearly so well as the codling
moth ; this is particularly the case with the yellow apples.

Prunes, which are commercially of major importance in this
district, have suffered more from a series of untoward con-
ditions than they have during any season in a long time. The
early spring gave promise of a bountiful crop, but early
blooming combined with colcl rain and some frost, though not
nearly so severe as the trees withstood in the previous spring,
caused a very heavy loss of the fruit from the trees early in
the season, and when this was followed by an unusual amount
of curl leaf the crop was reduced to a fractibn so small we
shall not be able to know how small tili actual figures are
obtainable.

Loganberries have been given much attention of late and if
steady and favorable markets can be obtained should prove
one of the best money-makers the fruit-growers have; but

A Lambert Cherry Tree in Bloom.

Reports of Chas. A. Park. 25

those having in mind the growing of these berries must not
overlook the fact that there is no ready-made market for them
and that this end of the business will require the most careful
attention to make the business profitable.

A. C. Goodrich,
Commissioner for First District.

REPORTS OF CHAS. A. PARK

Commissioner for the Second District.

APRIL MEETING, 1911.

Salem, Oregon, April 8, 1911.

To the Honorable the State Board of Horticulture:

Never before has the outlook for the horticulture condi-
tions of the second district been so promising. The past
winter has been extremely favorable for all fruits, although
within the past week there has been frost on several nights,
but I have not learned that any damage has been done. Some
of the early fruits are now in bloom, while the later fruits
are still in bud.

The past winter and spring have been exceedingly favor-
able for all necessary orchard work. The pruning, culti-
vating and winter spraying have been done and there has been
a general cleaning up of all orchards, which is the result of a
more earnest interest existing among the fruit-growers. Much
spraying was done last fall to control the anthraenose on the
apple trees, and some recent experiments have been carried
on to determine the comparative merits between the lime-
sulphur spray and the Bordeaux spray, with the result that
the Bordeaux spray appeared to be more effective for Con-
trolling the anthraenose. In one instance both of these sprays
were separately applied while the apples were on the trees.
The spray in each instance adhered to the fruit rather
tenaciously, but did no damage. In some instances the fruit
was slightly mottled, but this was no detriment to its appear-
ance.

Last year there was a considerable loss of fruit by reason
of the bud moth. It is tco early vet to teil whether or not the
bud moth will make its appearance this season. The bud moth
can probably be controlled by adding two pounds of arsenate

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Reports of Chas. A. Park. 27

of lead to each 50 gallons of lime and sulphur spray when the
spray is applied first for scab.

The county fruit inspectors in the various counties have been
actively engaged in the general work of cleaning up, and these
inspectors are to be commended for the success they have
achieved in this general work.

Many new people are Coming into the Willamette Valley
for the purpose of engaging in the fruit business, and it is
safe to prophesy that this part of Oregon will soon be the place
where the larger part of the apples of the northwest will be
raised.

Chas. A. Park,
Commissioner of Second District.

APRIL MEETING, 1912.

Salem, Oregon, April 6, 1912.

To the Honorable the State Board of Horticultur.e:

It is my pleasure to report to you that the prospects for
fruits for the Coming year were never better in the Willamette
Valley than they are today. The winter has been mild and the
spring retarded so that the very best conditions for fruits of all
kinds is our lot. Today the peaches, pears and prunes and
some varieties of apples are all in bloom.

We have good, faithful county fruit inspectors in each of the
counties in this district, and in some of the counties the county
courts have seen fit to appoint two county inspectors. They
have been kept busy in waiting upon the people who are seek-
ing information as to the best methods of caring for their
orchards so as to produce the best of fruits.

The nursery stock in this district has been carefully
inspected. It has been the policy of all the inspectors to inspect
each and every bündle and parcel of nursery stock that is
shipped from this district, and to also carefully scrutinize all
shipments of nursery stock that have come into this district
from outside of the State.

I also wish to state that the county courts, who a few years
ago seemed to think it economy to have the county inspectors
hold back on the work on account of the expense of maintain-
ing the office, today are urging the inspectors to greater effort
in cleaning up neglected and menacing orchards.

The new orchards that have been planted so far are being
well cared for, and other large tracts are being set out. The
fancy price received for prunes, pears and loganberries has

28 Report of State Board of Horticulture.

stimulated the setting out of these varieties of fruits. The
loganberry is a heavy producer in this section, and the fruit
dried has found an appreciative market, so that today all the
loganberries that will be handled this year through the local
fruit union of Marion County have been sold. The logan-
berry may be a great blessing to us, since it comes into bear-
ing so soon and will probably stimulate the planting of
smaller fruits, which give labor to a large number of people
and bring in excellent returns per acre.

The spraying of the orchards is becoming much more gen-
eral, but the problem of spraying is still one for study. The
lime and sulphur spray has been very effective in eradicating
the San Jose scale, and it is now being used with very good
results in combating the scab on the apples and pears. Most
excellent results have been obtained from spraying apples
and pears in the spring of the year for scab, three applica-
tions being used — one as late as you can before the petals
open, the second as soon as you can after the petals fall, and
the third from ten days to two weeks from the time of the
second application. Various strengths of this spray have
been used. We have had very excellent results in using the
strength of one to thirty.

The Bordeaux spray appears to give the best results in
treating for anthracnose. The early fall rains during the past
few years have favored the spread of this fungus trouble
before the spray could be applied. Some orchards have been
sprayed with Bordeaux spray while the fruit was still on the
trees with no ill effects to the fruits and with very good results
as to the control of the disease. Where the spray has been
applied while the apples are still on the trees it has been
necessary to wipe the fruit with cloths which has added some-
what to the expense of the harvest. If any orchard is seriously
infected with anthracnose it is far better to spray just after
the first rains have commenced in the fall of the year, even
if the fruit is still on the trees, and then to follow it up with
the second spray in October or November.

The bud moth made an appearance one spring and did con-
siderable damage to the pear and prune crops, but by adding
two pounds of arsenate of lead to 50 gallons of lime and sul-
phur spray in making the first application of the spray for
scab this pest has been completely controlled.

We are glad to say that many of the troubles incident to
fruit-raising have been controlled, and the profits arising from
scientific care of orchards are rapidly making the fruit-
growers independent.

Ciias. A. Park,
Commissioner of Second Distjict.

Reports of Chas. A. Park. 29

OCTOBER MEETING, 1912.

Salem, Oregon, September 30, 1912.

To the Honorable the State Board of Horticulture: .

I herewith submit my report for the term ending Septem-
ber 30th of this year.

During the growing season of this year the weather con-
ditions were not favorable for the production of a first quality
of fruit. On the 13th, 14th and 15th of April the temperature
dropped to 27 degrees, 29 degrees and 30 degrees on the
respective nights. This condition occurred when the pears
were the size of large peas, apples were in bloom, prunes were
in bloom, peaches were set, and strawberries were in bloom;
the loganberries had not yet bloomed. This frost thinned out
the pears and left frost marks on much of the fruit that stuck
on the trees. The skin of the fruit was roughened ^.nd some-
what marred, the apples were greatly thinned and weakened,
pollination was greatly hindered, peaches were practically
killed and prunes were cut very short. There was a ,?;reat deal
of cloudy and rainy weather in the latter part of May which
was an ideal condition for the development of scab on the
pears and apples, and also for the rapid increase of the aphis
on apple trees, so much so that the aphis did more damage
generally to the apple crop and trees than has occurred in
years. August contributed more than its share of precipita-
tion. We had only ten clear days during this month, which
condition had also a tendency to prevent the pears, apples and
prunes from finishing up properly. The result from the
foregoing condition was that there was a practical failure
of the peach crop, about one-third of a pear and cherry crop,
one-fourth of an apple and prune crop, but the smaller fruits,
including the loganberry, produced a füll crop.

The county fruit inspectors in all of the five counties in
this district have been doing efhcient work. They have
accomplished a great deal in giving proper Instruction to
those engaged in the fruit business, in the way of taking care
of the orchards and caring for the fruit. They have also
been diligent in keeping the markets free from infected and
diseased fruits. A thorough inspection of all the markets
in Marion County revealed the fact that not one box of
wormy or diseased fruit could be found in the market. The
county inspectors have been kept exceedingly busy with the
inspection of nursery stock. Marion County grows a great

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Reports of Chas. A. Park. 31

deal of nursery stock and it has been necessary to put on
six deputy inspectors during a portion of the year to look
after the shipments of this stock. We have taken great care
in inspecting every bündle of nursery stock that has been
shipped out of the district so as to prevent any further increase
or spread of diseases that are injurious to fruit trees, shrubs
and plants.

A few years ago the fruit-growers of the Willamette Valley
suffered a severe and unexpected loss from the damage caused
by an insect known as the bud moth, which appeared suddenly
in large numbers. To give an idea of the damage done that
year by this one insect alone, I can state with definiteness that
$4,000 was the loss incurred in one tract of 35 acres of
Bartlett pears.

In this instance, when the effect caused by the bud moth
was discovered, a call of distress was sent to the director of
the experiment Station of the Agricultural College, who sent
two men for one day to investigate the trouble, but it was too
late to prevent the damage.

Upon reflection it was evident the fruit-growers, not only
of this locality, but in the whole State were losing annually
many thousands of dollars just because of their lack of
technical Information and experience along their lines of
work; and that, if the horticulturist, and in fact all agricul-
turists, could have the advantage of the Information to be
collected by technical and scientific men who could be in the
field and observe conditions, they would be forewarned and
forearmed and thus be able to save to themselves and the
State this large sum of money which was being needlessly lost.

We found that the experiment Station had no funds to
send men into the field to investigate and observe the con-
ditions incident to the fruit crop or any other crop. The
Station had competent men at the head of the various depart-
ments, they had the laboratories and the equipment for
investigative, experimental and research work along these
lines, and that they were willing to do the work if a way
could be provided.

The way was provided. When the matter was properly
presented to it, the last legislature appropriated a fund known
as the "Crop Pest Fund" which was to be used under the
direction of the director of the experiment Station and the
heads of the respective departments of entomology, plant
pathology and horticulture, for the purpose of extending the
work of these three departments in respect to field survey,
investigation and research. To make myself clear, I will
state that the funcl was secured by the horticulturists of the

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Reports of Chas. A. Park 33

State, so that the people of the State with the least expense
could use to a greater degree of efficiency these respective
departments of our experiment Station. This fund is to
enable these departments to do other and more work beyond
that for which they were already being maintained and
equipped. It is less than two years since this fund has been
available and I have the pleasure to report to you the depart-
ments of entomology, plant pathology and horticulture of our
experiment Station have each secured several competent and
expert men, equipped with the technical and scientific training
peculiar to their respective work; that all of these men have
been able to push their research work to more extended limits
and in some cases to definite conclusions. The horticulturist
feels secure when he knows for a certainty the life history
of an insect pest and the way in which to control that pest,
when he knows the characteristics of an injurious fungus
and bacterium and the way in which to control them. This is
the character of the Information we expect these young men
to give us before our crops are lost and our orchards are swept
out of existence.

Bulletins will be issued by these departments under the
name of "Crop Pest Report" which are for free distribution
to all residents of our State, and I suggest that every fruit-
grower send to the Agricultural College for a copy of this
report.

Chas. A. Park,
Commissioner of Second District.

Sig. 2

34 Report of State Board of Horticulture.

REPORTS OF A. H. CARSON

Com missioner for the Third District.

Grants Pass, Oregon, April 4, 1911.

To the Honorable the State Board of Horticulture:

I respectfully snbmit the following report for the third
district to March 31, 1911 :

Fruit trees of all kinds have wintered in good condition
at this date. The winter was colder than are our normal
winters, but no extremes of temperature have occurred to
injure the tree or fruit buds."

The indications are that the bloom on the apple trees will
not be as great as it was last year, in fact there will not be
bloom enough to afford the trees all the fruit they should
carry, should the fruit set.

The apple crop will be a short crop this year in Rogue
River Valley.

Pear and peach trees will bloom heavily,. and if no cold rains
or heavy frosts occur to prevent pollen-distribution, the crop
of these fruits will require heavy thinning.

It is usual for peach trees to bloom in the Rogue River
Valley from March lOth to 17th. This year blooming is much
later, as peaches did not begin until the 25th and are now at
this date, April 4th, only in füll bloom, with no petals yet
dropped. Pear and cherry trees are in füll bloom, while the
apple is just beginning to show color.

This late blooming is favorable to avoid late spring frosts
that sometimes occurs in this Valley. All fruit-growers are
prepared with oil nots and crude oil on hand, to fire in the
event of a frost. The success had by this method the past two
years in preventing damaging frosts makes me optimistic
as to a fruit crop this season.

Professor O'Gara, at Medford, sends out warnings if the
dew point indicates a damaging frost, and by this System
every grower that heeds the warning is sure, if he acts, to
be in the market next fall with plenty of apples and pears. I
know some have not yet been converted to the idea that the
fruit-grower can smudge on a cold night and save his crop,
but the results had in Colorado, as well as in the Rogue River
Valley, are too convincing to the one who has observed them

Reports op A. H. Carson. 35

to permit him to neglect starting the oil pots on a frosty
night. The oil pot and smudge fire to protect fruit from
severe frost have come to stay in this Valley, and those of little
faith in the virtue of smudging at this time will be converts
to the System after losing a crop or two, and seeing their
neighbors who did smudge have loaded trees which they have
to thin.

March has -been a very dry month here, but a trace of rain
having fallen during the month. Warm sunshine during the
days and cool nights. This condition has been fortunate, as
it put all the orchards in such condition that the power sprayer
could work and do thorough spraying with the lime and
surphur for scale. In fact spraying for scale has been this
year 50 per cent better in the orchards of this Valley than ever
before. Then, too, the ground being dry, has made it possible
for the fruit inspectors to make a thorough inspection for
hold-over cases of fire blight, and have the germs of this
disease cut out and removed. A small army of trained
inspectors under the direction of Professor u v*ara have
worked every day during March, and their work has been so
carefully done that it is now believed we have the blight under
control. I see it reported that the Willamette Valley is, from
climatic conditions, immune from the fire blight. I hope it is
true, but did I have Jurisdiction over any portion of the
Willamette Valley as commissioner I confess, with the
practical knowledge and experience I have had in the past
five years in the Rogue River Valley, I would watch for indica-
tions of the blight very closely in that Valley.

Tree planting in this valley the past winter has been greater
than ever. It is now estimated that Jackson County has
60,000 acres planted to fruit of all kinds, the apple and pear
leading in acreage. The Umpqua Valley also has planted a
much larger acreage this past season than ever before.
Prunes have been largely planted in that valley, as well as
the apple and pear. The large profits had from prunes the
past three years in Douglas County have stimulated greater
planting of that fruit.

Viewing the possibilities of the fruit industry of this valley
from the success had in the past, where the soil the orchard
is planted on is right, and the man who directs it is right,
this valley has from a horticultural view much success to
anticipate as the orchards grow older and come into bearing.

A. H. Carson,
Commissioner for Third District.

36 Report of State Board of Horticulture.

APRIL MEETING, 1912.

Grants Pass, Oregon, April 7, 1912.

To the Honorable the State Board of Horticulture:

I respectfully submit my semi-annual report for the third
district. All fruit trees in my district have gone through
the winter in fine shape. We have not had any severe cold
the past winter nor warm spells to quicken the sap of the
trees followed by sudden fall of temperature, hence have had
no injury from that source.

Our winter rains have not been normal, but during March
we had two heavy showers, and conditions were such that
the soil absorbed all that feil which made good plowing for
getting orchards in condition.

The indications now are that all kinds of fruit trees will
bloom very heavily and if no late injurious frosts are had
the fruit crop will be very large ; in fact, should all the bloom
set it will necessitate much labor to thin down, so as to not
overburden the trees, and make good-sized fruit. Nearly all
growers in the Valley have their smudge pots and oil on hand,
prepared to fire in the event of dangerous frosts occurring.

February was comparatively a dry month this season and
made conditions easy to do the necessary spraying for scale.
I have noted that spraying has been more universal all over
the district the past winter than I have ever seen before.
Then, too, the growers are doing their spraying more
thoroughly. Experience has taught them that to get the best
results it must be done carefully, and every twig on a tree
sprayed to destroy the scale.

Tree planting the past winter has been heavy, but not to
the extent of the previous winter. As usual, the apple and
pear are planted largely. Peaches are being planted in
Douglas and Josephine counties, yet not to the extent in
acreage that the apple and pear are. Many large orchards
are planted to these fruits for the purpose of sub-dividing in
small tracts. Where the land is adapted to the apple and
pear no doubt these small tracts will become valuable, pro-
viding the buyers cultivate and bestow the necessary labor of
pruning, spraying, etc. I have noted many acres planted on
soils that I fear will be a disappointment to the planters
when the bearing age arrives. I know many of our eastern
friends think any kind of Oregon dirt will grow apples and
pears with success. My Observation is that the land cannot
be too good to grow the best apples and pears on. In fact,

Reports of A. H. Carson. 37

those growers that have the best soils, deep alluvial land
along the streams, are the men that are having the greater
profits from their apple and pear orchards.

A. H. Carson,
Commissioner for Third Di st riet.

OCTOBEE, MEETING, 1912.

Murphy, (Grants Pass), Oregon, October 2, 1912.

To the Honorable State Board of Horticulture:

I herewith respectfully submit my final report for the third
district, embracing the counties of Coos, Curry, Douglas,
Josephine, Jackson, Klamath and Lake for the years 1911-12.

The year 1911 proved to be an off year for fruit produetion
in the third district. The heavy crop of all fruits in 1910,
followed by an unusual drouth so weakened the vigor of the
trees that in the spring of 1911 there was but little bloom on
the apple. Pear trees bloomed much better, hence the bearing
pear orchards did much better in produetion than the apple
that year.

The spring of 1912 found all fruit trees, after the short
crop of 1911, vigorous, with a heavy bloom, with the result
this year this district will market a heavy crop both of apples
and pears. This year's crop of apples and pears are of very
fine quality, both in size and color.

The pear crop, such as the Bartlett, Howell and Beurre
Bosc, have already been marketed with satisfactory prices to
the growers.

The Comice pear in and about Medford bore heavily this
year, and the fruit was very fine in quality. The crop of
Comice I saw on the famous Hill-Crest orchard near Medford
was as near perfect as any fruit I have ever seen. The
System of management of this orchard, with the adaptability
of the soil to grow the pear, as well as the apple, makes it
possible for this orchard to pack and market the best of fruit.
An inspection of the Hill-Crest orchard shows thorough culti-
vation, and from the smooth, clean fruit it is evident the
management of this orchard saw that every detail of spraying
was done.

In many orchards in Jackson County I noted this year that
eultivation has not been the best. In the end I feel sure the
owners of these poorly eultivated orchards will lose in growth
and produetiveness much more than the cost of good eultiva-

o

pq

0)
i

Reports of A. H. Carson. 39

tion. It is mistaken economy to not cultivate young orchards
well and thoroughly. When a young orchard arrives at a
bearing age, if it has had thorough cultivation its vigor is
such that it has the vitality to bear the best of fruit in quality
and in quantity, and when it does bear, it will produce much
more fruit than a neglected orchard, one that has been poorly
cultivated.

Many new orchards in Jackson, Josephine and Douglas
counties were planted last season. If I can impress the fact
upon the owners that the value of these new orchards will be
in the proportion of labor bestowed in good cultivation, spray-
ing, and in intelligent pruning, I shall feel that those who do
all this well have an assurance of success.

During this growing season we have had an abundance of
rain with cool nights, which have been favorable for maturing
the apple and pear, but it has been an unfavorable year for
the grape. The crop is a light one. Too much moisture, fol-
lowed by cool nights and cloudy days are not favorable
conditions for the grape, hence our short crop. Berries of
all kinds clid well, were fine in quality, and sold readily at
good prices.

FIRE BLIGHT.

This disease has been a perplexing one for the fruit-growers
of Jackson and Josephine counties. It has been a costly
disease to control. At one time, some four years ago, it
seemed the disease would destroy the orchards of these two
counties, but, through the energy of Professor O'Gara, with
the assistance of the county inspectors of Jackson County,
this disease is about a thing of the past. It may exist yet in a
few isolated cases, but, in all commercial orchards that were
at one time diseased it has been eradicated. It is not a disease
that can be reached with the spray pump, and the only
possible method of destroying it is to cut out the diseased
germs. It has been no easy task to look over the many
thousands of apple and pear trees in Jackson County, and
find the diseased hold-over cases, and cut out and destroy
them.

SCALE.

I have noted in nearly all the orchards of the third district
this year but very few scaly fruits. The spraying with the
lime and sulphur Compound is becoming universal, which
accounts for the few scale found. It is evident the continued
urging of the use of the spray pump by this board has made
an impression on the orchard men. The want of faith a few
years ago among the orchardists has, since they have seen

40 Report of State Board of Horticulture.

results by careful spraying to control insect pests and fungous
diseases has gone, and now they know they have control of
these pests and can save their fruit by the use of the spray
pump.

While this year, owing to the great moisture and cool
climatic conditions that have prevailed, has been favorable for
the development of apple anthracnose the growers have learned
by repeated experiments that Bordeaux mixture sprayed on
the tree as soon as the apples are gathered is sure to prevent
new growth of the fungus the winter and spring following.

INSPECTION.

The fruit inspectors in the third district have been active,
and through the authority given the State board by the law
through these inspectors much of benefit to the fruit industry
has been accomplished.

Inspector J. W. Myers of Jackson County, with several
deputies, J. F. Burke of Josephine County, F. A. McCall of
Douglas County and P. M. Hall-Lewis of Coos County, have
been active and done careful inspection work that has been a
benefit to the fruit industry of their counties. At the
beginning of their inspection work they did not have the
co-operation of the growers they should have had. Now the
Opposition has ceased and the growers see that the inspectors
are an aid to them in suggesting how to identify insect pests
and fungus diseases, and the proper remedies they should use
to free their orchards of pests and fungus and make their
trees healthy and vigorous.

COOS COUNTY.

Last June I spent two weeks in horticultural work in Coos.
I found the demands of the people of that county so insistent
for horticultural knowledge that I could not ignore it. I held
a number of meetings in the county and was surprised at the
interest shown on best methods to develop fruit-growing m
that section by the liberal turn-out at these meetings by all
classes.

At these meetings I was fortunate in having the assist-
ance of Professor Jackson on plant diseases and Professor
Wilson on insect pests, both of the Oregon Agricultural Col-
lege, Corvallis, and Professor Reimer of the experimental
Station at Medford, Oregon. Many fruit-growers of Coos
County were with us in the orchards, and this gave the
Professors an opportunity to teach them how to identify

Reports of A. H. Carson. 41

injurious fungous diseases and insect pests, and the remedy
for the same. The interest taken by so many fruit-growers at
these orchard demonstrations, and the attention they gave the
Professors while lecturing in the field convinced me that our
visit to Coos will see better methods inaugurated and more
careful thought given to better fruit in that county.

Professor Reimer was active at all times on the trip, testing
various soils found in that county. Also he, with others of
our party, pointed out the possibilities of the future of the
loganberry in that county, and the Gravenstein apple from
a commercial standpoint.

Coos County can grow the finest loganberries, and Graven-
stein apples of any section I have visited in Oregon. In fact,
that county can, if her people will take hold of the production
of these two specialties, have a monopoly, with rail trans-
portation. There is hardly a limit to the yield of the logan-
berry in that county on her various soils. A few years ago
it was thought that this berry was limited to the local market,
and, as a matter of course, its planting in large quantities was
not encouraged. It has been found it will not thrive east
of the Rockies ; then, as our people learned how easy it was
to evaporate, and the demand in the eastern markets for
evaporated loganberries, the planting of them has increased.
Again, it has been found there is no fruit equals the logan-
berry for unfermented juice for soft drinks. Where this juice
has been used it has become so populär that it has taken the
place of grape juice and all other unfermented fruit Juices.
This being true, in such favored places for its growth as is
Coos county, it is only a question of time and push of the
people when they can build up an industry with the loganberry
for its foundation that as a wealth producer will soon divide
the honors with her dairy Output.

One of the prime factors of the loganberry raised on com-
mercial lines is the large amount of labor that enters into its
production. It ripens at a season of the year, in June and
July, when our public schools are closed and make available a
host of school children to gather the berries. This fact makes
it possible for women and children to earn many a dollar
towards their annual living that they could not earn in more
laborious work. The gathering of loganberries is light labor,
a labor that would give out-door employment, and could not
in any way impair the health of the growing boy or girl. Any
Community that can build up an industry which will make it
possible for women and children of the poor to earn a reason-
able wage is building up its local wealth and welfare.

42 Report of State Board of Horticui.ture.

FIELD WORK.

I

During the past two years I have visited the principal fruit
centers of the district, have personally inspected many
orchards and consulted and advised with the county inspectors
in nearly all the counties of the district, and have held a
number of fruit-growers' meetings and spoken on topics per-
taining to better methods of fruit industry. The interest
shown by the good attendance at these meetings indicated a
universal desire among the fruit-growers to get the experience
of those who have made a success.

The past two years I have had many letters from fruit-
growers all over the district pertaining to all phases connected
with fruit. I have distributed among them 800 copies of the
eleventh Biennial Report of this board, the number alloted
my district, and have had many applications for this report
that I could not fill for want of copies.

The past two years I have noticed the fruit-growers are
beginning to grow garden truck and feed for the stock they
use for cultivating their orchards. Several years ago the
growers bought much of their garden truck from California
truck growers, and depended for their income from the sales
from their orchards. This is a healthy change, and every
grower should be encouraged to grow in his own garden such
garden truck as he has to have for home use, rather than pay
transportation charges on the same to growers of truck in
other states. No doubt much of the high cost of living we
now see being discussed in the public press can be assigned
to the System of too many farmers specializing in one crop
alone, and not diversifying. Where the fruit-grower special-
izes on fruit alone for several years, while waiting for his
orchard to become productive, he has no income from capital
invested. He is constantly paying out money for bare necessi-
ties in place of setting aside a plot of his land and growing
the necessary garden truck and feed he has to have. The
facts that consumption is greater than production, or that the
consuming class has increased, while the producers have
decreased, with the costly methods of distribution, no doubt
would in part explain the high cost of living. That farm
products have greatly fallen off in this section I have noted.
A few years ago nearly all the farmers of this locality had
a surplus of all kmds of farm products. Nearly every farmer
had a surplus of bacon and hams to seil, while now many of
them are going to their grocer and buying their bacon and
hams at prices that are virtually prohibitive to any man that
pretends to any reasonable business System. Then, too, many

Reports of A. H. Carson. 43

farmers that have lands here in this favored section, owing
to increased land values of the past few years, have greatly
neglected their calling, and have become land speculators. On
paper they figure their wealth on the fancied values of specula-
tion, forgetting that the real wealth of any individual or any
Community, lies in its prcducing more than it consumes. We
have the soil and climate that will prcduce any crop planted
and attendecl to. The reason for the falling off of production
of farm producta is the System our people have practiced. In
fact, I have always observed that any section that depends
on the products of the soil for their wealth, growing but one
crop, never meets with the success that is had by a farming
Community that grows various crops. Fruit-growing is a
business, calling for intelligent business qualifications, but no
fruit-grower should depend for the necessities he has to have
for his family upon going into the market and buying them ;
he should grow them.

The following estimate for fruit produced and marketed
in the third district for the years 1911-12 is very near the
actual output :

DOUGLAS COUNTY. 1911 1912

Apples, car lots 40 70

Pears, car lots 15 35

Peaches 5 S

Prunes (dried) car lots, 40,000 pounds each 100 150

Strawberries, car lots 4 5

Loganberries, car lots 3 5

Blackberries, car lots 2 3

Gooseberries, car lots 1 3

Cherries, car lots 2 4

Total cars 172 2S3

JACKSON COUNTY.

Apples, car lots 150 600

Pears, car lots 120 250

Peaches, car lots 20 25

Strawberries, car lots 3 6

Loganberries, car lots 2 5

Blackberries, car lots 5 7

Cherries, car lots 6 S

Total cars 306 901

44 Report of State Board of Horticulture.

JOSEPHINE COUNTY.

Apples, car lots 20 100

Pears, car lots 15 30

Peaches, car lots ; 20 35

Strawberries, car lots 3 5

Loganberries, car lots 1 2

Cherrles, car lots 2 2

•

Total cars 61 174

COOS COUNTY.

Apples, car lots 10 15

Pears, car lots 3 4

Total cars 13 19

Total cars for Third District 552 1377

It must be noted that there are thousands of acres of young
orchards in the third district not yet at bearing age; this
explains the Output as compared to the acreage in fruit.

A. H. Carson,
Commissioner for Third District.

Reports of R. H. Weber. 45

REPORTS OF R. H. WEBER

Commissioner for the Fourth District.
APRIL MEETING.

The Dalles, Oregon, March 30, 1912.

To the Honorable State Board of Horticulture:

With the greatest precipitation ever recorded and the
blooming season much delayed, owing to the chilly weather
of March, thus greatly diminishing danger from damaging
frosts, fruit-growers are confronted with the finest prospects
for a crop in the history of the industry in this district.

This time last year cherries, apricots and peaches as well
as soft-shell almonds were entirely through blooming, and the
fruit had set, while at this time these varieties are just break-
ing into bloom, making a difference of three weeks at least in
the blooming period, correspondingly reducing the chances
of injury by frosts, which seldom occur later than the lOth of
April in this section, and apples, pears, prunes and plums
which are just now beginning to show slight swelling of buds
are sure to make immense crops, as these will not be in bloom
for some days after the latest recorded date of damaging
late frost.

Coupled with the prospects for a very heavy crop of all
kinds of fruit comes the promise of good prices. Buyers are
at this time busy interviewing growers and making satis-
factory offers, with the result that the cherry crop amounting
to considerable over 1,000 tons this year from present pros-
pects, has been contracted at very remunerative prices, the
same to be used entirely for maraschino, for which the cherries
of this district are specially adapted, owing to their extreme
firmness and uniform size, as well as the entire absence of
split fruit, which is never found in this district on account of
the entire absence of rains during the ripening season.

Stimulated by the strong demand, and the ease with which
cherries can be grown around The Dalles, many thousands of
young trees are being planted this spring, mostly of the Royal
Ann variety, they being in extremely heavy demand for
canning and maraschino purposes, always commanding a price
leaving a good profit to the grower, and cash paid for every
load as fast as delivered at the factory, an item of considerable
importance to the grower, as it makes cherry-growing as

Royal Anne Cherry Tree — The Dalles.

Reports of R. H. Weber. 47

staple a business as raising wheat, and much more interesting
and profitable, as instances are on record where an mdividual
free will bring as much revenue as an entire acre of the finest
crop of wheat. Deep, alluvial, well-drained soils are required
for the profitable production of cherries, and in this the section
surrounding The Dalles abounds, and it may be safely said
that The Dalles district is as famous for its cherries as Hood
River for its high-grade apples.

Large plantings of Italian prunes are also being made this
spring on account of the high prices prevailing for this article
during past several years.

Prunes grown in this section, unlike many other districts in
the northwest, are shipped exclusively in the fresn state to our
large eastern cities, where they command a ready sale at
highly remunerative prices.

Peaches and apricots are receiving their share of attention,
and many acres are being set to these varieties, mostly of sorts
adapted to canning. Principal of these are the Phillips Cling
peach and Royal apricot, which command good prices at local
canneries and are very productive.

In the Hood River and Mosier sections large plantings of
apples are being made. These districts have prospects for
immense yields of their duly celebrated Yellow Newtown
Pippins, Spitzenburgs and Ortleys, and make comment here
quite unnecessary, for they have spread Hood River's fame
both far and wide.

Note must be made however of the increased planting of
pear trees in the Hood River Valley; varieties largely Beurre
de' Anjou, Bartlett, Beurre Bosc and Winter Nelis. It having
been found that these varieties will yield immense crops of
high quality fruit, and being in great demand at highest
market prices in our populous eastern cities, it is safe to say
that within a few years the shipment of pears from Hood
River will amount to hundreds of cars annually.

To the Dufur section in Wasco County belongs the distinc-
tion of setting the largest individual apple orchard, not only
of the great northwest, noted for its vast enterprises, but of
the entire United States, and perhaps the whole world. For
here one firm will this season finish the planting of 4,000
acres to apples exclusively, consisting principally of Yellow
Newtown Pippin, Spitzenburg, Jonathan, Winter Banana, and
some other leading varieties. This plantation presents a
veritable hive of activity ; scores of men and horses are busily
engaged in performing the various labors necessary in the
conducting of the work required in the production of an
orchard on strictly scientific and up-to-date principles. Here,

48 Report of State Board of Horticulture.

too, can be seen an oil tractor pulling spring tooth harrows
cutting a swath over twenty feet wide.

In addition to this large tract, many other extensive orchard
plantings are being made in the Dufur district, consisting
mostly of apples, though pears and cherries are receiving more
or less attention. The Fifteen-Mile Valley, in which the
beautiful little town of Dufur is located, is specially adapted
to pear culture, a fact fully recognized by the owners of land
in this valley, which is fertile and productive almost beyond
description.

Summing it all up, the fourth horticultural district is show-
ing wonderful progress in horticultural lines and furnishing
homes for many new settlers attracted by its fertile soils and
unsurpassed climate.

R. H. Weber,
Commissioner for Third District.

OCTOBEK, MEETING, 1912.

The Dalles, Oregon, October 14, 1912.

To the Honorable State Board of Horticulture:

Herewith I respectfully submit my report as commissioner
of the fourth horticultural district for the year 1912.

This district Covers a large area consisting of the counties of
Hood River, Wasco, Sherman, Gilliam, Morrow, Wheeler and
Crook. Hood River is the most westerly county in this district,
being located in the heart of the Cascade Mountains ; next east
of Hood River County is Wasco, and these two counties repre-
sent the commercial fruit-producing section of the district, for
nearly all orchards of commercial size are located in these
two counties, though Sherman and Gilliam each have several
orchards from which fruit is exported, but the average season
finds the home demand sufficient to consume the entire crop.

All varieties of fruit bore a heavy crop this season excepting
cherries and pears, these being injured by cold, rainy weather
during blooming season, reducing the crop to about one-half
the estimated normal yield.

Planting of orchards continue in all parts of this district,
and it is a safe prediction that the crop from now on will
double every two or three years. Largest plantings consist of
apples, and many thousand trees of these will again be set out
this fall and next spring. Pears, cherries, peaches and
apricots are also being planted quite extensively, while prunes

Reports of R. H. Weber. 49

and grapes are receiving considerable attention. The two
latter are grown most extensively and to great perfection at
The Dalles, from where many carloads of both are shipped
annually to the large coast and eastern cities where they bring
highly remunerative prices which has encouraged large
increase in the acreage of these fruits during the last few
years.

The table herewith presented gives a summary of fruit
crop produced in the fourth district for the year 1912, and is
a convincing argument of the steady increase and of the
growth of the industry in the district.

HOOD KIVER.

Apples, boxes 700,000

Pears, boxes 9,000

Cherries, boxes 10,850

Strawberries, crates 45,000

Peaches, boxes 10,000

Blackberries, crates 2,500

Raspberries, crates 1,000

MOSIER.

Apples, boxes 40.000

Pears, boxes 500

Prunes, crates 16,000

Plums, crates 2,000

Strawberries, crates 1,200

Apricots, crates 500

Peaches, boxes 4,000

Cherries, boxes 4,500

THE DALLES.

Apples, boxes 30,000

Pears, boxes 25,000

Peaches, boxes 180,000

Prunes, crates 100,000

Plums, crates 16,000

Apricots, crates 12,000

Strawberries, crates 5,000

Raspberries, crates 500

Blackberries, crates 1,100

Cherries, tons 700

Grapes, tons 600

R. H. Weber,

Commissioner for Fourth District.

50 Report of State Board of Horticulture.

REPORT OF JUDD GEER

Commissioner for the Fifth District.

Cove, Oregon, November 19, 1912.

To the Honorable State Board of Horticulture:

Herewith I have the honor to present to you my semi-annual
report. I am pleased to report that in the fifth district this
season was fully 90 per cent of a füll crop, and the quality
above the average. Though the apple market has not been as
brisk as usual at this time of year, there is no reason why the
growers should not get fair prices for good quality stock.

The past season was peculiar, in that we had few warm
nights, which I believe accounts to a great extent for the light
ravages of the codling moth. There are fewer wormy apples
this season than for several past years. Fire blight made its
appearance this year in the worst form I have ever seen it, but
the county courts are taking a great interest, and doing all
they can to assist the county inspectors and myself to clean it
up. The Union County inspector will start next week with
two assistants and cover the entire county, pruning the blight
out. So, I believe, we will put a pretty thorough check to it.

The cherry crop was first-class. The black cherries were
shipped fresh, while the Royal Anns were practically all sold
in bulk to be made into maraschino cherries, at from $65 to
$80 per ton.

While the prune crop was not up to the average in some
parts of the district, yet as a whole, was good, and the growers
got good prices. About half the crop was dried and the rest
shipped fresh.

There have been hundreds of thousands of trees planted in
the fifth district in the past three or four years, but to get at
the actual number or acreage planted I find an utter impossi-
bility. The varieties planted have been mostly apples and
cherries, though the demand for prune trees is increasing.

Report of Judd Geer. 51

Following is an estimate of the fruit crop for the past
season :

UMATILLA COUNTY.

Carloads.

Apples '.. 700

Prunes 215

Pears 30

Peaches : 200

Cherries 45

Strawberries 55

Grapes '. 25

UNION COUNTY.

Apples 550

Prunes 50

Pears 10

Cherries 40

Plums 15

Strawberries 10

MALHEUR COUNTY.

Apples 40

Pears 5

Prunes 25

Peaches 5

BAKER COUNTY.

Apples 35

Pears 6

Prunes 10

Peaches 20

Judd Geer,
Commissioner for Fifth District.

SPRAYS AND SPRAYING.

Prepared for the Eleventh Biennial Report of the State
Board of Horticulture by Prof. A. B. Cordley, dean of the
Oregon Agricultural College and entomologist of the Oregon
Experiment Station, and revised for this report by Prof. H. S.
Jackson, plant pathologist of the Oregon Experiment Station,
and Prof. H. F. Wilson, assistant entomologist of the Oregon
Experiment Station.

52 Report of State Board of Horticulture.

Knowledge of a multiplicity of sprays is not essential to
success in spraying. Equipped with an understanding of the
ränge of usefulness of three or four Standard sprays, with
a good spray pump, and with a determination to do thorough
work, one is as well fortified as may be against most orchard
pests. Therefore this article will be brief. In practically all
of the orchard spraying done in this State but three kinds of
spray are used, and probably one of these may soon be largely
dispensed with. To treat of more is but to waste time and
space and to lead to confusion.

Most growers now understand that spraying is primarily
to prevent loss from insects and from fungous diseases, and
that a spray which is effective against one pest may be totally
ineffective against another. Still, for the benefit of the novice,
it may be necessary to emphasize the fact that there is no
cure-all. Poisons like arsenate of lead or paris green are used
to destroy codling moth and other insects which actually swal-
low plant tissues — usually caterpillars and beetles which feed
upon leaves. They have little or no value as fungicides and
are not effective against San Jose scale, plant lice and other
sucking insects. Bordeaux mixture is used to prevent attacks
of fungous diseases and has but little value as an insecticide.
Lime-sulphur is both an insecticide and a fungicide. Its ränge
of usefulness is therefore greatly increased, but it is not a
cure-all.

As intimated above, the three principal sprays in >ise in
this State are arsenate of lead, Bordeaux mixture, and lime-
sulphur Solutions.

ARSENATE OF LEAD.

Arsenate of lead is now the chief poison used in spraying for
the codling moth, although paris green is cheaper and gives
approximately as good results. Many brands of commercial
arsenate of lead are now to be had, and so far as our observa-
tions go all are reasonably pure. The various brands may,
however, be arranged into two defmite groups which may be
termed the acid arsenates and the neutral or normal arsenates.
While the evidence is not conclusive, it appears to be true that
the acid arsenates have some tendency to injure foliage and
that they cannot so well be used with the lime-sulphur Solu-
tions as can the neutral arsenates. While the available evi-
dence upon the above points is not sufficient to justify one
in condemning the acid arsenates, growers are advised to use
neutral arsenates wherever possible.

Most manufacturers advise the use of three pounds of
arsenate of lead to 50 gallons of water. The Washington

Sprays and Spraying. 53

Experiment Station has demonstrated that in the dry climate
of Eastern Washington one pound to 50 gallons gives equally
good results in Controlling codling moth. We have found
that two pounds are sufficient in the Willamette Valley. It
is quite probable that one pound may be sufficient here, but
since this has not been demonstrated we think it best to
advise two pounds to 50 gallons for the more humid portions
of this State.

Some growers prefer to prepare the arsenate of lead as it
is used. This is but little if any more troublesome than to
mix the prepared arsenates in water and should be some-
what cheaper. It can be readily prepared after the following
formula :

Arsenate of soda 4 ounces

Acetate of lead 11 ounces

Water 15 to 20 gallons

Dissolve the arsenate of soda in two quarts and the acetate
of lead in four quarts of warm water. When dissolved add
them to the required amount of water.

This formula is especially valuable for spraying very deli-
cate foliage or for use against insects which are killed only
by large amounts of poison, since it can be used upon plants
in much stronger Solutions than the other food poisons with-
out injury to the foliage.

If it is desired to use a combined insecticide and fungicide,
arsenate of lead may be added to Bordeaux or to lime-sulphur
Solution in the same proportion as when water is used.

BORDEAUX MIXTURE.

Bordeaux mixture has long been the principal spray used as
a preventative of fungus diseases of plants, and while other
sprays, notably the l'me-sulohur mixtures, give promise of
largely supplanting it for certain purposes, it still remains one
of the most important orchard fungicides.

Bordeaux for winter use may be made as follows :

Copper sulphate, 6 pounds;
Quick lime, 6 pounds ;
Water, 50 gallons.

This is known as the 6-6-50 formula. It should be used
only upon dormant trees.

54 Report of State Board of Horticulture.

When the trees are in leaf the following 4-4-50 formula
is used :

Copper sulphate, 4 pounds ;
Quick lime, 4 pounds ;
Water, 50 gallons.

A weaker formula known as the 3-6-50 formula, is some-
times used on plants of tender foliage. In Oregon the for-
mula has been successfully used on the peach foliage .for pre-
vention of fruit spot but it is without doubt safer to use the
self-boiled lime-sulphur.

Copper sulphate, 3 pounds ;
Quick lime, 6 pounds ;
Water, 50 gallons.

It is of great importance that Bordeaux be properly
made. The mixture must be made fresh each time it is used.
The ingredients may be stored in stock Solution indefmitely,
however. Always use wooden or earthen vessels in prepar-
ing Bordeaux or the Solution of blue stone.

When large quantities of Bordeaux mixture are requirecl,
it is most convenient to have stock Solutions made up contain-
ing one pound per gallon of the respective ingredients, Take
a 50-gallon barrel of water and suspend near the top a coarse
sack containing 50 pounds of crystallized or granulated com-
mercial copper sulphate. It will dissolve in a few hours. It is
convenient to arrange this the night before the spraying is to
be done. In another barrel place 50 pounds of lime freshly
slaked. For this purpose choose clean stone lime of the best
quality. Slaking should be done carefully. Water should
be added a little at a time so that slaking will take place rap-
idly. The process should be watched carefully and the mixture
stirred constantly while the slaking is going on, adding water
as needed to prevent burning, as lime should never be allowed
to become dry while slaking or it will burn, nor should it
become entirely submerged with water. The mixing can be
conveniently done with a hoe. When thoroughly slaked make
up to 50 gallons with water.

If small quantities only of stock Solution are needed any
quantity can be made in the above mentioned proportions. If
the spray is to be applied to peach trees in foliage use the
3-6-50 formula.

These stock Solutions can be kept for an indefinite time if
water is added to replace that lost by evaporation. They
should be kept covered to prevent dilution by rains. Made up

Sprays and Spraying. 55

in this way each gallon of stock Solution represents one pound
of ingredients. Each should be stirred very thoroughly before
any is taken out.

In making uo the mixture from these stock Solutions both
the copper sulphate and the lime should be diluted before being
mixed. Have two dilution barreis or tanks. If the 6-6-50
formula be used and the soray tank holds 100 gallons — take
12 gallons of copper sulphate stock Solution and dilute to
make 50 gallons in one barrel and take 12 gallons of the lime
paste and dilute in the same manner in another barrel. The
lime paste should be run through a fine strainer.

For convenience it is well to have a platform built high
enough to permit the liquids to flow from the dilution tanks
into the spray cart. Allow the two diluted Solutions to run
together through a 20-mesh copper wire strainer into the
spray tank, mix well and apply at once.

It is always best before applying the mixture to test with
potassium ferrocyanide.

Buy 10 cents' worth of potassium ferrocyanide at the
druggist's and dissolve in the least possible amount of water.
Label the bottle poison. Take out a cupful of the well-stirred
mixture and allow a drop or two of the potassium ferro-
cyanide to drop into it. If the drop turns yellow or brown on
striking the mixture it will be necessary to add more lime.
Add lime tili no discoloration is seen when tested in this way.
If this precaution is not taken the spray may in jure the
foliage.

Use a good pump that gives strong constant pressure ; have
good nozzles that give a fine, mist-like spray and cover the
tree thoroughly.

Always rinse the spray tank, hose and rod with water after
using. Use only brass rods and connections as Bordeaux
mixture will gradually attack iron.

Unfortunately, even the most carefully prepared Bordeaux
will sometimes cause serious "russetting" of the fruit of apple.
This russetting seems to be the most serious when rainy or at
least humid weather prevails at the time of the first spraying
after the blossoms fall, and as such conditions do usually thus
prevail, at least in the Willamette Valley, "spray injury"
following the use of Bordeaux often becomes almost as serious
as the fungus injury it was expected to prevent.

SELF-BOILED LIME-SULPHUR.

This mixture, introduced and perfected by Scott, of the
Department of Agriculture, is especially desirable for use on

56 Report op State Board of Horticulture.

peach foliage. The experience in most sections of the country
has been that Bordeaux mixture and most other fungicides
are unsafe to use on peach and other tender foliage. This
fact has led to the perfection of the self-boiled lime-sulphur.
This mixture, prepared and recommended for use on the peach
foliage, is in effect a mechanical mixture of lime and sulphur
with only a very small percentage of sulphides in Solution.
In Oregon this spray is especially recommended for use against
brown rot and fruit spot of peach. The formula recommended
is as f ollows :

Lime, 8 pounds;
Sulphur, 8 pounds;
Water, 50 gallons.

The preparation of the mixture as described by Scott in
Bureau of Plant Industry Bulletin No. 174, is as follows:

"The mixture used in our experiments during the past
season was composed of eight pounds of fresh stone lime and
eight pounds of sulphur (either flowers or flour may be used)
to 50 gallons of water. The mixture can best be prepared
in rather large quantities, say enough for 200 gallons at a
time, making the formula 32 pounds of lime and 32 pounds
of sulphur, to be cooked with a small quantity of water (8 or
10 gallons) and then diluted to 200 gallons.

"The lime should be placed in a barrel and enough water
poured on to almost cover it. As soon as the lime begins to
slake the sulphur should be added after first running it through
a sieve to break up the lumps. The mixture should be con-
stantly stirred and more water added as needed to form a
thick paste at first and then gradually a thin paste. The lime
will supply enough heat to boil the mixture several minutes.
As soon as it is well slaked water should be added to cool the
mixture and prevent further cooking. It is then ready to be
strained into the spray tank, diluted, and applied.

"The stage at which cold water should be poured on to
stop the cooking varies with different limes. Some limes are
so sluggish in slaking that it is difficult to obtain enough heat
from them to cook the mixture at all, while other limes become
intensely hot on slaking and care must be taken not to allow
the boiling to proceed too far. If the mixture is allowed to
remain hot 15 to 20 minutes after the slaking is completed,
the sulphur gradually goes into Solution, combining with the
lime to form sulphids, which are injurious to peach foliage.
It is therefore very important, especially with hot lime, to
cool the mixture quickly by adding a few buckets of water

Sprays and Spraying. 57

as soon as the lumps of lime have slaked down. The intense
heat, violent boiling and constant stirring result in a uniform
mixture of finely divided sulphur and lime, with only a very
small percentage of the sulphur in Solution. The mixture
should be strained to take out the coarse particles of lime,
but the sulphur should be carefully worked through the
strainer.

"In applying the self-boiled lime-sulphur mixture, the spray-
ing outfit should be equipped with a good agitator. The
mixture settles to the bottom of the tank, and unless kept
thoroughly agitated, cannot be evenly applied."

Since commercial lime-sulphur has caused some burning of
fruit and foliage of the apple in some sections of the North-
west, we would suggest that the self-boiled lime-sulphur be
tried for the third scab spray. Either the 8-8-50 or 10-10-50
formula may be used. While not as good as the commercial
lime-sulphur against apple scab, Scott finds that it will control
mild cases of scab, and in his experiments was entirely harm-
less to foliage and fruit.

Arsenate of lead for codling moth may be safely used with
the self-boiled mixture in the same proportions as recom-
mended when mixed with Bordeaux or commercial lime-
sulphur.

LIME-SULPHUR SOLUTION.

It is often desirable and practicable to use sprays which
combine both fungicidal and insecticidal qualities. The time,
expense, and annoyance of one or more sprayings may fre-
quently be eliminated by such combinations. Thus Bordeaux
mixture and Paris green, or arsenate of lead, has long been
used as a combined spray for apple-scab and codling moth
and the expense of Controlling these two important apple pests
has thereby been materially reduced. This spray, however,
combines only the fungicidal value of Bordeaux and the food
poison value of the arsenical. It is of little or no value as a
contact insecticide — in other words it is of no value against
scale insects, plant lice and the numerous insects which belong
to Group II.

During the past five years we have conclusively demon-
strated that the lime-sulphur spray, which has long been
known as the most satisfactory winter spray for San Jose
scale, has fungicidal qualities nearly or quite equal to those
of Bordeaux. We have also conclusively demonstrated that
it may be used in combination with arsenate of lead without
materially detracting f rom the value of either ; and that when

58 Report of State Board of Horticulture.

so used it is at once an efficient contact insecticide, food poison
spray, and fungicide.

It has also the advantage that when properly diluted it
may be used either as a winter or summer spray.

As a winter spray one application of lime-sulphur spray
each year will do more for the neglected orchard than can
be done in any other way by the same expenditure of cash
and energy. It not only destroys San Jose scale, but it also
apparently destroys the branch form of woolly-aphis, the eggs
of the green-aphis, the pear-leaf blister mite, the hibernating
larvse of the prune twig-miner, together with some other
inseets which may chance to be wintering upon the trees. It
is also a good fungicide. If applied in fall it is nearly or
quite equal to Bordeaux as a preventive of apple-tree anthrac-
nose; applied to peach trees just before the buds open in
spring it is a preventive of peach-leaf curl.

As a summer spray the results of the past five seasons'
work at the Oregon Experiment Station prove conclusively
that when properly diluted it can be safely used upon the
apple, pear, plum and prune, potato, celery and other hardy
plants, and that it gives better results in Controlling apple
scab than does Bordeaux, which has been the Standard spray
for this disease, and further that it does not produce the dis-
astrous "spray injury" to the fruit which is so common and
often serious when Bordeaux is used.

There are two methods of preparing the lime-sulphur
spray. The formula which has been most generally used in
this State is as f ollows :

Quick lime 50 pounds

Sulphur 50 pounds

Water 150 gallons

Slake the lime thoroughly, add the sulphur, and boil briskly
for at least an hour or until the mixture is of a deep blood-
red color with but little free sulphur on the surface. Add
water to make 150 gallons. Apply with considerable force
through a coarse nozzle.

The "stock Solution" method which is now most generally
used in this State has been developed during the past few
years. During that time there have appeared upon the market
a number of concentrated lime-sulphur Solutions, which have
only to be diluted with water to be ready for use. Careful
experiments extending over three seasons have demonstrated
that these sprays are fully equal to the old home-made lime-
sulphur spray in destroying Sem Jose scale. Whether all of

Sprays and Spraying. 59

them can safely be used for summer spraying is yet to be
demonstrated.

The chief fault to be found with these commercial prepara-
tions is that they cost too much. The retail price is $9.00
to $12 per barrel of 50 gallons. The lime and sulphur neces-
sary to prepare 50 gallons of stock Solution which is equally
as efficient costs at present retail prices approximately $3.00.
It may be prepared as f ollows :

Sulphur (best finely ground) one sack.. ..110 pounds

Lime (best grade, unslaked) 55 pounds

Water, sufficient to make 60 gallons

Slake the lime, mix the sulphur into a thin paste with a
little water, add it to the lime, add sufficient water to make
60 gallons, bring to a boil and boil vigorously for 30 to 45
minutes. The sediment is then allowed to settle, after which
the clear dark amber-colored liquid is drawn off and may be
stored in sasks for future use.

Every grower who expects to prepare his own spray by the
stock Solution should provide himself with a Beaume's Acid
Scale Hydrometer. Such an instrument, which should not
cost over $1.00, furnishes a very simple and convenient rnethod
of testing the strength of the Solution. A "stock" Solution
prepared as above described should test approximately 30
degrees upon such a scale.

If the grower be provided with a hydrometer, it is not at all
necessary to obtain stock Solutions of uniform strength. The
following table gives the proper dilutions to be used with
stock Solutions of various degrees of density, both for winter
and summer spraying:

Stock Solution

Dilution

Dilution

Baume Scale-

-Deg.

Winter Strength.

Summer Strength.

32

1—12

1—32

31

1—11

1—31

30

1—10

1—30

29

1—9 l/ 2

1—29

28

1—9

1—28

27

1—8 1/9

1—27

26

1—8

1—26

25

1—7 y 2

1—25

24

1—7

1—24

23

1—6 1/2

1—23

22

1—6

1—22

60 Report of State Board of Horticulture.

KEROSENE EMULSION.

Kerosene oil, or coal oil, is a powerful insecticide. The
undiluted oil is, however, liable to seriously injure plants to
which it is applied. This difficulty is overcome by using
one of the special spray pumps which have been devised for
the purpose of mixing the oil with water in any desired
Proportion ; or by forming an emulsion with some Lubstance
that may be readily diluted with water. Soap is most com-
monly used for this purpose, as follows :

Kerosene oil _.... 2 gallons

Hard soap (preferably whale-oil) 1/2 pound

Water : 1 gallon

Dissolve the soap in the water by boiling. Add the suds,
boiling hot, to the oil. Churn the mixture violently with a
spray pump until it becomes a thick, creamy mass. If per-
fectly emulsified, the oil will not rise to the surface even after
standing an indefinite time. Such an emulsion may be used
immediately or may be kept as a stock mixture. Before using
dilute one part of the stock emulsion with 10 to 15 of water.

This will be found to be an efficient remedy for green aphis,
woolly aphis, red spider, mealy bugs and certain scale, ir.sects.

CRUDE OIL EMULSION.

The crude oil emulsion spray is being used to some extent
throughout the country for the San Jose and other reales,
and directions for making are here included :

Fish-oil soap _ 5 pounds

Lye 1 pound

Crude oil 6 gallons

Water 43 gallons

This formula will make about 50 gallons of spray. Dis-
solve the soap in about 10 gallons of hot water, pour into
a barrel or tank and add the rest of the 43 gallons of water,
add the lye and pour the oil in slowly, agitating the liquid
at the same time. Never add more ivater after the oll has
been ponred into the mixing vessel. Crude petroleum cannot
at this time be sold under a strict guarantee as to specific
gravity, but for this purpose should test from 15° to 20°
Baume'.

WHALE-OIL SOAP AND QUASSIA.

Strong soapsuds made from any good soap are useful for
destroying soft-bodied insects like plant-lice. It is usual,

Sprays and Spraying. 61

however, to employ for this purpose special soaps made with
fish-oils, and sold as whale-oil soaps. These vary consider-
ably in composition, some being made with soda, others with
potash lye. The latter are much superior and buyers should
insist on having potash soaps.

For scale insects, whale-oil soap is sometimes used in as
concentrated a Solution as two pounds of soap to one gallon
of water, but only upon dormant plants. As a remedy for
the various plant-lice one pound of soap to eight or ten gallons
of water is usually sufficient. Hop growers are inclined to
believe that better results are obtained, when spraying for
hop-lice, by adding some quassia decoction to the soap Solu-
tion, as follows :

Whale-oil soap 10 pounds

Quassia 5 pounds

Water 100 gallons

Place the quassia chips in a sack, cover with eight or ten
gallons of water and soak 12 to 24 hours. Then bring to a
boil, remove the chips, add the soap and boil until it is dis-
solved. Add water to make 100 gallons. The whale-oil soap
and quassia spray is used principally by hop growers.

BLACK LEAF-40.

Black leaf-40, a proprietary tobacco preparation, may be
used for the same purpose as kerosene emulsion or whale-oil
soap and quassia and has the advantage that it does not injure
foliage and is ready for use. One gallon diluted with 800
to 1,000 gallons of water makes a very efficient aphidicide.

WHEN TO SPRAY.

General directions as to how many times to spray and when
the applications should be made are at best unsatisfactory.
The answer to both questions clepends not only upon the variety
of fruit to be sprayed, but also upon the conditions prevailing
in the orchard to be sprayed, and the relative importance of
the orchard crop to other crops. The orchardist can afford
to do more spraying than can the farmer.

An almost universal practice in this State — and a good one
— is to spray the orchard, whatever the kind of fruit, with
lime-sulphur at some time while the trees are dormant. While
this application is made primarily for San Jose scale, I believe
there is no other which has such a generally beneficial result.
It is the annual "house-cleaning" of the orchards.

62 Report of State Board of Horticulture.

The best time for this winter spraying is immediately after
the leaves drop in fall — even before they are all off — or just
before the buds open in spring. Personally, I prefer the latter,
but attention should be called to the danger of unfavorable
weather conditions at that time and to the consequent inadvis-
ability of delaying the work too long.

All other sprayings are for special purposes and can best
be considered in connection with particular pests.

Apple.

apple scab.

Spray with Bordeaux or with lime-sulphur (1-30) : first,
when the blossoms are beginning to unfold; second, spray
with lime-sulphur (1-32) immediately after the blossoms fall;
third, repeat 10 days or two weeks later. If prolonged rainy
weather follows the third spraying, a fourth two weeks later
may be profitable.

CODLING MOTH.

Add arsenate of lead or Paris green to the second scab
spray. Endeavor at this time, by the most thorough work, to
fill the blossom end of every apple with the spray. If this
be well done, and if the fruit be again thoroughly sprayed
late in June, fairly good results may be obtained without
further applications. It is our experience, however, that in
the Willamette Valley at least, it usually pays to spray once
or twice for the second brood. The first of these applica-
tions should be about August 1 ; the second some three or
four weeks later. While thorough work should be done at
all times particular emphasis should be placed upon the first
two sprayings. If all of the first brood larvse could be killed
there would be none of the second.

SAN JOSE SCALE.

Spray in winter with lime-sulphur, either immediately after
the leaves fall or before the buds start in spring. Do thorough
work. Soak every part of the tree.

Aphids or Plant Lice.

general recommendation.

To destroy stem-mothers in the spring, spray just as the
buds are opening with lime-sulphur (1-10) plus black leaf-40

Sprays and Spraying. 63

(1-900), or black leaf-40 (1-900), or kerosene emulsion 15
per cent Solution, or whale-oil soap two pounds to four gal-
lons of water, if none of the other sprays can be secured.
This applies to all fruit trees and bush fruits.

To destroy the lice after the foliage is out, spray with
black leaf-40 (1-900) plus one pound of soap to each 100
gallons of spray, or kerosene emulsion 15 per cent Solution,
or whale-oil soap two pounds to four gallons of water.

APPLE TINGIS.

Practice clean culture, clean up and burn all rubbish about
the orchard. Spray when eggs are hatching in late May or
early June with kerosene emulsion or black leaf-40.

APPLE TREE ANTHRACNOSE.

In orchards where slightly affected with anthracnose or
where it is considered advisable to spray as a matter of gen-
eral orchard practice, it is advised to spray once in the fall,
as soon as possible after the fruit is picked, using Bordeaux
mixture, 6-6-50.

In orchards where the disease is on the increase and it
is desired to make a special effort to prevent any further
spread, growers should spray twice with Bordeaux mixture
(6-6-50) after the fruit is picked. The two applications
should be about two or three weeks apart.

Where the disease is abundant and is seriously interfering
with the growth and productiveness of the orchard, and it is
desired to clean up the orchard in the shortest time possible,
then it is advised to spray at least once before the fruit is
picked with Bordeaux mixture, 4-4-50. This application should
be made about the middle of September or before the nrst
fall rains. In addition, such an orchard should be sprayed
twice with Bordeaux, using the 6-6-50 formula as recom-
mended above.

Cherry.

SHOT-HOLE FUNGUS.

Spray with Bordeaux or lime-sulphur when blossoms are
opening, and again when petals have fallen.

CHERRY SLUGS.

Spray with white hellebore or arsenate of lead whenever
they become troublesome.

64 Report of State Board of Horticulture.

ROSY APPLE APHIS.

See imder "Apple."

SAN JOSE SCALE.

See under "Apple."

CHERRY GUMMOSIS.

See article on this disease in the biennial report of Crop
Pest and Horticultural Investigations issued by the Oregon
Agricultural Experiment Station at Corvallis. A copy will
be sent on request to the *ecretary.

BROWN ROT.

See under "Peach."

Peach.

peach leaf curl.

Spray thoroughly before buds open with Bordeaux or lime-
sulphur.

PEACH BLIGHT.

Spray with Bordeaux soon after fall rains begin or immedi-
ately after late fruit is gathered.

PEACH FRUIT SPOT.

Spray same as for blight. Also spray once or twice in late
May and early June with self-boiled lime-sulphur. Do not
make these applications during rainy weather.

BROWN ROT.

Destroy all rotting fruit. Spray three or four weeks after
the petals fall with 8-8-50 self-boiled lime-sulphur. Repeat
three weeks later. One month before the fruit is expected
to ripen make a third application, using the same mixture.

SAN JOSE SCALE.
See under "Apple."

Pear.

PEAR SCAB.

See under "Apple Scab."

CODLING MOTH.

See under "Apple."

Sprays and Spraying. 65

SAN JOSE SCALE.

See under "Apple."

PEAR SLUG.
See under "Cherry Slug."

FIRE BLIGHT.

This is the most destructive disease of the pear; it also
attacks the apple and other related trees. Extreme care and
thoroughness are necessary in dealing with this disease. Fire
blight can be controlled only by cutting out all diseased tissue
as soon as detected and burning it. Special attention should
be given to the prevention of the formation of any "hold-
over" cankers. If such are formed they must be removed
before the trees blossom the following spring. Examine not
only branches but trunk, and even roots. Sterilize tools and
wounds made in cutting and the disease frequently with Solu-
tion of corrosive Sublimate.

PEAR-LEAF BLISTER MITE.

Spray with lime-sulphur just as buds are starting.

Plum and Prune.

brown rot.
See under "Peach."

SHOT-HOLE FUNGUS.

See under "Cherry."

SAN JOSE SCALE.
See under "Apple."

Note. — Nearly all the above mentioned diseases and insect
pests, together with many others, are fully discussed and
remedies given in the reports of the departments of plant
pathology and entomology which appear in the biennial
Report of Crop Pest and Horticultural Investigations issued
by the Oregon Agricultural College Experiment Station at
Corvallis, Oregon. A copy will be sent to any resident of the
State who makes application to the secretary.

Sig. s

APPENDIX

PREVENTING INJURY FROM LATE SPRING FROST

BY SMUDGING.

By A. H. Carson, Commissiorier of tke State Board of Horticulture,

Third District.

There are a few fruit-growers yet who have not faith that fruit can
be saved from a late spring frost during the blooming period by building
fires in the orchard during cold nights.

The success had in and about Medford, Grants Pass and Roseburg
the past three seisons by fruit-growers in using smudge-pots to save
their fruit from frost has been so sure that one without faith in their
virtue should surely become convinced by this time. In all cases where
the grower has used the smudge-pot, and fired his orchard at these
places he has preventecl ir.jury and had a crop, while his neighbor
without faith or who has neglected to smudge has had severe losses
from freezing.

The writer has had some experience in smudging on frosty nights,
and it is my purpose in this article to give that experience and Observa-
tion had during the spring of 1887. In 1885 I had several acres in
peaches that bloorned heavily, and during the latter part of April of
that year, after the young peaches had shed the calyx, a heavy freeze
occurred on April 28th, and every peach in the orchard was frozen.

In 1886 the same climatic conditions existed, and again I lost all
my peaches, on the morning of May 2nd, that year. This was dis-
couraging — my year's labor with this fine young orchard blighted in
a night by frost. I resolved that the next year, 1887, if my peach
trees bloorned and it proved a frosty spring, to try and save the crop by
smudging. This was long before oil-pots were thought of.

In the spring of 1887 my peach trees bloorned freely as well as
early, I having made a record for that year of noting the first bloom on
March lOth. This was a frosty year, and I got ready to smudge my
peach orchard by getting up pitch wood, hauling coarse barnyard litter
into the orchard, and saving the prunings from the orchard in case
I had to fire. During March, after I noted the first bloom, the month
remained moist and warm, and these conditions continued until the
lOth of April, when it cleared up with the wind in the north-west,
promising a sharp frost that night. I was prepared to smudge. I set
the alarm clock for 2 a. m. and at that time went out to note weather
conditions and the temperature given by several thermometers I had
in various parts of the orchard. On the lowest level in the orchard I
found the temperature to be 33 degrees, while one thermometer, about
100 feet higher, recorded at that hour 34 degrees. This was getting to
a very dangerous temperature, as ice forms at 32 degrees. I carefully
watched the thermometer for quite a while, and noted that it did not
rise or fall, but seemed to be on a stand. I walked from this thermometer
to the one on the lower level and read it. I noticed it had gone up a
shade since first reading it at 2 a. m. The mercury rising at this time
indicated a change, although the stars overhead, and in the east were

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Preventing Injury from Frost by Smudging. 71

brilliant. I set down my lantern and walked out to take a look at the
horizon in the west. I could see no stars in the west lower than about
10 degrees above the horizon and returned to the thermometer and
found it slowly rising. I did not call the men, but watched the ther-
mometers, and they continued to rise until 4:30 a. m. ; the lower ther-
mometer read 35 and the upper one 36 degrees. At this hour all stars
were obstrueted from view to about 45 degrees above the horizon, while
overhead, and in the east, they continued bright. This fog coming from
the west, and gradually rising stopped heat radiation, hence I had no
occasion for smudging that night. From April lOth until the morning
of May Ist I was up at 2 a. m. fifteen times, watching weather con-
ditions to determine whether I should smudge. On the morning of
April 16th at 2 a. m. the lower thermometer read 35 degrees and the
upper one 36, and was slowly falling. I noted the conditions in the
west, and every star was shinging brightly down to the horizon. The
mercury by 4 a. m. was down to 33 degrees, and no change indicated
in the west. I called the men and we started our fires at once. It
continued clear until the sun came up. At sunrise the thermometer
registered 28 degrees. Not a peach was injured by this cold, although
it was four degrees below 32 when ice begins to form. On April 22nd
the same conditions as to frost occurred, and we had to build our fires
again, and we saved our peach crop from a killing frost. On the night
of April 30th, there was every indication of a killing frost. At 2 a. m.
I was up, and noted the reading of the two thermometers. The degrees
of cold read 33 and 34 and no indication of a fog in the Western
horizon. I at once called the men, and we started our fires. The
mercury continued to fall until sunrise, when the thermometers read
27 at the lower level and 28 at the upper. We kept the fires going
vigorously until the temperature rose just after sunrise to above 32.
We examined the young peaches on the trees after the sun came out, and
not a peach we could find had been injured within the zone of smoke.
Off from the main orchard we had a few young trees we did not smudge
that were bearing a number of peaches; all these were killed. Not a
peach there but that turned black and feil off.

The strongest evidence that smudging our peach orchard that year
(1887) saved our peach crop was that we were the only peach-growers
in Josephine County that marketed peaches. All the peaches in the
county except ours, were killed on the nights of April 16th, 22nd and
30th. We had to thin our crop, while our neighbors had no peaches to
thin. Of the fifteen nights I was up at 2 a. m., at 9 p. m. it was cold,
still and clear, and no doubt had the dew-point been taken with the
wet and dry-bulb thermometers, frost warnings would have been given
and the growers in case there was no change during the night could
start their smudges. However, the point I desire to impress on the
minds of the fruit-growers that are prepared to smudge is that in
many cases where the warnings are sent out from a central Station
to expect frost towards morning a change may occur, and the necessity
for smudging not exist. It is unsafe not to heed the warnings sent our
from a central warning Station, where the Operator is equipped with
wet and dry-bulb thermometers, but it is also poor economy for the fruit-
grower not to be out of bed at 2 a. m. and note if a change is occurring
or not. I say it is poor economy for the grower to depend altogether
on these warnings without being up, for should a change occur and he
was burning oil before the cold had been severe enough to damage his
fruit, it would be an unnecessary expense. Of the fifteen nights in 1887
I was up to note weather conditions, only three did I have to smudge,
although twelve of the nights at sunset indicated severe and damaging
frost, had not the changes occurred towards morning.

72 Report of State Board of Horticulture.

Owing to the topography of the country and air currents a damag-
ing frost may occur in one locality, while but a short distance away no
damage is done by reason of favorable air currents that drive the warm
air to this favored section. These warm air currents are variable;
one night they may favor a given locality, and another frosty night
some other. Hence, it would be unwise for the fruit-grower to rely on
these warm belts without being up to note the degree of temperature
of his locality from his thermometer.

During thirty-eight years I have lived in Josephine County, engaged
in fruit-growing, I have known of severe damage done the fruit in
Jackson County, and Josephine County have no damage whatever; then
other years Josephine County has had nearly all her fruit killed by
frost, and Jackson County have no damage done from a like cause.

If one notes carefully his thermometer on a frosty night, and no
change occurs, there is no necessity for starting the oil pots, until near
32 degrees of cold; hence by careful watching of temperature while
smudging, one can save much oil. However, care should be taken
to have the oil pots fired before the temperature falls to 32 degrees, and
the smudges active.

During my experience of smudging in 1887 I was unable to see that
my fires raised the temperature, but the smoke circulated in large
quantities through the trees, and no doubt had I thought to have taken
the temperature up in the tree tops I would have noticed a higher
temperature. I had my thermometers hanging on the lower limbs where
they did not get the heat which no doubt was greater where the heavy
volumes of smoke circulated.

GROWING PRUNES IN THE WILLAMETTE VALLEY.

By A. C. Goodrich, Commissioner of the State Board of Horticulture

for the First District.

In discussing the prune in the Willamette Valley there is only one
variety, the Italian, to be taken into consideration. In the earlier
days of prune-planting the different varieties were all tried, and to that
fact may be attributed many of the earlier failures. In the first plant-
ings there were perhaps quite as many of the Petite or French prunes
planted as of the Italian variety and as it later developed that this
variety was not at all suited to our conditions, however well it might
be to those of our neighbor State of California, half our first orchards
were from the very beginning doomed to be failures. Then, when we
consider the fact that we had no data on which to base correct judgment
as to what soil would be best for them, at what elevation they should be
planted, how far apart, how they should be pruned or cultivated, how
cured or how marketed, the really surprising fact is that all are now
agreed as to the one variety to grow, most are agreed on all the other
essential facts, including that hardest one of all, marketing.

In spite of all these adverse conditions and the fact that the apple
grows in the Willamette Valley with the same abandon that weeds grow
in a well fertilized garden, the prune, in only about a quarter of a
Century, has reached first place as a market fruit and bids fair to main-
tain its position, in spite of the fact that for some years the major por-
tion of the tracts cut up by real estate dealers into small parcels and
sold to non-residents have been planted to other fruits.

While the planting of prunes has of late years not been ?o general
as the planting of walnuts and apples, they have, in the main, been
planted by men who know what they are doing and how to do it, or by
their neighbors who learn how, largely by profiting by the experience
of those already in the business. Because of these conditions and the
close personal attention they are likely to receive there will probably be
a much larger proportion of the prune-plantings reach profitable
maturity than there is likely to be of any of the other fruits or of nuts.

At first the prune trees were planted much too close together; one
orchard I have seen being only eight feet apart, though most of them
were planted 16 to 18 feet. The net result of this was that in a com-
paratively short time the ground was füll of prune roots — in fact long
before the trees came into profitable bearing, and the plant food avail-
able in the soil was so far exhausted that the trees only bore alternate
years, or the fruit was so small as to be not only largely unprofitable
to the grower, but a menace to the market of the future, for the Italian
prune, like the Hood River and the Rogue River apple depends for its
most profitable market on the high quality of the Output. The distance
between the trees has been gradually widened until now most orchards
are set twenty-four feet or more apart, and the fact that in digging
a ditch last winter eighteen feet from a seven-year-old prune tree I
found a root as large as a lead pencil, leads me to believe that in the
near future we are likely to be setting them thirty or more feet apart.

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Prune Growing in Willamette Valley. 75

As a crop of fifteen tons of green prunes, while above the average
is not at all uncommon, it can easily be seen that the soil that grows
them must be very fertile in the first place and well and regularly fer-
tilized or it will soon be producing small unprofitable fruit.

In planting prunes the ground should be well and deeply plowed in
the fall or early winter, preferably after having plowed under a crop
of clover or vetch the preceding summer, and left rough tili the follow-
ing spring. At any time after the trees are entirely dormant they may
be dug and set in the orchard whenever the ground is in fit condition
to be worked. On very loose soil it is, perhaps, better to set as early
as possible, so that the dirt will settle well around the roots before the
dry weather comes, while in more compact soils, later will probably do
quite as well so the soil will not pack too tight about the roots, thus
increasing the work of cultivation. As early as the soil is in right con-
dition to be worked, and it should never be touched while wet, the top
should be broken down with the harrow and worked from that time
until the latter part of July so as to keep it finely pulverized on top
to retain the moisture. If any crop at all is grown between the trees
it should be one that can be "laid by" in time for the trees to harden
up the wood so as to be ready for the winter; otherwise, there may be
serious injury from early frosty weather. It is hard to recommend
any crop for growing between the trees as the crop must be one that
can be profitably used or one that can be readily marketed at a profit.
Hay or grain is not to be considered if one expects to give the trees the
care they should have. Personally, I consider potatoes very objection-
able, on account of the great amount of potash they remove from the
soil. While our agricultural chemists teil us that our soil is very rieh
in potash, having enough to grow wheat for two hundred years, one only
has to look at the spot where a brush pile has been burned and com-
pare the growth of Vegetation on it with that on the surrounding ground
to realize that there is none too much of it available. If cqws are kept —
and cows and orchard make a splendid combination — and the soil is
sufficiently rieh to make it worth while, com may be grown for ensilage
and the fertility returned to the land in as readily available form as it
was before. Poss'bly cabbage may be profitably grown if the soil is
rieh enough and there is a good market near. Beans can be grown
with benefit to the land, rather than injury; though they are seldom very
profitable.

Just as the buds begin to swell the trees should be headed to the
desired reight and on this point there is some divergence of opinion,
the usual height being from twenty-four to thirty-six inches high. After
the leaves have started all should be stripped off to within about a foot of
the top and the following winter all of these but three should be cut back
to within four to six inches of the trank and these should be distributed
as nearly even as possible around the tree and at some little distance
apart so that as the trees grow older they may not be too near together.
The following year all limbs growing from these should be cut off
except not to exceed three on each primary branch and these should be
cut back to fourteen to sixteen inches. The prune tree should always
be cut to inner or upper bud as it has the habit of drooping with the
weight of fruit and if the branches come from the lower side they will
usually soon droop so they are in the way of cultivation.

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GROWTH OF THE FRUIT INDUSTRY IN OREGON IN

THE LAST DECADE.

By H. M. Williamson, Secretary of State Board of Horticulture.

The figures of the United States census of the year 1910 are not all
available yet, but the more important items have been published. The
following' table shows the population of Oregon ; the number of farms
in the State and the amount of production of various crops of the State
as shown by the censuses of 1900 and 1910, with the percentages of
increase in each case. The crop year covered by the 1900 census was
that of 1899, and the crop year covered by the census of 1910 was that
of 1909:

Census Census Per cent

1900 1910 increase

Total population 413,536 672,765 62.7

Whole number of farms 35,837 45,502 27

Dozens of eggs produced 7,709,970 11,140,624 54.4

Busheis of all grains grown 23,225,515 26,343,230 13.4

Pounds of butter produced 10,082,807 14,140,624 40.2

Tons of hay produced 1,117,400 1,587,796 42.1

Busheis of potatoes produced 3,761,367 4,822,962 28.2

Busheis of apples produced 873,980 1,930,926 132

Busheis of pears produced 112,225 374,620 234

Busheis of peaches produced 101,190 179,030 77

Busheis of cherries produced 65,347 181,089 175

Busheis of plums and prunes produced 359,821 1,747,587 385

Busheis of apricots produced 1,665 4,618 177

Busheis of quinces (estimated) 3,000 5,344

Total busheis of fruit 1,517,228 4,423,214 190

In the 1900 census the value of all tree fruits are grouped in the
published returns. In the 1910 census the values of each of the leading
kinds of fruits are given. The value of the apricots and quinces grown
in 1909 are not yet available but if we estimate the total value of the
4,618 busheis of apricots and 5,344 busheis of quinces grown in 1909
at $10,000 then the total value of all the tree fruits grown in Oregon
in 1909 was $3,337,717. For the year 1899 the value of all tree fruits
grown in Oregon was $906,015. The increase in value for the decade
was 268 per cent, as compared with an increase of 190 per cent in the
quantity of fruit produced.

It will be observed that the percentage of increase in the quantity
of all tree fruits produced in Oregon was approximately seven times
as large as the percentage of increase in the number of farms in the
State; four and one-half times as large as the percentage of increase
in the production of hay; fifteen times as large as the percentage of
increase in the production of grain; and nearly seven times as large as
the percentage of increase in the production of potatoes.

78 Report of State Board of Horticulture.

Of those states which in 1909 each produced more than 100,000
busheis of cherries, Oregon made the highest percentage of increase
for the decade.

Of the ten states which each produced more than 100,000 busheis
of plums and prunes in 1909, Oregon made the highest percentage of
increase for the decade.

Of the ten states which each produced more than 100,000 busheis of
pears in 1909, Oregon ranked third in percentage of increase.

Of the 29 states which each produced more than 1,000,000 busheis of
apples in 1909, Oregon ranked sixth in percentage of increase, the
states which ranked higher in their order beginning with the highest,
being Colorado, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Washington and Nebraska.

In rank among the states of the Union as to number of farms,
Oregon had 33rd place in 1900, but feil to 34th place in 1910.

In production of plums and prunes it had second place in 1899
and held the same place in 1909.

In production of apples it advanced from 25th place in 1899 to 22nd
place in 1909.

In production of pears it advanced from 12th place in 1899 to 6th
place in 1909.

In production of cherries it advanced from 12th place in 1899 to
lOth place in 1909.

In the census of 1900 all trees were counted together whether of
bearing age or not. In 1910 the trees of bearing age and those not
of bearing age were reported separately. The figures now available
for plum and prune and cherry trees in 1910 are the whole number
and not the number of the bearing and of the non-bearing trees
separately. The published data available for the 1900 census gives
the numbers in most cases in round thousands. The numbers for
1900 and 1910 follow:

Whole number Number Whole

1900 No. bearing not bearing number

1910 1910 1910

Apple 2,825,898 2,029,913 2,240,636 4,270,549

Plum and prune .... 2,517,523 1,764,896 427,609 2,192,505

Pear 374,165 273,542 795,699 1,069,241

Cherry . 237,155 223,456 313,770 537,226

Peach 281,716 273,000 508,000 781,000

Totais 6,236,457 4,564,969 4,285,893 8,850,862

We find that the whole number of bearing trees in Oregon of the
tree fruits mentioned in the foregoing table in 1910 was 1,771,486 less
than the whole number of trees of all ages in 1900. There were
4,285,893 trees in 1900 that had not yet reached bearing age. This
indicates an annual yearly planting of more than 600,000 trees in
Oregon, and that at least 1,800,000 trees planted after 1900 should
have come into bearing in 1910 if they survived until that time. After
allowing that one-third of this number died after they were planted
from natural causes or through the will of the owner, the conclusion
is inevitable that at least 2,870,000 of the fruit trees of Oregon which
were in existence in 1900 were not in existence in 1910. A comparison
of these figures with those of adjoining states shows that this great
mortality was not the result of natural causes, and that the great
fatality was the result of the activities of the State Board of Horticul-
ture in bringing about the abatement of neglected, pest-ridden trees

Growth of Fruit Industry. 79

and orchards in the State which had become a public nuisance and a
great drag upon the development of the fruit-growing industry of the
State. Owing to the great planting of apple orchards in Oregon in
the gold-mining days when apple-growing was extremely profitable, and
the fact that for many years the production of apples in this State
was many times as great as was required to supply all markets which
could then be reached, the Willamette Valley contained a great acreage
of long-neglected and worthless orchards. In no other portion of the
State was there so much to be done in the way of getting neglected
orchards cleaned up or destroyed. The work has not been completed,
and the census figures of 1910 as to number of trees by counties are
not yet at hand, but it is probable that at least one-half of all thie
trees which went out of existence for the benefit of their owners and
the public generally in the last decade were in the Willamette Valley.
The beneficial effects of their destruction are plainly seen in the
remarkable growth of production of tree fruits in the last decade, as
shown by the census reports giving the aggregate yield in busheis of
apples, plums and prunes, pears, peaches and cherries in the counties
which lie in the Willamette Valley for the crop years of 1899 and 1909:

Busheis Busheis Percent

1899 1909 increase

Clackamas 50,132 331,411 565

Marion 65,887 674,598 923

Linn 60,285 193,887 221

Lane 63,851 196,051 206

Benton 35,853 111,257 210

Polk 33,682 237,932 666

Yamhill 114,319 521,932 356

Washington 57,538 249,349 333

Totais 481,546 2,516,417 422

This shows that the percentage of increase of production of tree
fruits in the Willamette Valley for the decade was more than double
that of the State as a whole. A large share of this great increase in
the Willamette Valley was due to prunes. The prune orchards were
yet young in 1900 and most of them had not then come into füll bearing.
With apples it was different. There were almost no young apple
orchards in the valley in 1900. The yield of apples had been decreasing
for nearly twenty years and in 1899 the yield for the whole Valley
was only 310,000 busheis from more than 1,500,000 trees. There was
at that time a general feeling of discouragement and hopelessness about
the apple industry in the Willamette Valley. With the destruction of
a great share of the worthless trees and better care of what were left
apple production made an excellent start upwards again during the
decade as shown by the following table giving the yields of apples for
the valley counties for 1899 and 1909 :

Apples Apples

County— Busheis 1899 Busheis 1909

Clackamas 26,369 144,329

Marion 33,815 153,183

Linn 48,461 95,993

Lane 46,428 98,157

Benton 32,381 54.748

Polk 27,224 70,408

Washington 38,300 92,843

Yamhill 57,739 89,292

Total 310,717 798,95

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80 Report of State Board of Horticulture.

It will be seen that the percentage of increase for the valley für the
decade was 157 per cent, as compared with an increase of 132 per eent
for the State as a whole. The Oregon Agricultural College deserves
much credit for the part it has done in bringing about better care of
the orchards.

SMALL FRUITS.

Complete statistics from the 1910 census as to small fruits are not
yet available. The following was the produetion in quarts of the
prineipal small fruits in the crop years of 1899 and 1909:

Quarts, 1899 Quarts, 1909

Strawberries 3,837,820 5,322,040

Gooseberries 326,780 307,395

Raspberries and loganberries 783,060 2,644,948

Currants 238,420 117,354

Blackberries and dewberries 1,310,920 915,744

All small fruits 6,497,000 9,307,481

The value of the crop of small fruits for 188 was $386,632. The
figures for 1909 are not available, but as prices were materially higher
in 1909 than in 1899 the value of the crop of 1909 probably exceeded
$800,000.

The crop of grapes decreased from 5,389,000 pounds valued at
$162,543 in 1899 to 3,207,000 pounds valued at $99,000 in 1909. The
decrease in this industry has been due to the low average of prices for
grapes which have prevailed in Oregon during the greater part of
the decade.

CLIMATIC CONDITIONS IN OREGON.

By H. M. Williamson, Secretary of State Board of Horticulture.

(All figures relating to temperature and rainfall, and most of
those giving elevations in this article are from the publications of the
Oregon Section of the Climatological Service of the Weather Bureau
of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Edward A. Beals, district
forecaster and section director, Portland, Oregon. For fuller details
as to climatic conditions in this State, address Oregon Section, U. S.
Weather Bureau, Portland, Oregon.)

From the nature of a large number of inquiries which come to the
office of the State Board of Horticulture, it is apparent that many
persons who live east of the Rocky Mountains have a very vague under-
standing of climatic conditions in Oregon. The question most commonly
asked is "What is the average temperature and average rainfall in
Oregon?" It is easy to answer this question by giving the normal
average temperature for all Observation stations in the State, which
is 50.2 degrees, and the average annual rainfall for all the stations
which is 38.71 inches. This reply would be worse than valueless to a
person intending to settle at Burns where the annual temperature is
43.7 degrees, and the annual rainfall is 10.58 inches. The annual
temperature also lacks much of being a reliable indicator of summer
and winter temperatures. The average annual temperature at Marsh-
field, Oregon, is 49.4 degrees; at Heppner, 50.2 degrees, a difference of
only .8 of a degree. The temperature of January at Marshfield is
44.7 degrees; at Heppner, 32.9 degrees. The temperature of July at
Marshfield is 59.4 degrees; at Heppner, 68.8 degrees. The annual
temperature at Marshfield is seven degrees warmer than it is at Joseph,
but the months of June, July and August are all warmer at Joseph
than at Marshfield.

The person who has always lived in regions where there are but
slight differences of elevation above sea level, or which are remote from
an ocean, find it hard to understand climatic conditions in Oregon.
Except as modified by mountain ranges, the elevation of the State tends
to increase towards the south, and we find that the highest annual
temperature at any Station is at Blalock on the northern boundary of
the State. The ocean profoundly affects the climate by making the
winters warmer and the Summers cooler. The remarkably small dif-
ference between the temperatures for January and for July at Marsh-
field is due to the fact that Marshfield is but a few miles from the
ocean. The modifying effect of the ocean is disturbed by ranges of
mountains which interfere with and deflect the currents of air from the
ocean, as they pass towards the interior. The Coast Range and Cascade
Mountains also greatly affect the rainfall in the different portions of
the State. The chilling of the air as it rises over the mountains
forces out moisture. The loftier the mountains and the lower the
temperature reached by the air the less moisture remains in it. It is
generally the case that in any given section rainfall increases with
altitude, although not necessarily in the same proportion. It is the

A Climbing Rose in Portland — Courtesy of W. D. Trotter.

Climatic Conditions in Oregon. 83

case throughout Oregon and on the Pacific Coast generally that there
is very little rain in summer and that most of the precipitation for the
year comes in the winter months. The proportion of sunshine is
larger east of the Cascade Mountains than west of those mountains, but
even in western Oregon there is more sunshine in summer than in the
states on the Atlantic Coast. Throughout the State there is much less
wind during the year than in the prairie states of the middle west
and for this reason there is much less evaporation of moisture from
the surface of the soil.

The lofty ränge of the Cascade Mountains which extends throughout
the State from north to south divides the State into two sections which
differ widely. In the greater part of western Oregon the annual rainfall
is ample for the production of good crops of all fruits without the aid
of artificial irrigation. The exception to this is that portion of western
Oregon commonly referred to as southern Oregon, or the Rogue River
Valley, where irrigation is essential for the best results on much of the
land. In eastern Oregon the annual rainfall averages less than one-
fourth as much as in western Oregon. The largest rainfall at any
Station east of the Cascade Mountains at which observations have been
made for a considerable period of time has been recorded at Hood
River where it amounts to about 36 inches, closely approaching that
of some portions of the Willamette Valley in western Oregon. The
Hood River Valley, however, is not far east of the summit of the
Cascade Mountains, and the rainfall decreases rapidly to the eastward.
Under favorable conditions there are successful orchards which are not
artificially irrigated in a number of localities in eastern Oregon, even
where, in some cases, the annual rainfall is as low as 16 inches per
year, but the general rule in that portion of the State is that artificial
irrigation is essential to success in orcharding, and even at Hood River
where the annual rainfall exceeds 35 inches per year many of the
orchardists believe it pays to irrigate their orchards. Stone fruits,
particularly cherries, peaches, apricots and some varieties of plums can
be grown with less annual rainfall than is required for apples, and
most kinds of small fruits require even more rainfall than apples.

In this article the word rainfall is used to include the total amount
of water which falls whether it comes in the form of rain or of snow.

COUNTY CONDITIONS.

The natural order of taking up counties for the purpose of giving
figures as to rainfall and temperature would be by groups of those
having like conditions but it is believed that it will best suit the con-
venience of inquirers to take up the counties alphabetically.

BAKER COUNTY.

Baker County is on the eastern border of the State, and on the
eastern slope of the Blue Mountains. At Baker, the county seat, the
elevation is 3,466 feet. The mean temperature for the year is about
45 degrees. Three years observations show the temperature of January
to be 20.3 degrees; April, 44.6; July, 66.9; October, 48.5. The rainfall
for the year is 13.7 inches. The growing season between killing frosts
is about 134 days. At Huntington, on the Snake River, the elevation
is 2,165 feet. The anuual temperature is 53.6 degrees; that of January,
32.1; April, 58.6; July, 81.5; October, 51.8. The length of season
between killing frosts is about 168 days, or about the same as at
Burlington, Iowa, Indianapolis, Indiana, and Roanoke, Virginia. At

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Climatic Conditions in Oregon. 85

Sparta the elevation is 4,150 feet; the annual temperature, 45.3 degrees,
and the annual rainfall is 22.74 inches.

BENTON COUNTY.

Benton County is in the heart of the Willamette Valley and extends
from the Willamette River into the Coast Range Mountains. The
elevation at Corvallis, the county seat, is 266 feet. The annual temper-
ature is 51.7 degrees; that of January, 39.1; April, 30.1; July, 65.3;
October, 52.6. The annual rainfall is 43.32 inches. At Monroe the
elevation is 350 feet. The annual temperature is 52.2 degrees; that
of January, 39.8; April, 50.5; July, 65.3; October, 53.4. The average
period between killing frosts is 197 days, or about the same as at
Richmond, Virginia. The annual rainfall is 52.2 inches.

CLATSOP COUNTY.

Clatsop County is in the northwest corner of the State. Much of
the county is hilly or mountainous, but there is also a considerable
amount of low-lying land. Astoria, the county seat, is on the Columbia
River, 10 miles from the ocean. The elevation of the Station is 16 feet. The
annual temperature is 51.8 degrees; that of January, 39.9; April, 49.7;
July, 61.6; October, 53.2. The average season between killing frosts is
271 days, or about the same as at Mobile, Alabama. The annual
rainfall is 73.49 inches.

CLACKAMAS COUNTY.

Clackamas County is in the Willamette Valley but extends from the
Willamette River to the summit of the Cascade ränge of mountains.
The Observation stations represent fairly only the lower-lying sections
of the arable lands of the county. At Miramonte farm, near Aurora,
the elevation is 195 feet. The annual temperature is 51.5 degrees; that
for January, 38.5; April, 50.6; July, 65.2; October, 52.6. The annual
rainfall is 43.52 inches. At Stafford, in the western part of the county,
the elevation is 400 feet. The temperature is about the same as at
Miramonte farm, but the annual rainfall is 51.66 inches. Cazadero
is in a narrow Valley in the foot-hill portion of the county, and is at
an elevation of 503 feet, but most of the adjacent arable lands are at
elevations of from 900 to 1,500 feet. The annual temperature for
1911 was 51.5 degrees. At Pompeii (Rowe P. O.) in the heart of the
Cascade Mountains, the elevation is 3,879 feet; the annual temperature
is 43.7 degrees. The period between killing frosts is about 84 days.
The annual rainfall is 85.46 inches.

COLUMBIA COUNTY.

Columbia County is in the northwestern portion of the State and
contains some low-lying land along the Columbia River, but the general
elevation of the county is above 1,000 feet. At Doraville, near Rainier,
the annual temperature is 49.6 degrees; that of January, 36.2; April,
44.5; July, 62.5; October, 53.4. The annual rainfall is 51.74 inches.

COOS COUNTY.

Coos County is in the southwestern portion of the State fronting on
the ocean. The Observation stations represent the low-lying Valleys
which are now utilized. Much land at higher levels will in time come

86 Report of State Board of Horticulture.

under cultivation. Marshfield, the county seat, is on Coos Bay and
near the ocean. The elevation of the Station is 34 feet. The annual
temperature is 49.4 degrees; that of January, 44.7; April, 50.4; July,
59.4; October, 54.8. Much of the Valley lands of the county are pro-
tected from ocean air by intervening ridges and have a warmer summer
than Marshfield. At Fairview the elevation is 142 feet; annual temper-
ature, 52.4 degrees; January, 44.4; April, 50.3; July, 61.4; October, 52.2;
annual rainfall, 69.48 inches.

CROOK COUNTY.

Crook is one of a number of very large counties in Oregon. It is
in the central portion of the State, east of the Cascade Mountains.
Prineville, the county seat, is at an elevation of 2,864 feet. The annual
temperature is 47.5 degrees; January, 33.2; April, 46.5; July, 66.2;
October, 49.9. The average period between killing frosts is 112 days.
The annual rainfall is 9.16 inches. The elevation at Bend is 3,629
feet; annual temperature, 44.8 degrees; January, 30.9; April, 43.4;
July, 62.7; October, 49.3; annual rainfall, 16.03 inches. At Warm-
spring the elevation is 1,600 feet; annual temperature, 50.7 degrees;
January, 32.8; April, 49.9; July, 69.9; October, 51.7; annual rainfall,
11.47 inches.

CURRY COUNTY.

Curry is in the southwestern corner of the State and a large portion
of the county is mountainous. At Port Orford on the Coast the annual
temperature for 1911 was 50.3 degrees; January, 43.7; April, 47; July,
57.6; October, 54.2. The rainfall for the year was 56.41 inches. At
Gold Beach, on the Coast, the annual temperature is 50.5 degrees;
February, 46.7; May, 53; August, 55.3; October, 53.2; annual rainfall,
83.43 inches.

DOUGLAS COUNTY.

Douglas is a very large county and so situated as to have quite
different climatic conditions in different portions. Drain is in the
northern part of the county at an elevation of 300 feet. The annual
temperature is 53.6 degrees; January, 42; April, 53; July, 67.1; October,
55.3; annual rainfall, 43.35 inches. At Gardiner near the coast the
elevation is 72 feet; the annual rainfall, 78.37 inches; temperature for
January, 44.7; April, 50.2; July, 60.3; October, 54.8. The average
length of the season between killing frosts is 246 days, or about the
same as at Dallas, Texas. At Roseburg, the county seat, near the
center of the county, the elevation is 510 feet; annual temperature is
52.6 degrees; January, 40.8; April, 50.9; July, 66.5; October, 52.8;
annual rainfall, 34.9 inches. The average period. between killing frosts
is 198 days, about the same as at Raleigh, North Carolina. At Glendale,
in the southern portion of the county, the elevation is 1,441 feet; annual
temperature, 54.1 in 1910; annual rainfall in 1910 was 27.55 inches
compared with 28.95 at Roseburg the same year.

GILLIAM COUNTY.

Gilliam County is on the northern boundary of the State in eastern
Oregon, and slopes toward the Columbia River. Blalock is on the
Columbia River at an elevation of 237 feet and the conditions are

Climatic Conditions in Oregon. 87

typical of only that portion of the county which is close to the Columbia
river. The elevation is 237 feet; annual temperature, 56.1 degrees; that
of January, 36 degrees; April, 55.7; July, 78.3; October, 57.3; annual
period between frosts, 224 days; annual rainfall, 9.48 inches. Condon,
the county seat, at an elevation of 2,884 feet, is more typical of the
county as a whole. The annual temperature is 47.1 degrees; January,
24.4; April, 45.3; July, 66.3; October, 46; annual rainfall, 11:98 inches.

GRANT COUNTY.

Grant County is in the north central portion of the State and is one
of the very large counties. Dayville, in the western part of the county,
in the Valley of the John Day River is at an elevation of 2,200 feet.
The annual temperature is 50.8 degrees; January, 35.1; April, 50;
July, 68.9; October, 51.4. At Canyon City the annual temperature is
51 degrees; January, 34.9; April, 49.1; July, 69.4; October, 52.8;
average length of time between killing frosts, 140 days; annual rainfall,
17.23 inches.

HARNEY COUNTY.

Harney is an immense county in the southeastern part of the State.
Burns, the county seat, is in the north central portion of the county,
at an elevation of 4,157 feet. The annual temperature is 43.7 degrees;
January, 23.3; April, 43.4; July, 65.8; October, 45.6; average length
of season between killing frosts, 62 days; annual rainfall, 10.87 inches.
Happy Valley, at an elevation of 4,200 feet has an annual temperature
of 44.9 degrees and an annual rainfall of 13.73 inches.

HOOD RIVER COUNTY.

Hood River County includes mainly the territory drained by the
Hood River. It is a comparatively small county in the eastern slope
of the Cascade Mountains. The Station at Hood River is at an elevation
of 300 feet, but the greater part of the arable land of the county lies
between 500 and 1,500 feet elevation. The annual temperature at Hood
River is 50 degrees; January, 33.3; April, 49.5; July, 67.3; October,
51.7; annual rainfall, 36.11 inches. At Mountain Park for the year
1910 the temperature was 47.8 degrees; January, 27.6; April, 50.2;
July, 66.7; October, 44; annual rainfall, 65.23 inches. The elevation
of Mountain Park is 1,440 feet. The rainfall for 1910 was probably
unusually large.

JACKSON COUNTY.

Jackson County is on the southern boundary of the State, and lies
in the basin of the Valley of Rogue River. At Jacksonville the elevation
is 1,640 feet; annual temperature, 52.6 degrees; the annual rainfall, 27.9
inches. At Ashland on the northern slope of the Siskiyou Mountains,
the annual temperature is 52.6 degrees; January, 38.5; April, 49.8;
July, 69.8; October, 53.9; length of season between killing frosts, 177
days; annual rainfall, 20 inches; elevation, 1,963 feet.

JOSEPHINE COUNTY.

Josephine County is also situated in the Rogue River Valley on the
southern boundary of the State, and is immediately west of Jackson
County. Grants Pass, the county seat, is at an elevation of 956 feet;
its annual rainfall is 33.41 inches; annual temperature, 52.9 degrees;
January, 38.7; April, 51.1; July, 69.6; October, 53.9.

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Climatic Conditions in Oregon. 89

KLAMATH COUNTY.

Klamath County is on the eastern slope of the Cascade Mountains,
on the southern boundary of the State. The elevation of most of the
county is above 4,000 feet. Klamath Falls, the county seat, is at an
elevation of 4,100 feet. The annual temperature is 48.2 degrees; that
of January, 30.3; April, 47.2; July, 67.7; October, 49.2. The annual
rainfall is 14 inches.

LANE COUNTY.

Lane County includes the upper portion of the Willamette Valley
with the addition of the portion of the section on the Coast drained
by the Siuslaw River. Eugene, the county seat, is at an elevation of
449 feet. The annual temperature is 52.6 degrees; January, 39.9;
April, 50.3; July, 65.6; October, 53.7; annual period between killing
frosts, 196 days or about the same as at Washington, D. C; annual
rainfall, 37.49 inches. The conditions near the coast are practically
the same as at Gardiner, Douglas County.

LAKE COUNTY.

Lake County is on the southern boundary of Oregon, in the eastern
portion of the State. The general elevation of the county is above
4,000 feet. Lakeview, the county seat, is at an elevation of 4,825 feet.
The annual temperature is 46.7 degrees; January, 28.2; April, 43.7;
July, 66.7; October, 50.9. The annual rainfall is 17.18 inches.

LINCOLN COUNTY.

Lincoln County fronts on the ocean and is on the western slope of
the Coast Range Mountains. Toledo, the county seat, is a few miles
from the ocean at an elevation of 75 feet. The annual temperature is
51.7 degrees; January, 43.2; April, 49.1; July, 61.1; October, 54.5;
annual rainfall, 75 inches.

LINN COUNTY.

Linn County extends from the Willamette Valley to the summit
of the Cascade Mountains. The greater part of the arable land lies
below 500 feet elevation, but as in all other Willamette Valley counties
there is in the aggregate a large area of good farming and fruit land
at elevations of from 500 to 1,500 feet. Albany the county seat, is at an
elevation of 212 feet. The annual temperature is 52.5 degrees; January,
38.9; April, 51.8; July, 66.3; October, 52.4; annual rainfall, 42.98 inches.

MALHEUR COUNTY.

Malheur County is one of the very large counties of the State. It
is on the eastern boundary and extends to the southern boundary. There
is a comparatively small portion of the county which is below 2,500
feet elevation and where the Summers are quite long and warm. Vale,
the county seat, is at an elevation of 2,242 feet. Its annual temperature
is 49.4 inches; January, 27.8; April, 48.5; July, 70.4; October, 48.4;
annual rainfall, 9.90. At Beulah, in the eastern part of the county, at
a much higher elevation than Vale, two years Observation show an
annual temperature of 44.8 degrees, and an annual rainfall of 10.32
inches.

90 Report of State Board of Horticulture.

MARION COUNTY.

Marion County is in the heart of the Willamette Valley. Salem, the
county seat and capital of the State, is at an elevation of 120 feet. The
annual temperature is 52.8 degrees; January, 40.3; April, 50.6; July,
66.4; October, 53.6; annual rainfall, 35.50 inches. The average period
between killing frosts is 206 days or about the same as Raleigh, North
Carolina, Jackson, Tennessee, and Guthrie, Oklahoma. At Mount Angel
the elevation is 485 feet; annual temperature, 52.9 degrees; January,
39.4; April, 50.5; July, 67.2; October, 53.2; annual rainfall, 46.58 inches.

MHLTNOMAH COUNTY.

Multnomah County is a comparatively narrow strip extending along
the Columbia River on the northern boundary of the State and extends
into the Cascade Mountains. The arable land lies between 50 and 2,000
feet elevation. The altitude of the Observation Station in Portland is
57 feet. The annual temperature is 52.4 degrees; January, 39.1; April,
51.2; July, 66.3; October, 55.1; annual rainfall, 45.13 inches. The
average period between killing frosts is 245 days, but for the greater
part of the county is not quite so long.

MORROW COUNTY.

Morrow County slopes from the mountains to the Columbia River on
the northern boundary of the State and is in eastern Oregon. Immedi-
ately along the Columbia River the climatic conditions are similar to
those at Blalock, Gilliam County. Heppner, the county seat, is at an
altitude of 1,950 feet. Its annual tempei^ature is 50.2 degrees; January,
32.9; April, 48.4; July, 68.8; October, 51.3; annual rainfall, 14.16
inches; period between killing frosts, 150 days.

SHERMAN COUNTY.

Sherman County also fronts on the Columbia River in eastern
Oregon, and the climatic conditions of the portion immediately adjoining
the river are similar to those at Blalock, Gilliam County. Condon, the
county seat, is at an elevation of 2,884 feet; the annual temperature is
47.1 degrees; January, 27.4; April, 45.3; July, 66.3; October, 46;
annual rainfall, 11.98 inches.

POLK COUNTY.

Polk County is in the western part of the Willamette Valley, and
includes both Valley and hill lands. The Wallace Farm, on the eastern
border of the county, is at an elevation of 170 feet. The annual tem-
perature and rainfall vary but little from those of Salem, which is but
a few miles away. Falls City, which is near the center of the county,
is in a Valley amid the foothills of the Coast Range Mountains. Its ele-
vation is 355 feet. The annual temperature is 50.6 degrees; January, 38;
April, 49; July, 63.2; October, 50.7; annual rainfall, 80.81 inches.

TILLAMOOK COUNTY.

This county lies along the ocean west of the summit of the Coast)
Range Mountains. Bay City, near the ocean, is at an elevation of 14
feet. Its annual temperature is 52.8 degrees; January, 43.2; April,
48.9; July, 59.4; October, 53.3; annual rainfall, 104.15 inches. At
Glenora (Wilson P. O.) the elevation is 575 feet; annual temperature,
49.6 degrees; January, 37.1; April, 47.8; July, 62.7; October, 50.7;
annual rainfall, 135.39 inches.

Climatic Conditions in Oregon. 91

UMATILLA COUNTY.

Umatilla County is situated on the northwestern slope of the Blue
Mountains and fronts on the Columbia River. It contains much diversity
of climate. At Umatilla, on the Columbia River, the elevation is 340
feet; annual temperature, 52.5 degrees; April, 54.6; July, 75.4; October,
54.3; annual rainfall, 8.53 inches. At Pendieton, the county seat, the
elevation is. 1,817 feet; annual temperature, 51.9 degrees; January, 33.2;
April, 51.6; July, 71.6; October, 51.5; annual rainfall, 14.16 inches;
length of season between killing frosts, 150 days. At Weston the ele-
vation is 1,800 feet; annual temperature, 48.6 degrees; annual rainfall,
23.89 inches.

UNION COUNTY.

Union County is in large part a round Valley amid the Blue
and other mountains. La Grande, the county seat, is at an elevation of
2,874 feet. The annual temperature is 48.3 degrees; January, 33.1;
April, 47.7; July, 70.5; October, 49.4; annual rainfall, 19.12 inches.
Much fruit is grown in this county without irrigation.

WALLOWA COUNTY.

Wallowa County is in the northeastern corner of the State and a
large proportion of the county is mountainous. The elevation at Wallowa
is 2,935 feet; annual temperature, 43.2 degrees; annual rainfall, 13.09
inches. Joseph is at an elevation of 4,400 feet. Its annual temperature
is 42.3 degrees; January, 23.5; July, 62.6; annual rainfall, 20.40 inches.

WASCO COUNTY.

Wasco County fronts on the Columbia River and is just east of the
Cascade Mountains. The altitude at The Dalles, the county seat, is 112
feet; the annual temperature, 52.5 degrees; January, 32.2; April, 53.5;
July, 71.3; October, 52.4; annual rainfall, 14.97 inches; average length
of season between killing frosts, 209 days, or about the same as at
Greenville, South Carolina. At Wamic at a much higher altitude, near
the center of the county, the annual temperature is 47.6 degrees; annual
rainfall, 16.15 inches.

WASHINGTON COUNTY.

A large share of Washington County lies below 500 feet altitude,
but there is also much arable land at higher altitudes. At Forest Grove
the altitude is 220 feet; annual temperature, 51 degrees; January, 37.1;
April, 49.4; July, 65.4; October, 51.8; annual rainfall, 48.92 inches.

WHEELER COUNTY.

Wheeler County is in the north central portion of eastern Oregon.
Weather observations are not available but conditions do not greatly
vary from those of Grant County.

YAMHILL COUNTY.

Much of Yamhill County lies at an altitude of less than 500 feet but
a large share of the orchards of the county are found at higher altitudes.
McMinnville, the county seat, is at an altitude of 182 feet. The annual
temperature is 51.5 degrees; January, 38.6; April, 50.3; July, 64.7;
October, 52.7; annual rainfall, 46.74 inches. Records kept at Fort
Yamhill, in the western part of the county for the period 1857-1865,
showed an annual temperature of 49.3 degrees; January, 37.1; April,
47.8; July, 60.9; October, 51.2; annual rainfall, 55.57 inches.

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BLACKSPOT CANKER OR APPLE TREE ANTHRACNOSE.

By W. H. Lawrence, Plant Pathologist and Horticulturist for Hood
River Apple Growers, Hood River, Oregon, and County
Fruit Inspector' for Hood River County.

More than a decade has passed since the disease of the apple tree
earlier known under a variety of names as canker, black canker, black-
spot canker, blackspot apple canker, blackspot, deadspot, apple tree
anthracnose, sour sap d.sease, now widely known as blackspot canker
or anthracnose, made its appearance in apple orchards in various pjaces
throughout the Pacific Northwest. In the face of the fact that the
disease is one of the most destructive of all the fungous disease of the
apple throughout the sections in which it occurs, there are orchards in
all of the localities that do not receive the proper attention to control
the disease, principally due to neglect on the part of the orchardists, but
also in part due to a lack of interest in the business or ignorance or both.
Were it true that this disease had proven to be an extremely diffieult
one to combat, there would be some excuse for the presence of trees
well plastered with cankers and in all conditions of health from the
apparently healthy to the weak one loaded with a füll crop of slowly
developing apples — last effort to reproduce its kind before its death.
Since this is the easiest to control of all of the diseases of the app'je
induced by a fungus, there can be no explanation other than neglect or
indifference on the part of the person in charge of the property. The
fact that the trouble has continued year after year, causing more or
less damage, has been an incentive for studying this disease. Enough
has been learned to appreciate how destructive the fungus causing the
disease really is, and that the problem of its control or eradication is
far more important than suspected at an earlier date.

Briefly stated, the history covering these investigations gives to
Professor A. B. Cordley of the Oregon State Experiment Station, credit
due him for investigations proving the relation of the fungus which he
gave the name gloeosporiiim malicorticis, to the disease termed apple
tree anthracnose. The writer later studied this disease with particular
reference to cankers occurring on other trees and the fungi causing
decay of apples placed in common storage. The fact that the fungus
will attack the prune, plum and pear, causing surface cankers; will
attack the cherry causing gummosis, and also causes a serious rot of
apples in common storage, was established. The results of these studies
were published in Bulletin 66 of the Washington Experiment Station
under the title of Blackspot Canker, a name in keeping with the names
in common use in the section in which the study was made as well as
being a good descriptive name. More recently Professor H. S. Jackson
of the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station has proven that the
fungus causing this disease, has, like many other well known forms of
fungi, an ascigercus or perfect stage as well as a conidial or summer
stage.

This fact has a very important beai'ing on the late investigations
made on this disease by Mr. B. B. Pratt of the Bureau of Plant Industry

94

Report of State Board of Horticulture.

and the writer since the fungus has been found to be the cause of serious
losses of apples kept in both common and cold storage. Pathological
work with rots of the fruit of the quince done the past season established
the relation of one of the rots of the quince to blackspot canker rot.

The results of the investigations relative to the development and
action of the parasite, gives numerous important facts concerning the
disease which may be summed up as follows:

Young cankers appear on the bark of the apple tree during November
and later, first appearing on the tender twigs, water sprouts and more
succulent two-year-old stems, later becoming conspicuous on the older
portions, appearing between early November and early February,
although the greater number do appear late in November to the middle
of December or a little later. The source of the infection is spore forms.
The spores, both ascospores (winter) and the conidia (summer), are
apparently responsible for these infections. A large series of germin-
ation tests with the conidia show, while they may mature and will
germinate the latter part of May and later throughout the season, that
germination seldom takes place under ordinary field conditions but may
be induced to do so at almost any time after the conidia are mature in
size by providing the necessary moisture and maintaining a suitable
temperature, which it is apparent these spores must have. The temper-
ature and moisture conditions present in November and later are appar-
ently the conditions best suited to the fungus as is evidenced by the
appearance of a greater or lesser number of minute, round, somewhat
depressed and dark colored areas which extend through the bark into
the sap wood beneath. The investigations of Professor Jackson have
also shown that the ascospores of this fungus are matured in the same
cankers in which the conidia develop, but following the development of
the conidial stage. It was proven that both conidia and ascospores thus
developed in their Order do induce the typical cankers. The relative
value of the two kinds of spores as distributive agents has not been
determined but it is evident that both play their part and are jointly
effective in the continuation of the disease on infested trees, the spread
to the bodies and fruit of other apple trees, the fruit of the quince, the
trunks and limbs of the prune, plum, pear and cherry.

Of the facts discovered in the recent investigations, the occurrence
of the disease on stored fruit from orchards in which anthracnose canker
do not occur is the most surprising.

The following count made by Mr. B. B. Pratt, of the Bureau of
Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, on eight boxes
of extra fancy spitzenburgs gives a very good idea of how severe the
disease may become even upon fruit taken from well kept orchards as are
the orchards from which these apples were taken.

Lot

First inspection

January 12 .
February 17
Maren 26 ...
May 10

January 12 .
February 17
Maren 26 ...
May 10

Percent
Deca.ved

8.3

62.5
69.2
89.1

0.0
5.0

16.4

Second inspection

Percent
Decayed

Jauary 22 : :«».6

February 27 ' 88.3

April 5.. I 81.7

May 20 '• 95.0

January 22 5.0

February 27 1 8.3

April 5 I 7.1

May 20 i's.i»

Blackspot Canker. 95

When it is understood that the eight boxes used in this experiment
were selected and handled with more than ordinary care and that at the
time they were examined were perfect except the areas where the
fungus had gained an entrance, it is easily seen that greater care must
be taken in preventing the spread of the disease. Data is not available
which shows the relative abundance of the spots upon the apples given
in the above statement. During the Winter of 1910 the writer, however,
had an opportunity to observe the apple rot developed on a quantity
of Rhode Island Greening, which had been stored in boxes in a cellar.
Of this lot of fruit 197 apples were inspected on January 30, 1911. There
were a total of 1,023 decayed areas, 221 of which were larger than one-
half inch in diameter, 139 areas were producing spores, 24 of which were
slimy, the remainder being either or only slightly waxy. The fungus
had entered through 68 scabby areas, eight injuries done by the bud
moth, 15 mechanical injuries, four through the blossom end and five
through the stem end, the remainder passing through the uninjured
epidermis.

In the examination of this fruit which had been stored in two boxes,
it was observed that apples with large discolored spots on them were
distributed throughout the boxes, indicating that the spores had lodged
upon the apples before the same were gathered. It was also noticeable
that the apples in the bottom of the boxes were literally covered with
decaying spots. In one case one group of 30 apples had eight large
spots and 406 smaller ones. The observations made confirm previous
observations indicating that as the spores mature the gelatinous sub-
stance surrounding the spores absorbs a large quantity of water from the
atmosphere, finally going into Solution. These masses of liquid con-
taining spores finally run off, falling on the fruit beneath. Many times
these drops splash from one apple to another. A line of small areas
down the side or a group of spots show how the liquid splashed, scatter-
ing the spores.

The recognition and control of the diseases caused by fungus which
is now known under the scientific name of neofabrea malicorticis (Cord-
ley) Jackson is of great importance to all the growers of the apple, since
the disease of the body of the tree directly threatens the life of the
plant and serious losses of apples held in storage will occur in cases
where the spores of the fungus lodge on the fruit before the apples
are gathered. It is apparently true that spores lodge on the fruit
some days before the general harvest of the apple crop takes place,
since the early maturing apples are as subject to the rot as the later
maturing varieties that may hang on the trees until the advent of the
early autumn rains and later.

The discovery that there are two spore forms developed in each
canker, and that the conidial matures the first year and the ascigarous
the second year, should make the orchardist doubly cautious in attempt-
ing to eradicate the trouble, since the distribution of spore forms con-
tinues through so long a period and that damage to the body of the tree
as well as the loss of the fruit after the crop has been placed in storage
is apt to occur.

Owing to the fact that tests with lime-sulphur and Bordeaux mix-
ture made on mature fruit shortly before picking time has at least given
good indications that the fruit may be sprayed without injury, it seems
advisable to resort to spraying in order to prevent loss of fruit in storage,
especially in all cases where fruit is taken from diseased trees. Past
seasons' experiences also indicate that such an application would no
doubt be of great value in preventing the spread of late infection
of apple scab which frequently takes place after the fruit has been
wrapped in paper and placed in storage.

96 Report of State Board of Horticulture.

Owing to the late date at which apple harvest continues, it is some-
times true that the autumn rains make the soil so loose and muddy that
it is impossible to apply a spray following the gathering of the fruit.
In such cases there are other practices which may be followed with good
success. A thorough spraying of Bordeaux mixture before the buds
begin to open during the spring and while the entire tree is exposed to
the direct drive of the spray the trees have been so thoroughly coated
that the amount of Bordeaux mixture remaining on the trees throughout
the seasons, including the following autumn, was sufficient to give as
good results as could be gotten by spraying at any other date. These
phenomenal results are less wonderful since it is now known that the
old cankers two years of age are the seat of a second set of spores
thrown off the second season and capable of starting new infections. This
early spraying admits of thoroughly söaking these old cankers, which
if in a dry condition have been observed to become a deeper blue color
on the application of Bordeaux mixture, the di-y and dead bark absorbing
the liquid like a sponge.

In the cleaning up of any orchard of trees that have become badly
infested with the disease it is advisable to tear out the bark from all
cankers after the cankers of the present year are mature in size. Each
wound should also be coated with thick Bordeaux mixture, since through
experiments conducted by the writer, it is evident that the fungus will
thrive in the wood as a saprophyte as well as in the old and dead bark
previously killed by the fungus. In case time will not admit of remov-
ing the bark the cankers should be thoroughly plastered with the spray.
Cutting out the growing cankers may also be done and is advisable
when the condition of the orchard will admit of such a practice. In
cutting out the cankers on badly infested trees very frequently more
injury is done in doing the work than the fungus would do if left to com-
plete the season's growth.

The timing for spraying infested trees depends upon several important
orchard practices and it is therefore very important that the timing
should be carefully considered. Anticipating loss from the rot, which
is sure to follow when fruit is exposed to the spread of spores during
the last part of summer and early autumn, the most logical method of
meeting the Situation is to apply a spray before the fruit is gathered
in order to kill the spores adhering to the apples. In making this
application it is not necessary to use a very strong spray, since the
weaker mixture (4-4-50 Bordeaux) carries a far greater per cent of
the killing properties than are actually required to do the work; besides
the coating of the apple is only temporary, serving to protect the sur-
face of the fruit until it has been placed in the warehouse or packing-
house from which the fruit is packed following the wiping of the same,
a practice which apparently pleases the consumer, although not to be con-
sidered at all necessary when considering the action of the spray
ingredients on the keeping qualities of the fruit. Another consideration
relative to the application of autumn sprays to control this disease is
the partial destruction of the scab fungus which at this time is apt to
be very abundant on the foliage. It is apparent from field observations
and experiments that the coating of spray left on the leaves ckiring the
fall spraying that the active principles of the ingredients applied do
act favorably in at least lessening the spread of the fnngus the follow-
ing spring.

Since it is less difficult to spray a tree after the fruit has been
gathered, it is generally advisable that the autumn spray follow the
gathering of the fruit. In cases of light infestation only one spraying
is necessary. When the disease is abundant, however, two applications

Blackspot Canker. 97

should be made. For these applications 6-4-50 Bordeaux mixture is
advised. Of the two applications, the first should immediately follow
the gathering of the fruit. This is necessary in order that the work
may be done before rainy weather sets in. The second application
should be made two to three weeks later, depending upon weather con-
ditions — if heavy rains occur the spraying should be done within two
weeks, otherwise the work may be delayed one to two weeks later. All
spraying done to control anthracnose must be done thoroughly in order
to get the desired results.

Owing to the fact that even following the application of double
strength Bordeaux (12-8-50) mixture, as is recommended for use in
Western Washington, much of the active principles in the spray are
rendered worthless by being removed from the tree early during the
season by heavy showers or during long rainy periods. In order to meet
this Situation the writer prepared a mixture known as Bordeaux-
petroleum emulsion, spraying the trees twice before the heavy rains
began. Although only four trees, all badly infested with the disease,
as shown by the presence of a large number of cankers from which spores
were being discharged, three of which were sprayed with the mixture,
good results in the control of the disease were secured as well as dis-
covering that the petroleum contained in the mixture had a toxic effect,
the leaves being much darker and healthier than those on the unsprayed
tree or those which had only received coatings of Bordeaux mixture and
standing in the same part of the orchard.

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VEGETABLE GROWING IN OREGON.

Bij O. E. Freytag, County Fruit Inspector for Clackamas County.

No phase of agriculture is developing more rapiclly than market gar-
dening and at no time has the work received greater support. The popu-
lation of the State is increasing so rapidly that the demand for vegetables
exceeds the supply. Many gardeners are specializing along certain lines
of vegetables which they have brought to a high point of development,
producing a product the market is ever ready for.

Among the first crops is the palatable asparagus. No garden,
whether for home or market, is complete without an asparagus bed.
The plants adapt themselves to any fairly good soil and climate, but
thrive best in sandy loam or beaver dam. The better the soil the better
the yield.

How to Plant an Asparagus Bed. — Make the rows preferably north
and south, four feet apart. The plow going up and down at least twice
through the furrow, digging the trench at least six to eight inches deep.
Then stretch a string down the furrow, and set the plants every 20 to
24 inches in the row. Spread the roots out carefully, covering them three
to four inches. After the shoots appear more soil may be added. Don't
cut the asparagus the first year and very little if any the second year;
the third year begin cutting and as the plant grows older the season for
cutting may be lengthened.

Rhubarb is a valuable and productive early vegetable, and when
grown in the right manner produces an enormous yield. The manner
of planting is very much the same as asparagus. When rhubarb is
grown by expert growers, the stalks are often over two feet long and
perfectly tender.

Celery is another immense money crop, and those gardeners who
specialize in this particular class are enjoying good results. There are
a number of methods used to blanch celery. In Oregon, where lumber
is cheap, board banking is preferred to the old way of dirt banking.
This is quickly done and gives good satisfaction. The greatest care is
in preparing it for the market, so that it arrives at its destination in
good shape.

Cabbage and cauliflower are valuable crops in Oregon. Climatic
conditions are such that certain varieties of cauliflower can remain
unprotected in the field throughout the winter, supplying the fresh
product when there is little eise to be obtained in the market. For
early cabbage, seed sown in September and transplanted in November
and December, produce early crops and the land can be used for a second
crop. Soil should be selected that has good drainage. While the plants
do not make a large growth during the winter, they build up a good root
System, and upon the arrival of congenial weather come rapidly to
maturity. Cabbage will thrive upon most any soil, but a sandy loam
is preferable, because the soil can be cultivated at any time. Cabbage
is a great feeder and requires good, rieh soil, and plenty of eultivation.
Care should be taken not to plant it too close to get the best results,
especially the winter varieties. Plants three feet each way will give you

100 Report of State Board of Horticulture.

4,840 per acre; at this rate you can secure larger heads and it will give
a greater tonnage than closer planting. Great care should be taken
to get the best seed. In no truck crop does the character of the seed
count for more than in cabbage. The grower cannot afford to risk his
crop for a small saving. This is true of all kinds of seed. There is no
greater disappointment than to discover that your labor for the season
has been useless, because you have bought cheap and useless seeds. The
year is spent and nothing for it but failure. One often blames the soil
and weather conditions, when the seed is at fault. Some of the best
varieties for Oregon are Early Jersey Wakeneid or Charleston Wakeneid;
late cabbage, the Danish Ball Head (imported seed), is chiefly grown
for storage and sour kraut. Care should be taken when transplanting
in hot weather, when evaporation is rapid. It is at that season advis-
able to prune off most of the leaves; in this way the plant receives less
check than it otherwise would. Seed beds for cabbage should be pre-
pared in a new place each year, either broad cast, or in drills. Care
must be taken to have healthy plants. It is well to sow a thin coat of
salt on the soil and work it in before sov/ing the seed. This destroys the
fungus that may be in the land, which causes club-root and other
diseases.

Cauliflower plants are grown the same as cabbage plants, both the
early and late varieties, and are transplanted in the same manner. In
order to have the plants grow rapidly and produce the desired quality
of product, good cultivation must be given, and in order to do this, the
plants should be set so as to cultivate both ways. If you will give the
plants the necessary cultivation and float the land between the rows
to conserve the moisture of the late planting, you will find that the
aphis will not do so much härm, for the aphis will only attack the
weak plants. When the cauliflower begins to head, in order to bleach,
the leaves should be loosely gathered together and pinned with a tooth-
pick, so as not to exclude air, but only to keep off most of the sunshine.
To draw the leaves too close will scald the head, therefore let the plant
have plenty of air. In case of shipping and packing the cauliflower
should be cut early in the morning while they are cold. But if it is
necessary to cut in the afternoon, care should be taken to spread them
out over night so as to cool them before packing. They will stand
shipping better and will keep much longer by this simple pre-cooling.

Onion-growing is one of the most profitable industries of Oregon.
Soil and climate conditions are such as to produce a good onion, mild
and withal a good shipper and keeper. Most any good soil will produce
onions. However, some soils are better than others; the famous Oregon
beaverdam land is without question the best.

How to Prepare the Onion Lani. — Plow the land deep, pulverize and
smooth it, let the land rest about two weeks then harrow thoroughly a
second time and smooth it; in this way the first crop of weeds are
destroyed that otherwise would have to be weeded by hand. This method
of preparing the soil is good for any crop that is likely to require
weeding. Onions require rieh soil, and the cheapest manure for onion
land is to sow early in September about 75 pounds of vetch seed, and
in early spring plow this under, and good large onions will be the result.
Another very essential way of helping the onion is to give the land a
good dressing of salt about two weeks before planting. Onions like salt.
To produce sweet onions they must be kept growing rapidly. Stunted
onions are sharp and strong. Sow the seed as early as possible and not
later than about the Ist of April. Onions should ripen about August
15th to 20th. The early crop brings good prices; the v/riter of this
article has sown onion seeds as early as February 3rd and as late as

Vegetable Growing in Oregon. 101

March 17th, and has begun to harvest August öth. Farmers Irving on
the uplands can grow onions as good as those produced on beaverdam
land, but they must employ one of two Systems. The seed should be
sown in boxes in January or February; sow very thinly so as to pro-
duce strong plants. In May these may be transplanted to the fieid.
Prune the roots and most of the top, leaving the plant about three and
one-half inches long. Do not set too deep in the soil, preferably not
over an inch. The other way is to sow the seeds early in June, not too
thick, in drills; these will make gocd sets in August, which may then
be planted immediately, for spring onions, or in spring for fall onions.
Spring planting is preferable; good large onions are grown this way.
The varieties giving the best results are the Oregon Globe Danvers;
Prizetaker and Australian Brown are also good onions. However, before
long some will grow the Bermuda Onions, which are of good quality
and mature in about 75 days. Onions should be carefully and properly
graded, the bulb must be clean and attractive, and not undersized. The
shipper requires clean sacks properly filled and sewed. All this goes
to make money for the grower. The onions should be sorted into three
grades, first or prime, second and picklings.

A Few Facts About Corn-Groiving . — Though Oregon is not considered
a corn-growing State, especially stock or field corn, the acreage is
increasing every year and very soon some one will produce a stock corn
suited to Oregon climate. If the State of Oregon could import hot
nights, lightning bugs and cyclones we might grow better com. But
thanks; we will grow a little less field corn, and turn our attention to
sweet corn. We can beat the cars growing sweet corn, which will net
the grower $100 to $150 per acre and have the stalks for feed besides,
and the demand for corn is good during the whole ssason, beginning
about July 15th and lasting until December. The hogs and cattle enjoy
the sweet corn just as well, and the stalks contain more saccharine,
and it is really better than field corn. The sandy loam is best suited
for corn-growing. Farmers on upland do grow good corn by more
frequent cultivation, planting so as to cultivate both ways. Two crops
might be grown successfully, if not planted too close together, by planting
three feet each way and thinning to two stalks in a hill and in about
every third hill dropping a pumpkin seed. The yellow field pumpkin
does the best. There are many varieties of sweet corn and one must
find out what variety is best adapted to the locality. Commonly the best
early corn is the Mammoth White-Cob Cory. A very pleasant but small
ear, is the Golden Bantam. Corn requires good cultivation; before laying
it by, the land should be floated between the rows, thus conserving the
moisture and making the corn fill out an inch beyond the husks.

Beans and peas are so common it is useless to comment on these, only
to say do not sow the seed too thick if you desire good tender pods.
There are several kinds of edible pod beans, such as the Stringless Green
Pod. Davis Kidney Wax, a pole bean, the Kentucky Wonder; the Dwarf
or Pole Horticultural is a good winter or dry bean. A good white or
dry bean is the Imperial Tree bean, a heavy cropper, resembling the
Navy bean. Beans require good cultivation to keep them free from
weeds, and a great many mouths to eat them. Peas and beans are
legumes and do not require too rieh a soil, and make a good second
crop, where early vegetables have been grown. One of the best early
peas is the Early Gradus.

Tomatoes are chiefly grown by truck gardeners. However, every
home-gardener and farmer can grow tomatoes successfully, if a few
suggestions given are carried out. Tomato seed should be soaked in a
Solution of Bordeaux for 24 hours; this will in a measure destroy the

102 Report of State Board of Horticulture.

blight, which in many cases destroys a large per cent of the plant. Blue-
stone three pounds and lime six pounds is used in a case of this kind.
Sow the seed as soon as possible in March in hotbeds. After about
two inches high, transplant to cold frame, two inches apart each way.
Expose them all you can, cover only on clear frosty nights. In so doing
you harden the plants that they may be transplanted to the open field
by the lOth to 15th of April. Do not use a dibble, but mark out the land,
three and one-half feet between the rows, then draw the single furrow
out, about three inches deep. In this furrow plant the tomatoes; lay
the plant against one side of the furrow and put a little soil over the
roots loosely, do not press it down. The warmth of the sun warms the
roots closely under the soil and the plant Starts at once. By planting
with a dibble the roots are placed usually too deep where the ground
is cold and the plant loses too much time. Set the plants 18 to 20 inches
if staked, if not staked, 30 to 36 inches. To stake tomatoes use a stake
an inch to one and a half inches, five feet long; drive it firmly into the
ground, then tie the plant loosely but firmly to the stake. Care must
be taken to pinch out all side shoots, allowing only the main leader to
remain. The side shoots retard the growth and fruitage of the plant.
Some train on frame, others let them grow as they please; whatever
method is employed, remove the side shoots. Preparation of the soil
is very important. Plow the soil deep, have the land fairly rieh, and
about two weeks before planting use 100 pounds of coarse salt per acre;
this will destroy the fungus matter in the soil and will prevent tomato
blight at least to a great degree. Give frequent eultivation, but not
deep, and when vines are well loaded with fruit, float the land and
begin picking ripe tomatoes. For an all round good crop the Jewell
is a satisfactory variety. The Dwarf Champion is a good one.

Melons require hot nights, the same as com, and are usually grown
on sandy loam soil. The muskmelon does excellently well where good
care and eultivation is given them. Watermelons are a paying crop
in Southern Oregon, especially sections near transportation and good
markets. The market requires a great quantity of melons, but care
should be taken to grow the varieties the market requires. The Rocky
Ford, Petosky and Emerald Gern are perhaps the best muskmelons for
our western climate. Melons require rieh soil well prepared, and before
vines begin to cover the land, it should be floated to conserve the moisture
of the soil. Try out your soil, build it up, make it produce large crops.

Potato-growing is the chief and most populär vegetable crop grown
in Oregon. Thousands of carloads go to eastern and southern markets
from this State annually. The farmers should take more care to plant
potatoes true to type and also those varieties the markets require. Seed
selection is most important. Every farmer should select the seed at
digging time, when perfect speeimens and good hüls can be selected.
Potatoes true to type should be planted; off shapes are likely to produce
ill shaped potatoes, and at the same time the quality and quantity must
be considered. The importance of good seed is only appreciated by
those that have made the potato eulture a study, which every farmer
should do. Improve your potato seed, as well as other crops. Improve
the strain of your poultry, hogs, cows and all eise that go to make up a
systematic farm. How can this be aecomplished? By careful seed
selection year after year, by noting results and keeping aecurate
aecounts of season of planting and harvest and the manner of preparing
the soil and planting the seed.

After careful experiment with the soil to be worked, a füll knowledge
of frost conditions, and of the needs of the market through whose
medium the produets are to be disposed of, vegetables should be chosen

Vegetable Growing in Oregon. 103

which are best adapted to conditions as they are found. A study of
their habits and needs and close application to detail will bring a well-
earned success. With the diversity of crops possible in the mild climate
of western Oregon, and the established fact that the region suffers no
absolute crop failures, such as frequently occur in less favored sections,
gardening on a small scale or on larger lines may be made to return
goodly profits on the time and money invested. By continuing year after
year to raise those products found to give best results, success may be
surely attained.

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CHERRY CULTURE.

By J. Beebe, County Fruit Inspector for Lane Coanty.

In presenting this subject I am aware that much has been said and
written on it, and what I may say will be largely repetition. But, in
considering an industry that is of as much importance as cherry-
growing, some things will bear repeating, especially at this time when so
many who are without practical experience are planting fruit trees.
Any reliable Information on the more important points in the culture
of the trees may be of great help to them.

To make a success of cherry growing one must Start right. Select
a good, deep soil, well drained. That is, land where not only the surface
water runs off readily but which also has a good under-drainage.

The ground should be well prepared, subsoiling to a depth of 16 or
18 inches, thus giving the roots a chance to become established down
where they will have moisture, and making it possible to plow without
disturbing the roots. This is very important, as there is nothing that
hurts a cherry tree more than disturbing the roots. The plowing or
cultivating should be done every year; for if left uncultivated the feeding
roots come close to the curface for air and plant food; then, if cultivation
is resumed these roots will be torn and disturbed, which causes trouble
with the trees.

The trees for setting should be one year old, good, heavy stalks
and well matured before removing from the nursery row. All large-
growing sweet cherries should be set forty feet apart, and the trees
when planted cut back to twenty inches high. Cultivated crops, such as
potatoes or com, may be planted between the rows while the trees are
small; or peach trees may be set between each row and when cherries
and peaches have grown large enough to crowd remove the peaches and
give the cherries all the ground.

In the cultivation of a cherry orchard there may be a difference of
opinion on account of soil and moisture conditions. There are locations
where the moisture remains good during the season, or we might say,
where there is sub-irrigation. Here the cultivation might be discon-
tinued after the trees have become well established but under ordinary
conditions cultivation should be maintained.

After the trees begin to bear cover crops may be sown in the fall
and plowed under the next spring to keep up humus in the soil and
furnish plant food for the trees. Here in the Willamette Valley the
vetch makes a good cover crop; for, being a legume, it furnishes nitrogen,
giving the trees a dark green color and vigorous growth. Where there
is plenty of wood growth, rye, oats, or anything that will keep up the
humus, may be sown instead of vetch.

Cherry trees require but little pruning. Just enough in the start to
give the tree its shape, or to cut out cross limbs and center limbs that
carry the tree too high.

While all these things are necessary for successful cherry growing,
there are still others that must be mentioned; and perhaps we might

106 Report of State Board of Horticulture.

consider these as the drawbacks to cherry culture; namely, the diseases
and insect pests that work on the trees. The first, and worst, is the
cherry gummosis, which, our professors at the experiment Station teil
us, is a bacterial disease and rather difficult to handle. The only remedy
known as yet is cutting out the gum spots clean, to the sound bark and
disinfecting the wounds with corrosive Sublimate 1 to 1,000; also
disinfecting the tools before cutting into another tree. If wounds are
large, as soon as dry, they may be covered with paint to protect the
wood. The trees should be watched closely for this trouble during the
early part of the season.

In some sections a shothole fungus is doing some damage. To control
this, spray with Bordeaux mixture after the bloom has fallen and again
in about two weeks.

There are three insect pests that do more or less damage to the
trees, the San Jose scale, black aphis and the cherry slug. The scale
soon shows its work on the trees, but is easily controlled by spraying
with lime and surphur while the trees are dormant. The black aphis is
more difficult to fight. It works on the under side of the terminal leaves,
causing them to roll and later to fall off. The remedy is black leaf
sheep dip or coal-oil emulsion applied when aphis first makes its appear-
ance. Repeat as often as necessary.

The slugs are not hard to destroy. On bearing trees, if a dust
sprayer can be obtained, air-slacked lime may be used with good results.
On young trees arsenate of lead or any contact spray may be used.

Successful cherry culture, as well as any other business, requires
close attention to. the several details.

While there has been more attention given to growing the sweet
cherry, there is a demand for many more of the sour cherries for
canning purposes then are being raised. This variety is not quite so
exacting in its culture, not so subject to disease and a sure bearer. The
sour cherries are mostly a little earlier than the sweet cherries, making
the harvesting season a little longer.

Since cherries can be grown successfully here it seems that this
branch of horticulture might be stimulated far beyond what it now is;
for it has been conclusively proven that the Pacific Northwest, and
especially the Willamette Valley, produces a cherry unsurpassed in
beauty and flavor anywhere in the United States.

In conclusion, while Hood River has become famous for its apples
and strawberries, Rogue River for its pears and Newtown apples, why
may not the Willamette Valley stand out prominently for its quantities
of the finest cherries in the world, as one of its horticultural products?

THE CONTROL OF FIRE OR POME BLIGHT.

By W. H. Lawrence, Plant Pathologist and Fruit Inspector for Hood

River County.

The abrupt termination of pear production throughout a majority of
the fruit-growing sections of the United States, where the pear has been
grown commercially, has demonstrated the destructive nature of the
pome blight bacterium. In fact, some of the epidemics caused by this
parasite are so recent and the results so marked that no encouragement
to attempt to grow the pear in many sections where the disease has been
epidemic can be had. More recently the disease has made serious
inroads in some of the apple orchards m the section in which the disease
has done little or no injury heretofore. The condition of the apple
orchards in some of the locations at this time is not encouraging and
it is feared that a similar epidemic may occur among apples as has
occurred among pears during the past. The critical condition as it is
now being faced by many growers has caused the grower to enquire
with reference to detail Instructions as to a successful method of
accomplishing the desired results, namely, the eradication of the disease
from the orchard.

The eradication of the disease in a section where the fruit industry
has grown to large proportions is by no means an easy task. The results
usually met with have not been very encouraging but they have fully
demonstrated that the best of results may be accomplished if the work
is timely and is done in a careful and painstaking manner. The topo-
graphy of the country, kinds of farming practiced, the various hosts,
both wild and cultivated that have become infested, the moral support
to be given by the Community, the possibilities of the assistants to do
the actual field work and lastly and the most important of all, the
strength of the law providing for the destruction of plants infested
with a dangerous and contagious disease, all have an important bearing
on the work.

The topography of the country in a large degree renders the work
difficult if the infested areas are inaccessible, requiring a large waste
of time in reaching the localities in which the work must be done, as
is the case where there are numerous gorges and canyons in some of
the fruit-growing sections. On the other hand, where the conditions are
such as to admit of diversity in crop production, there are the inter-
vening ranches on which fruit raising is a secondary line of work,
which in most cases means that this line of work is considered as of little
importance and is largely endured since the fruit is very convenient
for the house wife in preparing the food. The farmer is not willing to
sacrifice valuable time in an attempt to rid this orchard of the disease
and to watch the same to see that no further infection takes place. As
long as such fruit trees live it is certainly true that they are very apt
to become the centers of infection at later dates or until the disease has
been eliminated from the section. It is also indeed fortunate to be
located in a section where the natural barriers do not admit of an easy
introduction of the disease. A wide ränge of mountains surrounding the
section on all sides is a natural protection with which few of the fruit-
growing sections are provided.

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CONTROL OF FlRE OR POME BLICHT. 109

In attempting to eradicate fire blight in any section orie of the
important considerations is the extent of the spread throughout the
territory as well as the severity of the disease on the numerous varieties
of apples and other fruit trees that may have become infected. The age
of the trees and the location of cankers vary the time and the cost of
doing the work as well as determining the cost. Since the cut and burn
method is the one that must be employed, the method is a tedious and
costly one.

The presence or absence of wild plants that are hosts of the blight
bacterium is a point that must not be overlooked, as the destruction of
these hosts is one of the most important lines of work to be taken up.
Wide areas of land growing infested hosts makes the work very dis-
couraging while an absence of such plants makes the beginning of the
t-isk at least more encouraging.

Nothing is more discouraging than the lack of moral support in a
Community where the control of the disease confronts one. A lack of
such support usually means an indifferent physical and financial support.
In fighting this disease it is impossible to accomplish results unless the
right kind of help can be secured to do the work. It has been the
experience in the past that the man who has no interest in the work
other than the pay he draws for the time he works is not as effective a
worker as one who has a financial interest in getting results. In
sections where the orchards are large, it is oftentimes true that the
results are not so good as are obtained in smaller orchards. Such
results are attributable to the personal element of help, as in the larger
orchards less reliable help must necessarily be depended upon, while in
the smaller holdings the owner personally lends much assistance that
bears good returns.

The nature and importance of this work requires a director who has
the training requisite to do such work. He must be well trained along
pathological lines in order that he may appreciate the true nature of the
parasite causing the disease and to instruct the field workers so that
they have a good working knowledge relative to the control of the
disease. Every laborer must be taught to thoroughly understand the
life-history of the bacterium, as to its method of passing the winter, how
the organisms spread in the spring and how they are placed in the
blossoms and other parts of the tree, how these minute organisms grow
and multiply in the Juices of the plant, and last and the most important
of all, the fact that the wood may be diseased and yet no discoloration
visible to the naked.eye is evident, which knowledge has a direct bearing
on the effectiveness of the tree surgery to be practiced upon the infested
portion of the plant. The use of the disinfectant constantly on all cut
surfaces and all pruning instruments must also be enforced, since the
minuteness of the organism is not comprehended by the untrained
worker who usually lacks faith in the work of using the disinfectant to
destroy something invisible — believed by a majority but a matter of con-
jecture by others, many of which fail to make known the fact that they
are doubting Thomases.

The effectiveness of the work in Controlling or eradicating fire
b'ight largely depends upon how well the work is organized and that the
work when once started can be conducted to its completion without delays.
The time of starting the work is also a very important consideration.
The slow advance made by the disease during the dormant period of
the tree makes it advisable to start the work as early during the dormant
season as possible, so that the same may be completed if possible before
the following spring, at which time the disease may spread over a
portion of the ground already covered. The work should be done at any
and all times, as the occasion requires.

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CO-OPERATIVE ORGANIZATION OF FRUIT GROWERS.

By H. C. Atwell, Fruit Inspector for Washington County, and President
of Forest Grove Fruit-Growers' Association.

I am asked to offer a few suggestions as to best means of effecting
and utilizing co-operative Organization among fruit-growers, and to
explain the work which the Forest Grove fruit-growers are under-
taking to do.

My first suggection would be, do not organize hastily, nor before the
volume of fruit production in your Community is of sufficient proportions
to support your undertaking. Do not allow real estate exploitation to
force you to premature activity.

LIMIT STOCK HOLDING TO FARMERS.

As a first step, the farmers should organize a fruit-growers' asso-
ciation. When I say farmers, I mean farmers, not merchants and
bankers. Forest Grove Fruit-Growers' Association has over one hundred
stockholders, every one a farmer. The business men of the city are not
barred, but we did not ask them. We did not want them, because they
are not directly interested in fruit-growing. In times of stress they
would want their money out. The Organization and its equipment would
not appeal to them as in itself an asset, independent of their investment.
They would not be patrons. In other words, their interest would be
limited to their stockholding. We did not need the townspeople's money,
because we had enough of our own. It is a poorer Community than any
in Oregon where a hundred farmers can not raise five thousand dollars
during a year to capitalize a farmers' co-operative Organization. The
banks groan under the weight of the farmers' deposits, and the farmers
plod along, in need of various public enterprises, waiting for someone
to establish them with the farmers' money, and reap the rewards. Why
should not the farmers do it themselves? We limited the earnings on
our stock to six per cent, so stockholding in itself would not be attractive.
We limited individual holdings to five hundred dollars. We would have
placed the limit at two hundred dollars, had not an enterprising farmer
subscribed five hundred before our by-laws were adopted.

A MODEST CAPITAL.

An association without capital can not accomplish much in handling
fruit, either by way of shipping fresh or manufacturing. If your
association is to be more than educational, it must have some financial
resources. However, it is not good policy to try to raise a large capital
at the start. If you have a big capital, you will have big ideas and be
tempted to do things on a big scale. The results may be as disastrous
as those which have marked the history of many co-operative under-
takings among farmers. Better grow up from small beginnings, and
practice rigid economy, confining your Operations to a few lines, until
you have feit your way to solid ground. Capital can be increased when
more is needed.

112 Report of State Board of Horticulture.

BUYING FOR CASH.

I speak of this subject now, because it is involved in consideration of
what is a necessary capital. With a modest capital, say nve to cen
thousand dollars (ours is five thousand), it follov/s that you can not,
without heavy borrowing and considerable risk, buy fruit extensively
for cash. Your capital will be largely absorbed by the site, buildings
and equipment. You will of course have to borrow some money, but the
aim of the directors should be to borrow as little as possible. Herein is
involved the essence of co-operation. Merely clubbing together to buy a
site and erect and eqüip a building, is but a short chapter in the story
of a truly co-operative association. Growers must expect, and be glad,
to contribute their fruit to the association and wait for the larger part
of their returns until the fruit is sold, confident in the expectation of
a larger profit by so doing. This idea is remarkably difficult for many
farmers to grasp. They apparently expect to deal with the association,
of which they are a component part, as though it were a stranger; and
they ask "what are you going to pay"? My answer has been: "The
sole purpose of this Organization is to secure to its members the greatest
possible profit from their products. This purpose can not be attained
by buying for cash, but by members being willing to wait for the major
part of their returns until the product is sold". Last year the Portland
canneries paid three Cents per pound for loganberries. The same price
was paid by the management of the Eugene Fruit Growers' Association
to the ten per cent of its members who insisted on cash at delivery. The
ninety per cent who better understood the true principle of co-operation
(or perhaps who were less pressed for money) received, a few weeks
later, returns which netted them three and a half Cents a pound. This
difference in return amounts to sixteen and two-thirds per cent.
Farmers are prone to complain of the large profits made by others on
the output of their toil. Why should they expect an Institution to tie
up twenty-five or fifty thousand dollars in cash necessary to do a cash
business, and take all the risks, without exacting a handsome margin
therefor? Why rather should not the farmers treat their output as
capital, distribute the risk among themselves, and put this margin into
their own pockets? Why should they not, as Manager Holt of the
Eugene association puts it, treat their association as the "business end
of their farms", and make it yield them the extra sixteen and two-
thirds per cent?

PURCHASE OF A SITE.

Do not be too economical in the purchase of a site. Provide room
for future expansion. You will probably erect but one building at first
but later you will need more. If you contemplate a cannery, remember
that in a few years it will demand considerable space. Manager Holt
says that their two acres are none too much. Locate where you can
secure a railroad switch. Our association has an acre accessible to two
railroads.

BENEFITS FOR MEMBERS ONLY.

It is but fair that you should limit the advantages of your Organ-
ization, both as to pooling and in the purchase of supplies, to members
only. It is a business proposition. Those who have invested their faith
and money are the ones entitled to the benefits.

Co-Operative Organization. 113

EVERY MEMBER A PARTNER.

The manager should miss no opportunity to make every member feel
that he is a Joint owner in the association and its property, jointly
interested in its success; that each member is, or should be, in spirit a
partner (although not legally so), and interested in keeping down
expense, and seeing that the association pursues a safe and conservative
course. Members should be made to realize that the association is not
a commission house, seeking to make as much as possible for itself, but
that it is a thing of their own creation, acting solely for their interests;
that it is themselves acting through delegated authority.

SAFE BUSINESS METHODS NECESSARY.

While the association is for the benefit of the farmers, that benefit
should be held secondary to the sound fmancial condition and the per-
petuity of the association. It should avoid speculation, and do nothing
to impair its credit and business efficiency. Fruit-growers should know
that they have a more than one season's interest in the success of the
association. If it is compelled to suspend, the marketing of their products
reverts to haphazard methods.

HOW TO EFFECT A LEGAL ORGANIZATION.

Your Organization shou'.d be incorporated. Otherwise the membors
will be only partners. A partnership of so many persons would bc a
cumbersome and embarrassing proposition. It would also cause an
individual liability that would be undesirable. If you incorporate,
members' individual liability will be limited to their unpaid subsciip-
tions for stock. The assets of a corporation are alone lvable for corporate
obligations. The steps necessary to incorporate and get the Organization
on to a legal footing, prepared to do business, are simple, but they
should be followed in proper Order and with care. A brief outline of
them may be useful to communities wishing to incorporate an association,
and not wishing to incur the expense of legal assistance.

A meeting of fruit-growers should be called. If it is then decided
to organize an association, a motion should be made that A, B and C
(naming them) be authorized to prepare and file articles of incorpoi'a-
tion of the proposed association. The three persons thus chosen should
make and subscribe written articles of incorporation, in triplicate, and
should acknowledge them before a notary. They must file one of these
documents in the office of the clerk of their county, mail another to the
Secretary of State at Salem, to be filed by him, and keep the third copy,
to be turned over to the secretary of their association when their Organ-
ization is completed. These articles of incorporation must specify flve
things: 1 — the name of the association, and the proposed duration of
its existence; 2 — the business in which the association proposes to
engage; 3 — the place where the principal office will be (that is, the town
or city) ; 4 — the amount of capital stock; 5 — the amount of each share
thereof. In complying with the second requisite, it is best to embrace
as many activities as the association will likely wish to pursue, in order
that they may not be hampered by lack of legal authority, when their
business becomes more complex. I have incorporated herewith the
articles of incorporation of our association as a model of the proper
form. The second specification required by law to be made is sufficiently
comprehensive in our articles to cover any enterprise in which a fruit-
growers' Organization should engage.

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Co-Operative Organization. 115

The preliminary meeting above referred to should provide for the
expense of incorporation. This consists of the usual fee for filing with
the county clerk, also an Organization fee and an annual license fee. The
last two fees are to be remitted to the Secretary of State with the
articles of incorporation. The Organization fee and license fee are
graduated in accordance with the amount of the capital stock. If this is
not over twenty-five thousand dollars, the two fees are the same, to-wit:
ten dollars where the capital does not exceed five thousand dollars ; fifteen
dollars where the capital exceeds five thousand, but does not exceed ten
thousand dollars; twenty dollars where the capital exceeds ten thousand,
but does not exceed twenty-five thousand dollars. The Organization fee
is paid but once. The license fee is an annual matter. The latter should
be computed for the time between the date of remittance and July Ist
following.

The same meeting may, if thought best, appoint a committee to
solicit subscriptions to the capital stock. A sufficient form for such sub-
scription would be as follows: "We hereby subscribe the sums set
opposite our respective names to the capital stock of an association, to
be hereafter incorporated by authority of a meeting of fruit-growers
held at (name the town) on (date)." The subscriptions may even
precede the vote to incorporate. In that case the subscription should
read, "We hereby subscribe the sums set opposite our respective names
to the capital stock of an association of fruit-growers of (name the town)
and vicinity, provided said association be incorporated by (insert date)."

Filing the articles in the two Offices named, and payment of above
named fees, constitute incorporation. The three corporators who filed
the articles represent the corporation. If stock subscriptions have not
been secured, or it seems to the corporators desirable that additional
stock should be subscribed before Organization, they or any number of
them designated by a majority may solicit and receive subscriptions.

As soon as the capital stock has been subscribed, the three corporators
must give notice to the stock subscribers to meet at a designated time
and place for the purpose of electing directors. This notice may be
issued as soon as one-half the stock has been subscribed. At Forest
Grove we perferred to wait until the entire stock had been subscribed.
The notice must be given by Publishing the same for thirty days before
such meeting, in some newspaper published at least once a week in the
county where the meeting is to be held, or in some newspaper published
in like manner and in general circulation in said county. It is very
important that the notice be given as above recited. Upon expiration
of the thirty days an affidavit should be secured from the publisher,
bearing a printed copy of the notice, reciting the character of the
publication, frequency of issue, and that it is of general circulation in
the county, and showing that thirty füll days elapsed after the paper
containing the notice first appeared and before the meeting.

This meeting when held is in the hands of the corporators, not of
the subscribers. The corporators choose the chairman and secretary of
the meeting and are inspectors of the election. After reading the afore-
mentioned notice and the affidavit of the publisher, the chairman should
announce that the object of the meeting is to elect not less than three
directors. He should then ask the meeting to decide how many directors
are to be chosen. A motion designating the number is the proper
procedure. The number having been decided on the meeting should
proceed to elect them. In this election each stock subscriber who attends
in person, or by proxy signed by him, is entitled to one vote for each
share subscribed by him. No one is eligible to the office of director
unless he is a stockholder (or in this case, a subscriber to the stock).

116 Report of State Board of Horticulture.

After the election of directors the corporators should sign a certificate
stating who has been elected, and should announce the time and place
for the first meeting of the directors. It will usually be of advantage
to have the directors meet immediately after adjournment of the meeting
at which they are elected. The corporators' certificate of this election
should be kept among the permanent files of the association. It would
be well to adopt by-laws at the same meeting of stock subscribers. These
should of course provide for the same number of directors that the
meeting has decreed. Adjournment of the stock subscribers' meeting
ends the responsibility of the three corporators. Thereafter the affairs
of the association are in the hands of the directors. The latter should
not forget that, before entering upon the discharge of their duties, each
must take and subscribe an oath faithfully and honcstly to discharge
his duties as director. The oath should be acknowledged before a notary
and kept among the files of the association.

The officers are chosen by the directors at their first meeting after
taking the above mentioned oath. The President must be a director,
but a secretary may be appointed from outside the board. Both these
officers should have sufficient interest in the success of the undertaking
to serve without pay. Their gratuitous Service can be greatly lightened
by the exercise of a little consideration on part of the stockholders, in
not insisting on or expecting unnecessary Communications to be sent out
upon every occasion. In an Organization of this kind, the manager is
the only person to whom it is necessary to pay a salary. He is not
an officer, but an employee. The duties of secretary are confined to
keeping a record of board meetings, signing occasional documents, and
issuing various notices at stated intervals. As the latter are usually
printed, the duties of the office are not so heavy that some fruit-grower
will not be willing to perform them without compensation.

The following letter received by the writer will be of interest as
reinforcing some of the points made in this article, and as showing the
varied possibilities and rapid and healthy expansion of the fruit industry,
under the Stimulus of a well-organized and prudently managed
association :

Eugene, Oregon, October 26, 1912.

Mr. H. C. Atwell, Forest Grove, Oregon.

Dear Sir: I have yours of the 23d asking what we are doing and
how we are doing it. It is too early in the season to give you a complete
statement of this season's business, as we are yet running füll blast,
packing apples, canning pumpkin, apples, squash, tomatoes and Sauer-
kraut. We expect to keep running up to about December Ist; in fact
we are busy in one or more departments the year round. Our buildings
cover about thirty thousand Square feet of floor space, consisting of a
green fruit packing department, a cannery, an evaporator, and a spray
factory. These departments are so arranged that fruit may be easily
transferred from one to the other. During the winter and spring
months we make from four to six hundred barreis of lime-sulphur spray.
The cannery begins on asparagus, beets, gooseberries and strawberries,
in May, and following the fruits and vegetables in season, finishes up
late in the fall with pumpkin, kraut, etc. When this season's pack is
finished it will be somewhat in excess of sixteen thousand cases, con-
sisting of twenty-eight varieties of fruits and vegetables, put up in
sixty-nine different styles and grades. The fresh fruit department
attends to the grading, packing and shipping of the various fruits from
strawberries to apples. The cannery is always at hand to take any
surplus or over-ripe fruit from this department. Our evaporator has
a capacity of eight hundred boxes of fruit every twenty-four hours.

Co-Operative Organization. 117

This association is now completing the fourth year of its existence.
We have grown steadily from the beginning. At the end of the first
season the manager reported ninety-four stockholders and a paid up
working capital of $756. At present we have 250 members and a paid
in capital of nearly twenty thousand dollars. It is our policy to add
any Department or handle any article needed by the membsrship just
as soon as it appears to be good business to do so. It is our rule that
each department must not only pay its own running expenses, but a
share of the overhead expenses as well. Our association is the manu-
facturing and sales end of some 250 fruit and vegetable farms. Not
only this but each member is entitled to buy any article handled or
manufactured here at wholesale prices. Perhaps one of the most
important phases of our work is to discourage indiscriminate planting
of varieties, many of which are unsuited to our soil and climatic con-
ditions, and for which there appears to be no substantial market. We
have the hearty co-operation of our members, are sound financially, and
are doing our best to keep pace with the wonderful growth of the upper
Willamette Valley.

Sincerely yours,

J. O. Holt, Manager,
Eugene Fruit Growers Association.

As requested, I append hereto the by-laws of the Forest Grove
association. They embody the principles I have attempted to set forth
in this article. Aside from the merely formal provisions incident to
all organizations of this character, they contain, it is believed, the most
useful features from the most successful association on the Pacific Coast.

ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION, FOREST GROYE FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION.

Know AU Mein, by These Presents:

That we, H. C. Atwell, A. B. Craft and Robert Alexander, each being
a Citizen of Washington County, in the State of Oregon, and being
desirous of forming a corporation under the laws of Oregon, for the
purposes hereinafter set forth, do hereby associate ourselves together as
a corporation under said laws, and to that end do hereby make, subscribe
and adopt these Articles of Incorporation, in triplicate, as follows, to-wit:

Article 1. The name assumed by this corporation, and by which it
shall be known, is "Forest Grove Fruit Growers Association".

Article 2. The duration of the corpoi-ation shall be fifty years from
the date hereof.

Article 3. The object and purpose of this corporation, and the
business in v/hich it proposes to engage, are to encourage and promote
fruit and vegetable growing and farming; to buy, seil, ship, handle,
störe, pack, process, eure, preserve and can fruit, vegetables and other
farm produets, and any articles manufactured therefrom, and to manu-
facture food produets from the same; to buy, seil, manufacture, ship
and deal in orchard and farm supplies, and all articles and materials
necessary or proper to be used in or about, or in connection with, its
business; and to do all things necessary or pertinent to the conduet of
its business, in any and all its departments.

Article 4. The prineipal office and place of business of this corpora-
tion shall be at Forest Grove, Oregon.

118 Report of State Board of Horticulture.

Article 5. The capital stock of the corporation shall be five thousand
dollars, divided into two hundred and fifty shares of twenty dollars each.

In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names, and
executed these articles, in triplicate, this twenty-ninth day of April, 1912.

In the presense of H. C. Atwell,

W. W. McEldowney, A.B. Craft,

H. E. Ferrin. Robert Alexander.

County of Washington, ]

[•SS.

State of Oregon. J

I, W. W. McEldowney, a notary public in and for the above named
county and State, do hereby certify that, on this 29th day of April, 1912,
persohally appeared before me H. C. Atwell, A. B. Craft and Robert
Alexander to me known to be the individuals described in, and who signed
and executed, the foregoing articles of incorporation; and that each of
said persons acknowledged to me that he signed and executed the same
as his free and voluntary act and deed, and for the uses and purposes
therein mentioned.

Given under my hand and official seal, this 29th day of April, 1912.

W. W. McEldowney,
[seal] Notary Public for Oregon.

BY-LAWS OF FOREST GROVE FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION OF FOREST GROVE.

Adopted at a special meeting of the stockholders, called for that
purpose, and held at Forest Grove, Oregon, July 2, 1912.

Article 1. Limitation on Stockholding. — No one shall be permitted
to own more than twenty-five shares of stock. This provision shall be
printed on the certificates of stock.

Article 2. Transfer of Stock. — 1 — Shares of stock must be trans-
ferred on the books of the association, upon surrender to the secretary
of the outstanding certificate for cancellation, and upon the signing of
such transfer, in the regulär stock transfer book of the association, by
the stockholder in person or through attorney. Thereupon a new certifi-
cate shall be issued to the person to whom such transfer is made. If
transfer is made through attorney, authority therefor, signed by the
stockholder, shall be filed with the secretary. 2 — Whenever any stock-
holder ceases to be an actual fruit-grower or farmer, it shall be the
duty of the board of directors, upon learning that fact, to make written
request upon such stockholder to surrender his certificate or certificates
to the association. The board shall thereupon have 20 days in which
to find a purchaser for said stock, or may themselves purchase it in
trust for the association. No sale or transfer of stock shall be valid
until the directors have had 20 days in which to exercise their Option
to purchase the same. These provisions shall be printed on the certificate
of stock.

Article 3. Stockholders Meetings. — 1 — The annual meeting of stock-
holders for election of directors shall be held at the office of the asso-
ciation, in Forest Grove, Oregon, at ten o'clock a. m., on the second
Saturday in January of each year. 2 — Notice of annual meetings shall
be given by the secretary, by mailing it to the last known address of each
stockholder, and by Publishing it in some weekly newspaper of general
circulation, published in Forest Grove, at least ten days before the date
of said meeting. Said notice shall State the place, hour, day and purpose
of said meeting, and shall be signed by the president and secretary.

Co-Operative Organization. 119

2. Special meetings of the stockholders shall be held at the office of
the association, in Forest Grove, Oregon. Such meeting may be called
by the president, at any time and for any purpose, when in his judgment
the interests of the association may demand it, upon giving the notice
provided for hereafter. He shall call such meeting, when requested to
do so by a majority of the directors or by a petition filed with the
secretary, and signed by one-third the capital stock, stating the purpose
for which the meeting is desired, in which case like notice shall be given.

4. Notice of special meetings shall be signed by the president and
secretary, and shall be given by the secretary by mailing a copy thereof
at least five days before the date of said meeting, to the last known
address of each stockholder. Said notice shall state the place, hour,
day and purpose of said meeting. No business shall be transacted at
any special meeting, unless said business has been fully set forth in
such notice.

5. Quorum. — A quorum for the transaction of business, at any stock-
holders' meeting, shall consist of stockholders, or their proxies, represent-
ing a majority of the capital stock; but a lesser representation may
adjourn to another date.

Article IV. — Voting at Stockholders Meetings.

1. Voting Power of Shares. — At all stockholders meetings, each stock-
holder, either in person or by proxy, shall be entitled to one vote for each
share of paid up stock which he owns, as shown by the books of the
association.

2. Form of Bailot. — All ballots cast at the election of directors shall
have written thereon the names of the persons selected by the voter, the
number of votes intended to be cast for each, the name of the owner of
the shares being voted, and the name of the proxy if any.

3. Voting by Proxy. — The stockholder who wishes to exercise his right
to vote his stock by proxy must furnish his agent or attorney with written
authority to cast his vote. Such authority, or proxy, shall be filed with
the secretary, at least one hour before time for such meeting to convene.
It shall be preserved by the secretary for one year, but shall be valid only
for that meeting.

4. Tellers at Annual Meetings. — At election of directors, the stock-
holders shall appoint a committee to receive the ballots, and the com-
mittee, together with the secretary, shall count the ballots and report the
results to the president, who shall announce the same.

5. Proportion of Vote Necessary to Elect. — A majority of the stock
represented at any meeting shall be sufficient to elect, or to carry any
measure.

Article V. — Directors — Their Powers and Duties.

1. Number. — The affairs of the association shall be conducted by a
board of nine directors chosen by the stockholders at their annual meeting.

2. Eligibility. — No one shall be eügible to the office of director who is
n jt, at time of his election, an actual fruit grower or farmer.

3. Election of Officers. — The directors shall meet immediately after
the annual stockholders' meeting, at which they are elected, and choose
from their own number a president, a vice-president, and a treasurer, and
shall also, at the same time, appoint a secretary. Said officers shall also
hold office at the pleasure of the Board, and until their successors are
elected and qualified, and shall perform such duties, in addition to those
hereinafter set forth, as the Board may prescribe.

4. Compensation of Officers. — No officer or director shall receive a
salary or per diem, unless he shall also be authorized by the Board to
act as manager, in which case his salary shall be fixed by the Board.
Provided, however, that any officer or director shall be entitled to reim-

120 Report of State Board of Horticulture.

bursement for any expense incurred by him in transacting business
authorized by the Board. Provided, also, that this section shall not
debar a director from receiving per diem as a member of the auditing
committee hereinafter mentioned.

5. Executive Committee. — The directors may choose two of their
number who with the president, shall constitute an Executive Comm'ttee,
which committee shall have such power, duties and authority as may be
expressly designated in the resolution appointing such committee.

6. Appointment of Subordinates. — The directors shall appoint such
agents and employees as they may deem expedient, and may remove them
at pleasure. They shall fix the compensation and prescribe the duties of
those thus appointed, and see that these duties are properly performed.
This section shall not be construed to prohibit granting authority to the
person who may act as manager to employ and discharge such sub-
ordinates.

7. Employment of Relatives. — The directors shall not permit anyone
having authority to hire help to employ any person who is related to him
within the third degree, without the concurrence of a majority of the
Board, by a vote duly entered on the secretary's record.

8. Manager. — If the directors employ a manager, they shall give him
authority to employ and discharge help, and shall as occasion demands set
aside for his use a specific sum of money, against which he shall be
empowered to draw checks, in payment for wages, products, supplies, and
other expense of conducting the business of the association. In that case
the directors shall instruct the treasurer to place the sum stated to the
credit of the manager as such; and shall require said manager to render
to them a monthly statement sbowing all disbursements made by him.

9. Vacancies in the Board. — Shall be filled by a majority vote of the
remaining directors at any regulär meeting of the Board. The persons
chosen to fill such vacancies shall hold office until their successors are
elected and qualified.

10. Regulär and Special Meetings. — The Board of Directors shall meet
regularly, at ten o'clock a. m., on the first Tuesday of each month. Special
meetings may be called at any time by the president and secretary, and
must be so called upon written request of a majority of the directors.
Notice of such special meetings shall be personally served upon each
director, at least twenty-four hours before the time of such meeting, or
by mailing a copy of said notice to the last known address of each
director, at least three days prior to said meeting, which notice shall
State the time, hour and place of said meeting, and shall be signed by
the president and secretary, or by someone acting in their stead during
their absence or disability.

Any business transacted by any or all the directors, outside a regulär
meeting, or a special meeting called as herein provided, shall be invalid,
unless the same shall be ratified at the next regulär meeting of the
Board, by a majority vote thereof. This Provision is not intended to
apply to the Executive Committee, acting as such, nor to any director
who may also be an officer, and acting in discharge of his official duty.

IL Quorum at Directors' Meeting. — A quorum shall consist of a
majority of the directors, but a less number may adjourn to a subse-
quent date.

12. The directors shall cause certificates of stock to be issued to the
stockholders, in proportion to their several Stockholdings.

13. Keeping a Check Register. — The directors shall cause to be kept a
check register, in which shall be entered, in the order of their drawing,
a list of all checks drawn on association funds, to whom and for what
purpose drawn, and when paid.

Co-Operative Organization. 121

14. Purchase of Power Sprayers. — The directors may procure one or
more power sprayers, for use in the Community, and may provide for
their Operation, on such terms as shall save the association from expense
for such Operation.

15. Incurring Indebtedness. — The Board of Directors shall not, with-
out special authority from the stockholders, seil any real estate belonging
to the association, nor mortgage any of its property. They may however
incur any indebtedness which may seem necessary in conducting the
business of the association. The authorization of such expenditure shall
be entered on the minutes of the Board, and the evidences of such
indebtedness shall be signed by the president and countersigned by the
secretary, and shall be binding on the association.

16. Appropriation for Trips.- — The Board may appropriate not to
exceed fifty dollars, in any year, toward expenses of visiting other like
associations, or toward defraying expenses of experts or of representa-
tives of other associations whom they may wish to visit this association.
Any director or other stockholder who may be selected to visit other
associations shall, upon his return, file with the secretary a detailed
aecount of his observations and conclusions during such visit.

17. Rules for Grading, Packing, Etc. — The directors shall have power
to make rules relative to picking, grading, handling and packing the
produets of its members, and to exercise the Option of refusing to handle
or purchase any produets not conforming to such requirements, or of
causing the same to be re-graded or re-packed at expense of grower, for
which expense the association shall have a lien on such produets and on
their proeeeds.

18. Monthly Audit. — The directors shall appoint a committee of three,
one of whom shall be a director and two of whom shall be stockholders
other than directors, whose duty shall be to make a monthly checking of
the books and aecounts of the association, and to render a monthly report
thereof to the Board. For each such report each of said committee shall
reeeive one dollar.

19. Marketing Contracts. — In order that the directors may be able
intelligently to estimate the amount of supplies necessary for the ensuing
year, and work to advantage in making sales, they shall require all stock-
holders wishing the association to handle any or all their produets to
sign contracts to that effect. Said contracts sball cover the entire crop
of the produet therein speeified and shall remain in force from year to
year, unless canceled during the month of January, which provision shall
be recited in the contract. Said contract shall be in form as set forth at
the end of these by-laws.

20. Handling for Non-Stockholders.— The directors shall not handle
the produet of non-stockholders, nor shall it handle for a member any
produet not covered by the contract just referred to. Nothing herein
contained shall prevent the directors from buying the produets of mem-
bers of the association or of non-members, whenever they shall consider
it advisable and profitable to do so.

21. Definition of Handling. — -The phrase "handling", as used in these
by-laws, applies to all cases where produets are not bought on the market
for cash, and with the idea of profit to the association.

22. Pooling.- — The directors may make rules governing the sale of
members' fruit in groups, commonly called pools, and governing the
distribution of the proeeeds of such sales.

23. The Handling Charge. — The association shall Charge a commission
of not to exceed ten per cent for their Services to members in handling
and selling their produet. Said commission shall be called the handling
charge, and shall be dedueted from the proeeeds due growers for such

122 Report of State Board of Horticulture.

products, after deducting all expenses accruing against said products after
delivery to the association.

24. Refund of the Handling Charge. — Out of said handling charge, a
sum, not to exceed twenty per cent of the same, shall be set aside as a
reserve fund, to be used as the needs of the business require, but not
for current expenses. At stated intervals, as often as once a year, the
remainder of said handling charges, after also deducting a sum sufficient
to pay the expenses of conducting the business, including a dividend of
not to exceed six per cent on the stock, shall be distributed among the
members whose products were handled, in proportion to the proceeds
received by them during the year, for their products.

25. Collecting Stock Subscriptions. — The directors shall make calls
upon subscriptions to the capital stock, until the same shall be fully
paid, said calls to be timed in accord with the terms of subscription. All
calls shall become delinquent, after thirty days from the time the same
shall become due under the call. Said stock shall then be declared, and
shall become, delinquent and forfeited to the association.

26. Annual Audit by Expert. — The directors shall cause the books
and accounts of the association to be audited, once each year, by a
competent accountant, not connected with the association in any capacity.
His report shall be filed with the secretary, ten days before the annual
stockholders' meeting.

27. Report at Annual Meeting. — The directors shall cause to be kept
a complete record of all their meetings and transactions. They shall
present a complete summary thereof at the annual meeting of stockholders,
showing in detail the assets and liabilities and general condition of the
association, showing also the amount of each fruit and farm product
handled, and the dispositions made of the same.

28. Reports at Special Meetings. — They shall present a similar report,
at any other stockholders' meeting, when requested so to do, in a written
request, signed by a majority of the stock, and filed with the secretary
not less than five days before such meeting.

Article VI. — Officers and Their Duties.

1. President. — The President shall preside over all meetings of the
stockholders, directors and executive committee. He shall be, ex-officio,
a member of all other committees. He shall sign all certificates of stock,
evidences of indebtedness, contracts and other instruments in writing,
and all Orders on the treasurer for disbursement of any association funds.
He shall sign all calls for stockholders' and directors' meetings, and shall
have, subject to the advice of the directors, general supervision and
management of the affairs of the association. He shall discharge such
other duties as generally devolve upon a President.

2. Vice-President. — The vice-president shall perform all the duties of
the president during the latter's absence or inability to act.

3. President Protem. — In case both the president and vice-president
shall be temporarily unable to act, the Board of Directors shall appoint
from their own number some person to act as president protempore,
whose duties shall be to perform the functions of the president during
such temporary inability.

4. Secretary. — The secretary shall keep an accurate account of the
proceedings of the stockholders and of the directors. He shall keep the
corporation seal, records and papers of the Corporation, fill and counter-
sign all certificates of stock issued, and make the corresponding entry in
the stub of the stock book, and shall affix the corporate seal to all papers
requiring the same. He shall countersign all orders on the treasurer
for disbursement of corporate funds, and discharge such other duties as
pertain to his office.

Co-Operative Organization. 123

The books and papers of the association shall be open to inspection
of any stockholder, at all times during business hours, every day except
Sundays and legal holidays.

5. Treasurer. — The treasurer shall receive, hold and account for all
funds of the association, and pay them out only on the order of the
President, countersigned by the secretary. At each annual meeting of
stockholders, he shall submit a complete statement of his accounts for
the past year, with proper vouchers for disbursements made, and shall
perform such other duties as pertain to the office of treasurer.

6. Every officer or employee having the handling of funds shall be
required to give bonds, in such sum as the Board may direct, conditioned
upon the faithful discharge of their duties.

Article VII. — Amendments.

These by-laws may be amended at any annual meeting of the stock-
holders, or at any special meeting of the stockholders called for that
purpose, provided that for such special meeting the same notice shall be
given as is required for the annual meeting. Provided further that the
substance of the proposed by-law shall be set forth in all such notices.

LOGANBERRY AND BLACKBERRY CULTURE.

By J. E. Stansbery, County Fruit Inspector for Multnomah County.

The Loganberry.

The first thing to be considered in loganberry culture is the soil, which
should be ferterlized with barnyard manure. Manure, while being saved,
should be kept under roof and all liquid manure added, so as to furnish
about equal parts of nitrogen and potash which will insure a good
growth of vine and fruit. Plow deep in the fall before planting and
as soon as possible; then give second plowing in the spring; harrow
until the soil is thoroughly pulverized.

Select strong plants, and plant 8 or 10 feet between rows and 7 to 8
feet between plants in row. Cultivate thoroughly and keep ground free of
weeds. The vines will spread out over the ground and be troublesome in
cultivation. To avoid this trouble the vines may be trained in rows and
stakes 18 inches long used to keep them out of the way of the cultivator
and also from injury, as these vines bear the next year's fruit.

Posts 8 feet long, set in the ground 2 feet deep, should be set every
24 feet where posts are scarce and pickets made out of lumber 1x3
inches may be used between posts. Place the posts closer where they
are cheap.

Use No. 9 wire for trellis. Use two wires and place first wire near
the top of post and second wire 2 feet below first wire. The wire must
be tightly strung and secured to posts. End posts must be well braced.

Six or eight of the best vines should be selected and cut back within
6 or 7 feet of ground and tied with cotton twine to wire cables, tieing
them on wire in fan shape, leaving space between vines so light and
air can reach fruit. This also makes gathering fruit easier. This
method insures large fruit for local markets. Cut remaining vines close
to ground. This work in a mild climate may be done from October to
March. I would not advise tying up new vines before March where the
climate is severe, as cold very often causes the vines to winter-kill.

Cultivate thoroughly and often to retain moisture until fruit is ready
to market. After fruiting season is over remove old vines and burn.
In September you can prepare to propagate plants for sale or planting
by placing on tip of young growth a shovel füll of dirt or dig a shallow
hole and place tip in and cover with soil.

The phenomenal berry is grown in the same way as the loganberry.

THE BLACKBERRY.

The preparation of soil for blackberr:es is the same as for loganberry
culture, giving the blackberry lower ground, which must, however, be
well drained.

The blackberry may be divided into classes, the cane and vinous. There
are several varieties of each.

The vinous or vine blackberry is grown like the loganberry; also
propagated the same and the same methods in pi-uning and tying young
growth to wires are used.

126 Report of State Board of Horticulture.

The cane berry is planted in rows from 8 to 10 feet apart and 4 to 5
feet in row, which planting should be done in the spring. Cultivate
thoroughly and keep free from weeds.

Posts can be placed every 15 feet; use eight-foot posts set 2 feet in
ground. Use a cross piece 1 foot long of 1x3 lumber four feet from the
ground. Place two No. 9 wires to the row; fastened securely to ends of
cross pieces so as to keep same inside of wires. Use a piece of No. 9
wire 9 inches long with a hook bent on each end between plants to keep
wires the right distance apart. Keep canes upright and tupport the
main cables.

When canes attain 5 feet in height prune or pinch tips off and keep
canes inside of wires. This will force laterals which will keep fruit
where it can be gathered. In rieh, moist soil laterals may be pruned back.

Blackberries must be thoroughly eultivated to retain moisture as they
ripen late in season when it is naturally hot and dry.

When through fruiting cut old canes out and burn them.

The blackberry is propagated by suckers from the roots.

Clackamas and Umatilla Counties. 127

REPORT FROM CLACKAMAS COUNTY.

By O. E. Freytag, County Fruit Inspcctor for Clackamas County.

To the Honorable State Board of Horticulture —

I herewith respectfully submit report from Clackamas County. I find
some varieties of fruit crop short, especially so are the Italian prunes,
which represent in a large measure the present fruit industry of Clack-
amas County. Pears are about a half crop, while other fruits are nearly
a füll crop. Grapes are very füll and promise to ripen early.

Pruning and spi - aying of orchards has been very satisfactory, however,
in a few cases the owners of old trees were slow about the work. The
results are now in evidence for some have sprayed all the orchards with
arsenic of lead and have good clean fruit, while others sprayed only in
part, and the result of spraying is seen in every case. It will make the
work much easier in the future. In Clackamas County we have many old
orchards which are a source of nuisance to all who wish to grow new
orchards, and it is with difficulty that the owners of these old trees
are persuaded to clean up or cut down these old troublesome spots. It
has a tendency to retard the planting out of new orchards, because one
gets the idea fruit does not do so well, but that is not the case. Apples,
as good as any grown in the State, are grown in Clackamas County, but
the same care must be given them, that they receive in a more developed
fruit section and where apple-growing is made a study. Promising
sections in the county are Garfield, Sandy, Dover and Cherryville in the
eastern portion of the county. And then again in the Molalla section and
Scotts Mill, in fact all of the hilly country east of the Willamette produces
a good quality of fruit and almost a sure crop on account of immunity
from killing frosts. In these new fruit sections the spray pump is con-
stantly at work and pests and fungous diseases are kept out, and the
trees are handsomely clean. Growers take pride in their trees, expecting
in another year or two to harvest beautiful crops of apples and other
fruit.

UMATILLA COUNTY AND THE MILTON FRUIT GROWERS'

UNION.

By S. J. Campbell, Fruit Inspector for Umatilla County.

The fruit-growing industry in the Umatilla County portion of the
Walla Walla valley has increased rapidly in the past few years. The
old orchards have been pruned, sprayed and cultivated so that most of
them are now bearing fine fruit. New commercial orchards have been
planted which are in up-to-date condition.

A few years ago growers were much discouraged by market conditions
and prices of fruit. Prices were low and most of the fruit was sold at
home. There has been great improvement in methods of marketing
since that time. The Walla Walla valley has as few drawbacks as any
fruit district in the northwest.

In addition to the Walla Walla valley we have a number of other
ideal places for growing fruit in Umatilla County. Weston has the

128 Report of State Board of Horticulture.

soil and climatic conditions to enable it to grow the apple with profit.
Hermiston and Stanfield, new fruit-growing districts, are beginning to
get results.

Better work in spraying for San Jose Scale has never before been done
in the county than in the past year. The fruit grown in the county the
past year has been remarkably clean and free from scale and Worms.
The growers are fast learning that it pays to produce fruit of the best
quality and are using the methods which produce such fruit.

THE MILTON FRUIT GROWERS' UNION.

The Milton Fruit Growers' Union of Milton and Freewater is the
inspiring cause of the production of cleaner fruit and the obtaining of
better prices. It was organized in 1901 and the capital stock was $2,000.
Fairly good results were obtained from the start and from year to year
its opponents grew weaker and the union stronger. With the growth of
business it became advisable in 1908 to increase the capital stock to
$10,000 and to erect a two-story building and basement, 40 by 80 feet.
Capital and building were not fully adequate to handle the business in
1911, and in 1912 the capital stock was increased to $20,000 and a good
building was erected at State line on the interurban railroad.

The value of the fruit handled by the union in 1911 was $185,000.
This year the union has shipped 75 cars of peaches, 40 cars of cherries,
nearly 200 cars of prunes, and will handle over 350 cars of apples. In
addition to handling all this fruit the union handles vegetables, hay,
wood and coal for the benefit of its members and pays a dividend of 10
per cent on its capital stock. We hope to profit by the experience of each
season's profits and losses and make the union a steadily growing factor
in advancing the prosperity of this section.

PRUNES EXPORTED FROM AND IMPORTED INTO THE

UNITED STATES.

The quantities of prunes imported into the United States and the
quantities exported from the United States for the fiscal years ending with
June 30th for the years mentioned below have been:

Year — Imports, pounds. Exports, pounds.

1891 34,281,322 Not segregated

1895 14,352,057 Not segregated

1898 303,992 15,940,791

1899 600,360 5,615,565

1900 443,457 25,922,371

1901 745,974 10,021,564

1902 522,478 23,358,849

1903 633,819 66,385,215

1904 494,105 '. 73,146,214

1905 671,604 54,993,849

1906 497,494 24,869,744

1907 323,377 44,400,104

1908 335,089 28,148,450

1909 .' 296,123 22,602,288

1910 Not segregated 89,014,880

1911 Not segregated 51,030,711

1912 Not segregated 74,328,074

Statistical Report. 129

IMPORTS OF WALNUTS INTO UNITED STATES.

Fiscal years ending June 30 — Pounds.

1903 12,362,567

1904 23,670,761

1905 21,684,104

1906 24,907,028

1907 32,597,592

1908 28,887,110

1909 26,157,703

1910 33,641,466

1911 33,619,434

1912 37,213,674

ESTIMATED PRODUCTION OF WALNUTS IN CALIFORNIA.
(From California Fruit Grower.)

Year — Tons walnuts. Year — Tons walnuts.

1898 5,650 1905 6,400

1899 5,580 1906 7,000

1900 5,430 1907 7,400

1901 6,900 1908 9,200

1902 8,570 1909 9,350

1903 5,500 1910 8,500

1904 7,590 1911 12,500

1912 11,000

EXPORTS OF APPLES FROM THE UNITED STATES.

Fiscal year — Fresh barreis Dried pounds.

1905-06 1,208,989 27,852,831

1906-07 1,539,267 45,697,948

1907-08 1,049,545 24,237,873

1908-09 896,279 33,474,634

1909-10 922,078 25,076,G1S

1910-11 1,721,106 21,804,086

1911-12 1,456,381 53,664,639 '

Sig. 5

130

Report of State Board of Horticulture.

PRODUCTION OF APPLES IN THE UNITED STATES— OENSUS OF 1910.

Trees Keported April
15, 1910

Products of 1909

Of Bearing

Age, No.
(thousands)

Not of Bear-
ing Age. No.
(thousands)

Busheis
(thousands)

Value

(thousands!

United States ...

151.323

3, 477
1.241
1.184
1.367
152
799

11,248
1.054
8,000

8,505
5, 765
9,901
7,534
2,430

1,380

5,847

14.360

16

275

2.937

6,931)

430

1,288

2

7,005

4.571

1,910

582

1.878

8

5.538
4.839

1.468
428

7.650

93

2.956

1,189

697
1,006

28

1.688

543

62

517

74

3.009
2,030
2. 483

65.792

1,045
207
220
356
55
212

2.829

520

2.501

2,438
1 . 962
2,548
2,253
1,409

1.572

1,914

3,625

70

461

967

1.116

264
661

147,522

3, 636
1.108
1.460
2,550
213
1,541

25. 409

1.407

11,048

4,664
2,759
3.093
12,332
2.232

1,044
6,747
9,969
4
192
3,321
1,356

183

1,823

3

6. 104

4,225

4,776

363

S96

3

7.368

4.6t0

888

266

2,296
34

742
168

567
660

18

3, 559

417

73
350

74

2,672
1,931
6,335

S 83, 231

NEW ENOLAND

Maine

2 12" ;

New Hampshire ' ._

638

Vermont -- -

752

Massachusetts

1,780

Rhode Island _

147

Connecticut . .. - . —

JHDDLE ATLANTIC

New York

833
13,343

New Jersey.

956

Pennsylvania

5,558

BAST NOBTH CENTRAL

Ohio - - _-- --_

2,971

Indiana . . .. .

1.721

Illinois _.

2,112

Michigan

5.969

Wisconsin

1.897

WEST NORTH CENTRAL

Minnesota .. _ -

769

Iowa - -_ . .. ._

3.551

Missouri .

4.886

North Dakota

South Dakota

SOUTH ATLANTIC

Delaware ... .. ..

Maryland

159
1.613

808

115
902

District of Columbia

•>

Virginia.. . ....

3,436

2,772

1,835

269

822

6

2, 106
2,117

738
425

3.910

97

2.060

1.128

1,308

1.540

84

1,973

914

54
789

17

4,863
2.241
1.054

3,130

West Virginia.. . .. .

2,461

North Carolina. .. ..

2,015

South Carolina . _ ... _ ..

Georgia _

276
556

Florida..

4

EAST SOUTH CENTRAL

Kentucky _

3,067

Tennessee

2. 172

Alabama ...

Mississippi _.

621
214

WEST SOUTH CENTRAL

Arkansas __J .

1.323

Louisiana. . ..

Oklahoma ...

29
573

Texas __

MOUNTAIN

Montana.. _ . ...

161

567

Idaho

611

Wyoming ...

38

Colorado .. . .

3, 405

New Mexico ... _

421

Arizona. ..

109

Utah

320

Nevada

60

PACIFIC

Washington .

2. 926

Oregon _■_

1.657

California .

2.902

Statistical Report.

131

PRODUCTION OF PEARS IN THE UNITED STATE S-C B XSI'S OF 1910.

United States .

NEW
Maine

New Hampshire ..
Vermont

.Massachusetts

Rhode Island

< Jonnecticut

KXlil.AN 1)

MIDDLF.

New York

New Jersey

Pennsylvania

ATLANTIC

EAST

Ohio

Indiana

Illinois

Michigan

Wisconsin

NOKTH CENTRAL

WEST

Minnesota

Iowa

Missouri _.

North Dakota. __
South Dakota ...

Nebraska

Kansas

NORTH CENTRAL

SOUTH ATLANTIC

I Delaware

Maryland

Distrlct of Columbia

Virginia

Wesl Virginia

North Carolina

South Carolina

Georgia

Florida ..

Kentucky.
Tennessee .
Alabama ...
Mississippi

EAST SOUTH CENTRAL

Arkansas

Louisiana
< iklahoma
Texas

WEST SOUTH CENTRAL

Montana

Idaho ...

Wyoming

Colorado. ...
New Mexico.

A rizona ..

rtah

Nevada

MOUNTAIN

Washington

i »regon

« lalifornia

PACIFIC

Trees Reported April
15. 1910

Of Bearing Not of Bear-

Age. No. ing Age. No.

(thousands) (thousands)

15,172

47
37
26

113
17
57

2,142

732
797

899

709

786

.136

30

3
191
607

2

59
292

450
541
1
457
155
243
105
263
111

337
233
142
119

222

58

207

558

in
65

Products of 1909

Busheis Value

(thousands) (thousands)

S.801

l::
9

100

37

16

79

4

291
274

1.411

38

5

24

1.503
288
382

334
230
234
624
20

4
123

272

5

51

133

91

138

255

103

150

55

70

19

132

175

99

101

197

38

252

4 19

13

77

1

171

100

13

10

2

618
796

8.811

39

24
21
96
13
41

1.343
463
379

375
320
249
666
13

44

143

7
19

105
367

74
30
84
66
150

252

84

WO

101

38
36

7
111

8
43

133
29
13 I
39

4

311

375

1 . 928

7.911

44
25

21

110

15

42

1,418
255
356

333
244
203
536
17

59
149

Kl
99

52
169

63
32
81

68
135

80

188
78
87
97

38

31

9

114

12

4S

211

30

21

44

5

329
367

1,661

132

Report of State Board of Horticulture.

PRODUCTION OK ('HERRIES IN THE UNITED STATES. 1909.

Division or State

Trees of bear-

ing age, 1910.

Number of

trees

11.822,(111

522, 304
843,283
815,742
908,764
760,183
673. 989

1.144,271
223.456

1.075.031
352, 783

4,502.238

Products of 1909

Busheis
4,126,099

501,013
287, 376
363.993
260,432
338, 945
271.597
338.644
181.089
475,093
132,671
975, 246

Value

United States .. .. _ ______ .

$ 7,231 160

STATES.

California

951 624

Illinois

453,474

Indiana . _.

508,516

Iowa .. _ ...

455, 022

Michigan.

590.8*9

New York ... ...

544.508
657 406

Ohio

Oregon . ... . ...

269,934
909 975

Pennsylvania

Virginia

All other states .. ..

134,428
1.755. 114

PRODITOTION OK PLUMS AND PRUNKS IN THE UNITED STATES, L909.

Dil

"ision or State

Trees of bea_-

ing age. 191(1.

Number of

trees.

23.445,0011

731 . 276

7,168,705

302.855

164.917

917.851

919,017

1,001.731

1,764,896

744,148

823.082

8,606,528

Products

of 1909

Busheis

Value

United States ...

15.480.170

191,649

9,317,979

179,027

181,188

234.872

553.522

215,657

1,747.587

295, 158

1.032.077

.1.528,454

.. 10.299.495

Arkansas

STATES.

137,003

California

5,473.539

Idaho

132,804

.Michigan

205,765

Missouri

211,472

New York

519, 192

Ohio

278.505

Oregon

838, 783

Pennsylvania

396.005

Washington ._ .
All other states

600,503
1,505,924

HORTICULTURAL LAWS. 133

PROHIBITING SÄLE OF MISBRANDED INSECTICIDES AND

FUNGICIDES.

Be it enacted by the People of the State of Oregon:

Section 1. That it shall be unlawful for any person, or persons, firm
or corporation, to manufacture within the State of Oregon, any insecti-
cide, Paris green, lead arsenate, or fungicide which is adulterated or
misbranded within the meaning of this act, for use or sale within or
without the State of Oregon; and any person who shall violate any of the
provisions of this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall,
upon conviction thereof, be fined not less than fifty dollars ($50) nor
more than two hundred dollars (§200) for the first offense, and upon
conviction for each subsequent offense be fined not less than one hundred
dollars ($100) nor more than three hundred dollars ($300), or sentenced
to imprisonment in the county jail for not less than thirty days nor more
than ninety days for the first offense, and not less than ninety days
for the second effense, upon conviction, nor more than six months, or
both such fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the court.

Section 2. That it shall be unlawful for any person or persons, firm
or corporation, to seil, or offer for sale, within the State of Oregon, any
insecticide, Paris green, lead arsenate, or fungicide which is adulterated
or misbranded within the meaning of this act; and any person or
persons, firm or corporation, who shall violate any of the provisions of
this section shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction
thereof, shall be fined or imprisoned, or both, as is provided in Section 1
of this act.

Section 3. That the examination of specimens of insecticides, Paris
green, lead arsenates, and fungicides shall be made by the chemist of
the Oregon Agricultural College, at Corvallis, Oregon, or the State Board
of Health, at Portland, Oregon, or by the chemist of the University of
Oregon, at Eugene, Oregon, for the purpose of determining from such
examination whether such article or articles are adulterated or mis-
branded within the meaning of this act; and if it shall appear from any
such examination that any of such specimens are adulterated or mis-
branded within the meaning of this act, it shall be the duty of the
prosecuting attorney within the district where the offense is committed
to institute proper criminal proceedings against any person or persons,
firm or corporation, so manufacturing, selling or offering for sale any
such misbranded, adulterated or fraudulent article as set forth in
Sections 1 and 2 of this act.

Section 4. That the term "insecticide" as used in this act shall include
any substance or mixture of substances intended to be used for pre-
venting, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any insects which may infest
Vegetation, man or other animals, or households, or be present in any
environment whatsoever. The term "Paris green" as used in this act
shall include the product sold in commerce as Paris green and chemically
known as the aceto-arsenite of copper. The term "lead arsenate" as used
in this act shall include the product or products sold in commerce as
lead arsenate and consisting chemically of products derived from arsenic
acid (H3As04) by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms by lead. That
the term "fungicide" as used in this act shall include any substance or

134 Report of State Board of Horticulture.

mixture of substances intended to be used for preventing, destroying,
repelling, or mitigating any and all fungi that may infest Vegetation or
be present in any environment whatsoever.

Section 5. That for the purpose of this act an article shall be deemed
to be adulterated —

In the case of Paris green: First. — If it does not contam at least
fifty per centum of arsenious oxide; second, if it contains arsenic in
water-soluble forms equivalent to more than three and one-half per
centum of arsenious oxide; third, if any substance has been mixed and
packed with it so as to reduce or lower or injuriously affect its quality
or strength.

In the case of lead arsenate : First, if it contains more than fifty per
centum of water; second, if it contains total arsenic equivalent to less
than twelve per centum of arsenic oxide (As205) ; third, if it contains
arsenic in water-soluble forms equivalent to more than seventy-five one
hundredths per centum of arsenic oxide (As205) ; fourth, if any sub-
stances have been mixed and packed with it so as to reduce, lower, or
injuriously affect its quality or strength; provided, however, that extra
water may be added to lead arsenate (as described in this paragraph) if
the resulting mixture is labeled lead arsenate and water, the percentage
of extra water being plainly and correctly stated on the label.

In the case of insecticides or fungicides, other than Paris green and
lead arsenate: First, if its strength or purity fall below the professed
Standard or quality under which it is sold; second, if any substance has
been substituted wholly or in part for the article; third, if any valuable
constituent of the article has been wholly or in part abstracted; fourth,.
if it is intended for use on Vegetation and shall contain any substances
which, although preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating insects,
shall be injurious to such Vegetation when used.

Section 6. That the term "misbranded" as used herein shall apply to
all insecticides, Paris greens, lead arsenates, or fungicides, or articles
which enter into the composition of insecticides or fungicides, the package
or label of which shall bear any statement, design, or device regarding
such article or the ingredients or substances contained therein which shall
be false or misleading in any particular, and to all insecticides, Paris
greens, lead arsenates, or fungicides which are falsely branded.

That for the purpose of this act an ai^ticle shall be deemed to be
misbranded —

In the case of insecticides, Paris greens, lead arsenates, and fungicides :
First, if it be an imitation or offered for sale under the name of another
article; second, if it be labeled or branded so as to deceive or mislead the
purchaser, or if the contents of the package as originally put up shall
have been removed in whole or in part and other contents shall have been
placed in the package; third, if in package form, and the contents are
stated in terms of weight or measure, they are not plainly and correctly
stated on the outside of the package; fourth, if the label does not State
the chemical formula of the Compound or Compounds which shall con-
stitute the insecticide, Paris green, lead arsenate or fungicide, contained
with in the package.

In the case of insecticides (other than Paris greens and lead
arsenates) and fungicides: First, if it contains arsenic in any of its
combinations or in the elemental form and the total amount of arsenic
present (expressed as per centum of metallic arsenic) is not stated on the
label ; second, if it contains arsenic in any of its combinations or in the
elemental foi'm and the amount of arsenic in water-soluble forms
(expressed as per centum of metallic arsenic) is not stated on the label;
third, if it consist partially or completely of an inert substance or sub-

HORTICULTURAL LAWS. 135

stances which do not present, destroy, repel, or mitigate insects or
fungi and does not have the names and percentage amounts of each and
every one of such inert ingredients plainly and correctly stated on the
label.

Section 7. No lieense or other qualification shall be required to
enable any and all persons to engage in the sale and disposal of any
of the above named insecticides, fungicides or any other f unguis or
insect-destroying, preventing or repelling poisons, agents or preparations.

Section 8. That Section 5497 and 5498 of Lord's Oregon Laws be
and are hereby repealed.

Filed in the office of the Secretary of State February 23, 1911.

REGULATING SALE OF LIME-SULPHUR SOLUTION.

Be it enacted by the Peuple of the State of Oregon:

Section 1. No person, firm, or corporation shall seil, offer, or expose
for sale, any lime and sulphur Solution or Compound for spraying
purposes, which shall have a specific gravity of less than thirty degrees,
Beaume test, nor which contains anything except products which arise
from boiling lime and sulphur in water and no salt or other soluble sub-
stance shall be used therein.

Section 2. Every package of such Compound or Solution sold, offered,
or exposed for sale shall be plainly labeled with black faced type, in
letters of not less than one-half of an inch in height, stating the Con-
tents of the Compound or Solution and the gravity test thereof.

Section 3. Any person, firm, or corporation selling, offering, or
exposing for sale any lime and sulphur Solution or Compound which
does not comply with the provisions of this act, either as to test,
ingredients, label, or otherwise, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor
and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not less than $10 nor more
than $100, or by imprisonment in the county jail not more than sixty
days, or by both such fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the
court.

Section 4. In view of the fact that this act is necessary to the
public peace, safety and welfare, and because the spraying season will
be over in less than ninety (90) days, an emergency is hereby declared
to exist and this act shall exist from and after its approval by the
Governor.

Filed in the office of the Secretary of State February 21, 1911.

ESTABLISHING STANDARD SIZES OF APPLE BOXES.

Be it enacted by the People of the State of Oregon:

Section 1. There is hereby created and established a Standard size
for apple boxes for the State of Oregon.

Section 2. The Standard size of an apple box shall be eighteen inches
long, eleven and one-half inches v/ide, ten and one-half inches deep,
inside measurement.

Section 3. That the special size of apple boxes shall be twenty
inches long, eleven inches wide, and ten inches deep, inside measurement;

Filed in the office of the Secretary of State February 20, 1911.

136 Report of State Board of Horticulture.

PROTECTING THE GINSENG INDUSTRY.

Be it enacted by the People of the State of Oregon:

Section 1. No ginseng grower, or dealer in ginseng nursery stock,
either seed or roots for planting purposes, shall send by mail or express
or freight, or otherwise cause to be sent into the State of Oregon, or
from one county, town or person, within the boundaries of the State, to
another county, town or person, ginseng seed or root stock for planting
purposes, except the package, box or bag containing same shall have
securely affixed thereto a printed or typewritten label, stating in piain
English language, the füll name and postoffice address, county and
State of the grower or dealer where the seed was grown, and must
state that the ginseng seed and root stock contained herein is a pure
American seed or stock and not adulterated with Japanese or any other
foreign ginseng seed or root stock and was grown in a ginseng garden
that is known to be free from the alternaria disease or any other
contagnius ginseng disease. Said label shall contain the certificate
of the county or State fruit inspector, personally signed, as a corrobor-
ation of said statement, with his postoffice address.

Section 2. It shall be the duty of the person purchasing ginseng seed
or root stock for planting purposes, either from parties residing within
the State of Oregon, or from other states foreign to the State of
Oregon, upon receipt of package, box or bag containing the same, and
before opening, to submit the same to the county or State fruit inspector,
or his deputy, whose duty it shall be to copy and compare the contents
of the label thereon, and if it is found that he same does not conform
to the provisions of this act, the package, box or bag containing same
shall either be returned to the seller and shipper, at the seller's expense,
or confiscated and destroyed by said fruit inspector.

Section 3. It shall also be the duty of the said county or State
fruit inspector or his deputy to become familiär with the various ginseng
diseases and to inspect all ginseng gardens within his county three
times during each season. The first inspection to be made between
May 25th and June 15th; the second between July 25th and August
15th, and the third between September lOth and October Ist, and if at
any time of inspection there is found to be any ginseng disease of a
serious nature, to make a note of same, and to report it at once to the
Oregon Agricultural College Experiment Station, Department of Plant
Pathology, at Corvallis, Oregon, whose duty it shall be to send a com-
petent person to inspect the reported diseased ginseng garden, and if the
same is found by him to be affected by the alternaria, or any other
infectious disease, the garden shall at once be quarantined, by said
fruit inspector, a sufficient time to enable the owner to take up the
root stock in the fall to be for market; proviled, none of said root stock
or seed gathered therefrom shall be .re-planted or sold to others for
planting purposes; provided further, that if the owner of any diseased
ginseng garden that is under quarantine, fails to remove and dry all of
the roots that shall be contained in said affected garden, by January
Ist of the following year, it shall be the duty of said fruit inspector to
destroy said garden.

Section 4. Any fruit inspector, ginseng grower or dealer in ginseng,
or any other person violating any of the provisions of this act, shall
be guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall upon conviction thereof, be
punished by a fine of not less than twenty-five dollars nor more than
five hundred dollars for each offense thereof.

Filed in the office of the Secretary of State February 21, 1911.

HORTICULTURAL LAWS OF OREGON.

(From Lord's Oregon Laivs.)

THE STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

§ 5470. Board of Horticulture Constitated.

There is hereby created a board of horticulture, to consist of six
members, who shall be appointed by a board, consisting of the Governor,
Secretary of State, and State Treasurer. One member of the said board
of horticulture shall represent the State at large and shall be the Presi-
dent and executive officer of the board, and one member shall be
appointed to represent each of the five districts as hereby created, to wit:

(1) The first district, which shall comprise the counties of Multnomah,
Clackamas, Yamhill, Washington, Columbia, Clatsop, and Tülainook;

(2) the second district, which shall comprise the countiös of Marion,
Polk, Benton, Lincoln, Linn, and Lane; (3) the third district, which
shall comprise the counties of Douglas, Jackson, Klamath, Josephine,
Coos, Curry, and Lake; (4) the fourth district, which shall i omprise
the counties of Wasco, Sherman, Morrow, Gilliam, and Crook; (5) The
fifth district, which shall comprise the counties ■ of Umati'Ja, L : nion,
Wallowa, Baker, Malheur, Harney, and Grant. [L. 1889, p. 126, § 1;
L. 1891, p. 174, § 1; L. 1895, p. 33, § 1; L. 1899, p. 55, § 1; B. & C. § 4176.]

§ 5471. Residente of Members — Terms of Office — Duties of President.

The members shall reside in the districts for which they are respec-
tively appointed. They shall be selected with reference to their knowl-
edge of and practical experience in horticulture and the industries con-
nected therewith, and shall be engaged in practical horticulture during
their incumbency of the office of commissioner. They shall hold office
for the term of four years, and until their successors are appointed and
have qualified unless removed by the appointing board for failure to
perform their duties. It shall be the duty of the President to visit, at
least once a year, every district, and examine the orchards, nurseries,
and work of the district commissioners, and ascertain whether or not
the law and regulations of the board are being properly executed. He
must personally inspect most of the orchards during the fruit growing
season, see that the regulations of the board regarding spraying are
being faithfully executed wherever insects, pests, or disease injurious
to tree or fruit are to be found. He must visit the principal fruit
shipping points during the shipping season, inspect the fruit shipped,
and prevent the shipment of insect and pest-infested fruit. He shall
give notice through the public press one week in advance of his visit
to each county, giving the time and place of his visit, where he shall
receive complaints of fruit growers and distribute to them printed and
oral instructions regarding destruction of pests and other information,
including proper methods of handling, packing, and shipping fruits.
It shall also be his duty to visit, when possible, if requested by an asso-
•ciation or a number of fruit growers, the meetings of such associations

138 Report of State Board of Horticulture.

of fruit growers, and aid them in the Organization of proper associa-
tions beneficial to the growing and marketing of fruits. The President
shall preside at all the meetings of the board, and may call special
meetings whenever an emergency may require it. He shall make an
annual report to the appointing board of the general condition of the
fruit interests of the State and success of the commissioners in the
work of exterminating pests and executing the law. [L. 1889, p. 126, § 2;
L. 1895, p. 34, § 2; L. 1899, p. 56, § 2; B. & C. § 4177.]

§ 5472. Seeretary of Board, His Salary — Treasurer — Oath of Members.

Said board shall employ without their number a seeretary, who shall
exercise the powers and discharge the duties conferred upon him by this
act, and whose compensation shall not exceed $100 per month, to be
paid in the same manner as other State officers. Said board shall also
elect from their own number a treasurer. Before entering upon the
discharge of his duties, each member of the board shall make and
subscribe an oath to support the Constitution of the United States ard
of the State of Oregon, and to diligently, faithfully, and impartially
discharge the duties of his office, which said oath shall be filed with
the seeretary. The seeretary shall make and subscribe a like oath,
which shall be filed with the treasurer of the board. [L. 1899, p. 127, § 3;
L. 1895, p. 34, § 3; B. & C. § 4178; L. 1905, c. 222, p. 385, § 6.]

§ 5473. Each Member May Appoint Deputies — Their Authority.

Each member of the State Board of Horticulture shall have author-
ity to appoint, whenever it shall seem to him expedient, a special deputy
or deputies, who shall be empowered to discharge any and all the duties
prescribed for the members of said board in section 5487, but the work
and authority of said deputies shall be confined to the districts of the
commissioners by whom they are respectively appointed. [L. 1903,
p. 251, § 1.]

§ 5474. Compensation of Deputies.

Any deputy appointed under the authority conferred by this act
shall reeeive as compensation for his Services $2.00 per day for each
day actually spent in the Performance of his duties as such deputy, and
all claims for compensation of such deputies shall be audited and paid
in the same manner as claims of members of the Board of Horticulture.
[L. 1903, p. 251, § 2.]

§ 5475. Expense, Flow Paid.

Any expense ineurred under the provisions of Section 5474 of this
act shall be paid out of the appropriation allowed to the State Board
of Horticulture. [L. 1903, p. 251, § 3.]

§ 5476. Board May Reeeive Donations, Etc., and Select Lecturers, Meet-
ings of.

The board may reeeive, manage, use, and hold donations and bequ^sts
of money and property for promoting the objeets of its formation. It
shall meet on the second Monday of April and October in oach year, and
as much oftener as it may deem expedient, for consultation on and
for the adoption of those measures that will best promote the horti-
cultural industries of the State. It may, but without expense to the
State, select and appoint competent and qualified persons to lecture

HORTICULTURAL LAWS. 139

in each of the districts named in section 5470, for the purpose of encour-
aging and improving practical horticulture, and of imparting instruc-
tion in the best methods of treating the diseases of fruits and fruit
trees, cleansing orchards, and exterminating orchard pests. [L. 1889,
p. 127, § 4; B. & C. § 4179.]

§ 5477. Office of Board, Where Held, When Open.

The office of the board shall be located at such a place as a majority
thereof may determine. It shall be kept open to the public, subject to the
rules of the board, every day excepting Sunday and legal holidays, and
shall be in Charge of the secretary during the absence of the board.
[L. 1889, p. 127, § 5; B. & C. § 4180.]

§ 5478. Board May Make Quarantine Regidations — Violation a Mis-
demeunor.

For the purpose of preventing the introduction into the State or
spread of contagious diseases, insects, pests, or fungous growths among
fruit or fruit trees, and for the prevention, treatment, eure, and extir-
pation of fruit pests, and diseases of fruit and fruit trees, and for the
disinfection of grafts, scions, orchard debris, fruit boxes and packages,
and other material or transportable articles dangerous to orchards,
fruit or fruit trees; said board may make regulations for ';he quar-
antining, inspection, and disinfection thereof, which said regulaüons
shall be circulated by the board in printed form among the fruit growers
and fruit dealers of the State; shall be published at least four succes-
sive times in some daily or weekly paper in each county in the State
before the same shall be in force therein, and shall be posted in three
conspieuous places in each county in the State, one of which shall be
at the county court house. Such regulations, when so promulgated,
shall be held to import notice of their contents to all persons within
the State, and shall be binding upon all persons therein. A willful vio-
lation of any quarantine or other regulation of said board, necessaiy
to prevent the introduction into the State, or the shipment, sale, or
distribution of any article so infected as to be dangerous to the fruit
growing interest of the State, or the spread of dangerous diseases
among fruit trees or orchards, shall be deemed a misdemea'ior, find on
conviction thereof, shall be punished by a fine of not less chan $5.00
nor more than $100 for each offense, or by fine and imprisonment not
less than five nor more than thirty days. [L. 1889, p. 127, § 6; L. 1891,
p. 175, § 6; L. 1895, p. 34, § 4; B. & C. § 4181.]

§ 5479. Members to Visit Districts, Inspect and Quarantine Orchards.

It shall be the duty of the several members of the board, and of
the secretary under their direction, to visit their respective districts, and
to see that all regulations of the board and all provisions of law to
prevent the introduction or spread of fruit pests and diseases of t^ees
or plants injurious to the horticultural interests of the State are erforced.
Any member of the board, or the secretary thereof, shall forlhwith, upon
the complaint of interested parties, inspect orchards, nurseries, and
other places suspected to be infested with fruit pests or infecced with
contagious diseases injurious to trees, plants or fruits. If, upon repert
of any member or the secretary, the board shall be of opinion that any
locality, district, orchard, or place is infested with fruit pests or infected
with contagious diseases, or injurious to trees, plants, or fruits, and
liable to spread to other orchards or localities to their damage or injury

140 Report of State Board of Horticulture.

so as to be a public danger, said board shall, by an order entered
upon its rrrnutes, declare such place to be under quarantine, and shall
give notice thereof by posting a notice in writing in a conspicuous
place upon the premises, specifying with convenient certainty what place
or premises are under quarantine regulations, and by delivering a copy
of such notice to the owner or person in charge of the premises, if he
may be found thereon; and such place shall thereafter be subject to
quarantine regulations of the board, and violation thereof shall be pun-
ishable as hereinbefore provided. As soon as, in the opinion of any
member of the board, or the secretary thereof, the danger f rom such
quarantine locality shall have ceased, he may suspend the said quar-
antine, and shall immediately report the fact to the board, who may
confirm such action or may re-establish the said quarantine, in whieh
case it shall not be again suspended but by action of the board. [L. 1889.
p. 128, § 7; L. 1895, p. 35, § 5; B. & C. § 4182.]

§ 5480. May Appoint Quarantine Guardians, Fix Salaries, Report Vio-
lations of Law.

The board, and, in case of necessity during the recess of the board,
the member residing in the quarantined district, or the secretary may
appoint such quarantine guardians as may be needed to carry out the
provisions of this act, whose duty it shall be to see that the regulations
of the board and the Instructions of the secretary are enforced and
carried out. They shall also report to the boai'd all infractions or vio-
lations of said regulations or of the law in regard to ..;uarancining,
disinfection, and destruction of pests. The salary of quarantine guard-
ians shall be fixed by the board at not to exceed $2.00 per day, and
shall be paid by the owners of orchards or other places under quarantine,
and they may maintain an action therefor before any justice of the
peace in any district in which any quarantined locality is wholly or
in part located; but in no case shall they have any claim upon the State
for such Services. [L. 1889, p. 128, § 8; L. 1891^ p. 176, § 2; L. 1895,
p. 36, § 6; B. & C. § 4183.]

§ 5481. Authority Conferred in Last Two Sections, Exercised in Emer-
gencies.

The powers conferred in the two preceding sections of this act shall
be exercised only in great and imminent danger to the fruit interests
of the State, and with the utmost caution and regard for the rights
of individuals affected, consistent with the safety and welfare of the
fruit interest of the whole State. [L. 1895, p. 36, § 7; B. & C. §4184.]

§ 5482. County Inspector, When County Court May Appoint — Quali-
fications.

Upon a petition of not less than twenty-five residents and fruit
growers of any county in this State, the county court of said county
shall appoint a county inspector, whose duty it shall be to inspect the
apple and other fruit orchards of said county, and to enforce the
laws now in force and that may be hereafter in force in this State,
applicable to the fruit industry and to the growing, handling, and
selling of fruit, fruit trees, and other nursery stock; provided, that
the inspector so to be appointed shall be recommended and certified to be
competent for such position by the State district commissioner of the
State Board of Horticulture for the said county, and said county
inspector shall hold his office during the pleasure of said countv court.
[L. 1905, c. 222, p. 383, § 1.]

HORTICULTURAL LAWS. 141

§ 5483. District Commissioners to Instruct and Supervise County In-
spectors.

It shall be the duty of the State district commissioner to instruct
and educate the county inspectors as to the laws and quarantine regu-
lations of this State, and the rules and regulations of the State Board
of Horticulture. The county inspector shall perform his duties under
the general supervision of the State district commissioner for said
county, to whom he shall make reports in the manner prescribed by the
State Board of Horticulture. [L. 1905, c. 222, p. 384, § 2.]

§ 5484. Compensation of County Inspector, Report of Time and Ex-
penses.

Such county inspector shall be paid for his Services, by the said
county, a sum not exceeding $3.00 per day, and shall be reimbursed
for his actual each outlay for team hire and railway fares for each
and every day actually employed in the Performance of his duties as
herein provided, and " the said county inspector shall report monthly
to the said State district commissioner the time for which he is entitled
to pay 'during the month next preceding, and also a statement of his
own personal expenses while engaged in the Performance of his duty
as such county inspector during said month, and shall file vouchers
showing expenditures for such personal expenses, and the said State
district commissioner shall certify the same to the county court before
such compensation and personal expenses shall be paid to said county
inspector. [L. 1905, c. 222, p. 384, § 3; L. 1907, c. 58, p. 109, § 3.]

§ 5485. Inspector of Adjacent County May Perform Duties When
County Fails to Appoint.

If any county for any reason fails to appoint a county inspector
as herein provided, then the inspector of any adjacent county may per-
form such Services, and his compensation and the necessary expenses
incurred in the Performance of his duty shall be charged against the
county where the service is performed, as if he had been appointed
by the county court of said county. [L. 1905, c. 222, p. 384, § 4.]

§ 5486. Appeals From County Inspectors to District Commissioner.

The State district commissioner of horticulture shall hear and
promptly decide all appeals from the county inspectors in his district,
and his decision shall have füll force and effect until set aside by the
courts of the State. All appeals from county inspectors to the district
commissioners shall be under the form and regulations as prescribed
by the State Board of Horticulture. [L. 1905, c. 222, p. 384, § 5.]

§ 5487. Infested Trees Ntdsances — Proceedings Relating Thereto —
Authority to Abate.

It shall be the duty of the several members of the board and of
the secretary or the county inspectors under their direction, whenever
they shall deem it necessary to cause an inspection to be made of any
orchards, nurseries, trees, plants, vegetables, vines, or any fruit pack-
ing house, storeroom, salesroom, or any other place within their dis-
trict, and also of any fruit trees or nursery stock shipped from beyond
the limits of this State, and if found infected with any pests, diseases
or fungous growth injurious to fruits, plants, trees, vegetables, or vines,
or with their eggs or larvae liable to spread to other places or localities,
or of such nature as to be a public danger, they shall notify the owner

142 Report of State Board of Horticulture.

or owners or persons in charge of or in possession of such articles,
things or places, that the same are so infested, or in case such fruit
trees or nursery stock, although apparently sound and not infested by
any pest, shall have been from an infested district beyond the limits
of this State, they shall also so notify the owner or owners or persons
in charge of or in possession of the same, and shall require said persons
to eradicate or destroy said insects or pests or their eggs or larvae, or
such imported fruit trees or nursery stock of infestecT districts without
the limits of the State, or to treat such contagious diseases within a cer-
tain time to be specified in said notice. Said notice may be served upon
the person or persons, or any of them, owning, having charge or having
possession of such infested place, article, or thing, by any member
of the board, or by the secretary thereof, or by any person deputed by
said board for that purpose, or they may be served in the same manner
as a summons in an action at law. Such notice shall contain directions
for the application of some treatment approved by the commissioners
for the eradication or destruction of said pests, or the eggs or larvae
thereof, or the treatment of contagious diseases or fungous growths.
Any and all such places, orchards, nurseries, trees, plants, shrubs,
vegetables, vines, fruit, or articles thus infested are hereby declared to be
a public nuisance; and whenever any such nuisance shall exist at any
place in the State on the property of any owner or owners upon whom
or upon the person in charge or possession of whose property notice
has been served as aforesaid, and who shall have failed or refused to
abate the same within the time specified in such notice, or in the prop-
erty of any nonresident or any property not in the possession of any
person and the owner or owners of which cannot be found by the resi-
dent members of the board or the secretary or county inspector after
diligent search within the district, it shall be the duty of the board
or the member thereof in whose district the nuisance shall exist, or the
secretary or county inspector under his or their directions, to cause
such nuisance to be at once abated by eradicating or destroying said
insects or pests or their eggs or larvae, or by treating or disinfecting or
destroying the infested or diseased articles, or imported fruit trees or
nursery stock imported from an infested district without the limits
of this State. The expense thereof shall be a county charge and the
county court shall allow and pay the same out of the general fund of
the county. Any and all sums so paid shall be and become a lien on
the property and premises from which said nuisance shall have been
removed or abated, in pursuance of this act, and may be recovered by a
suit in equity against such property or premises, which suit to fore-
close such liens shall be brought in the circuit court of the county where
the premises are situate, by the district attorney in the name and for the
benefit of the county making such payment or payments. The pro-
ceedings in such cases shall be governed by the same rules, as far as
may be applicable, as suits to foreclose mechanics' liens, and the prop-
erty shall be sold under the order of the court and the proceeds applied
in like manner. The board is hereby invested with the power to cause
such nuisances to be abated in a summarv manner. [L. 1895, p. 37, § 8;
B. & C. § 4186; L. 1907, c. 58, p. 110, § 2.]

§ 5488. Duties of Secretary.

It shall be the duty of the secretary to attend all meetings of the
board, and to preserve records of the proceedings, correspondence, and
actions of the board, to collect books, pamphlets, periodicals, and other
documents containing- valuable information relating to horticulture,
and to preserve the same; to collect statistics and general information

HORTICULTURAL LAWS. 143

showing the actual condition and progress of horticulture in this State
and elsewhere; to correspond with agricultural and horticultural soci-
eties, Colleges, and schools of agricultural and horticulture, and such other
persons and bodies as may be directed by the board, and prepare as
required by the board reports for publication. [L. 1889, p. 129, § 9;
L. 1895, p. 38, § 9; B. & C. § 4186.]

§ 5489. Biennitti Report — Compensation of Board Members.

The board shall biennially, in the month of January, report to the
legislative assembly a statement of its doings with a copy of the treas-
urer's reports for the two years preceding the session thereof. The
members shall receive as compensation their actual expenses while
engaged upon the work of the board or the enforcement of the pro-
visions of this act, and shall be allowed $3.00 a day for the time actually
employed. [L. 1889, p. 129, §11; L. 1895, p. 38, §11; B. & C. §4187.]

§ 5490. Duties of Treasnrer.

The treasurer shall receive all moneys belonging to the board, and pay
out the same only for bills approved by it, and shall render annually to
the board a statement in detail of all receipts and disbursements.
[L. 1889, p. 129, §12; L. 1895, p. 39, §12; B. & C. §4188.]

§ 5491. Board to Report to Legislature.

The said board shall report to the legislative assembly, commencing in
January, 1891, what, if any, legislation is needed in aid of the horticul-
tural and fruit growing interests of the State. [L. 1889, p. 130, § 14;
B. & C. § 4189.]

§ 5495. All Prunings and Cuttings Required to be Burned.

It shall hereafter be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation
owning or operating any nursery, fruit orchard of any kind, hopyards,
flower gardens, or ornamental trees to throw any cuttings or prunings
from any fruit trees, nursery stock, ornamental trees, or hop vines into
any public road, highway, lane, field, or other inclosure, or into any
water course of any kind; but shall destroy such cuttings or prunings
with fire within thirty days from the time such cuttings or prunings
are made. [L. 1899, p. 97, §1; B. & C. §4190.]

§ 5496. Owners of Nurseries, Etc., Required to Spray.

It shall hereafter be the duty of any person, firm, or corporation
owning or operating any such nursery, fruit orchard, hopyard, flower
garden, or ornamental trees, and knowing such to be infected with any
kind of insects, pests, or disease, to immediately spray or destroy the
same in such manner as the fruit commissioner for his district may
direct. [L. 1899, p. 97, §2; B. & C. §4191.]

§ 5499. Unlaivful to Import or Seil Infested Fruit.

It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to import
or seil any infested or diseased fruit of any kind in the State of Oregon.
[L. 1899, p. 98, § 5; B. & C. § 4194.]

§ 5500. Packing, Etc., or Dclivering for Shipment Infected Fruit, Etc.,
a Misdemeanor.

Every person who packs or prepares for shipment to any point within
the State, or who delivers or causes to be delivered to any express agent

144 Report of State Board of Horticulture.

or railroad agent, or other person, or to any transportation . Company or
Corporation, for shipment to any point without the State, any fruit or
fruits, either fresh, cured or dried, that is infected with insect pests or
diseases injurious to trees, shrubs, plants, fruits, or vegetables, is guilty
of a misdemeanor. [L. 1899, p. 98, § 6; B. & C. § 4195.]

§ 5501. Penalty for Violating Provisions of Act.

Any person, firm, or Corporation violating any of the provisions of
this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction
thereof shall be punished by a fine of not less than $25 nor more than
$100. [L. 1899, p. 98, § 7; B. & C. § 4196.]

§ 5502. Commissioner of Horticulture to Present Evidence, and District
Attorney to Prosecute.

It shall be the duty of the Commissioner of the State Board of Horti-
culture of the district in which a violation of this act occurs to present
the evidence of the case to the district attorney, whose duty it shall be to
prosecute any person guilty of a violation of this act, which prosecution
may be brought in any of the justice courts of this State. [L. 1899, p. 98,
§ 8; B. & C. § 4197.]

{d) OF PACKING AND LABELING FRUIT AND NURSERY STOCK.

§ 5503. Green Fruit Packed for Market to Be Labeled.

Any person, firm, association or corporation engaged in growing,
selling or packing green fruits of any kind within the State of Oregon,
shall be required, upon packing any such . fruit for market, whether
intended for sale within or without the State of Oregon, to stamp, mark,
or label plainly on the outside of every box or package of green fruit so
packed, the name and postoffice address of the person, firm, association or
corporation packing the same; provided further, that when the grower
of such fruit be other than the packer of the same, the name and post-
office address of such grower shall also prominently appear upon such box
or package as the grower of such fruit. [L. 1907, c. 11, p. 22, § 1.]

§ 5504. False Representation as to Place of Raising or Packing Fruit
Forbidden.

It shall be unlawful for any dealer, commission merchant, shipper or
vendor, by means of any false representations whatever, either verbal,
printed or written, to represent or pretend that any fruits mentioned in
section 5503, were raised, produced or packed by any person or corpor-
ation, or in any locality, other than by the person or corporation, or in
the locality where the same were in fact raised, produced or packed, as
the case may be. [L. 1907, c. 11, p. 22, § 2.]

§ 5505. Possession of Fruit Falsely Labeled — Evidence.

If any dealer, commission merchant, shipper, vendor or other person,
shall have in his possession any of such fruits so falsely marked or
labeled contrary to the provisions of section 5503, the possession by such
dealer, commission merchant, shipper, vendor, or other person, of any
such fruits so falsely marked or labeled shall be prima fade evidence
that such dealer, commission merchant, shipper, vendor, or other person,
has so falsely marked or labeled such fruits. [L. 1907, c. 11, p. 22, § 3.]

HORTICULTURAL LAWS. 145

§ 5506. Penalty for Violation of Act.

Any person violating any of the provisions of this act shall be
deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction thereof, shall be
punished by a fine of not less than $5.00, nor more than $500, or by
imprisonment in the county jail not less than ten nor more than one
hundred days, or by both such fine and imprisonment, at the discretion
of the court. [L. 1907, c. 11, p. 22, § 4.]

§ 5507. Liability for False Representation as to Variety of Nursery
Stock.

Any person selling nursery stock, or young trees, and representing
the same to be of a variety different from what said nursery stock of
trees actually are, shall be required to replace all such trees with stock
of the same grade and variety as the original order and shall be required
to make reasonable compensation to the purchaser for expenses and loss
of time due to such error having been made. [L. 1907, c. 57, p. 109.]

Sig. 6

INDEX

I X D E X

A

PAGE

Apples, Census of 1910 by States 130

Exports of 12!»

Apple-Tree Anthracnose — Prof. W. H. Lawrence 93

Arsenate of Lead 52

Atwell. H. C, Article, Co-Operative Organization of Fruit Growers 111

B

Beebe, J., Article, Cherry Culture 105

Blackberry Culture — •/. E. Stansberi/ 125

Black Leaf 40 (spray) 61

Black-Spot Canker — Prof. W. H. Lawrence 93

Bordeaux Mixture, Drections for Making 53

C

Campbell. S. J., Article by 127

Carson, A. H., Article, Preventing Injury From Frosts by Smudging 69

Reports as Commissioner of Third District 34-36-37

Cherries. U. S. Census Returns, 1910 132

Cherry Culture — J. Beebe 105

Climatic Conditions in Oregon — H. M. Williamson 81

Co-Operative Organization of Fruit Growers — H. C. Atwell 111

Cordley, Prof. A. B., Article, Sprays and Spraying 51

County Fruit Inspectors 5

F

Fire Blight, Control of — Prof. W. II. Lawrence 107

Freytag, O. E., Article, Report on Clackamas County 127

Article, Vegetable Growing in Oregon 99

Frost, Preventing Injury From by Smudging — A. H. Carson 69

Fruit Crop of 1912, Estimate of by W. K. Newell 22

Fruit Industry, Growth in Oregon in Last Decade — H. M. Williamson 77

G

Geer, Judd, Report as Commissioner, Fifth District 50

Goodrich, A. C, Article, Growing Prunes in Willamette "Valley 7::

Report as Commissioner, First District 23

Growth of Fruit Industry in Oregon in Last Decade — H. M. Williamson.... 77

H

Horticultural Laws 133-145

Creating Board, etc 137

Packing and Labeling Fruit and Mis-Naming Nursery Stock 144

150 Index.

PAGE

Prohibiting Säle of Misbranded Insecticides 133

Protecting Ginseng Industry 136

Regulating Säle of Lime-Surphur Solutions 135

Standard Sizes of Apple Boxes 135

Illustrations —

Children at Work in Portland School Garden 70

Climbing Rose in Portland 82

Field of Rhubarb 98

Five-Year-Old Bosc Pear Tree 108

Four-Year-Old Anjou Pear Trees 76

Four-Year-Old Yellow Newtown Apple Tree 84

Lambert Cherry Tree in Bloom 24

Loganberry Plantation in Bloom 1

Open-Center Apple Tree 30

Peach Orchard 110

Planting a School Garden 10

Prune Dryer 74

Six-Year-Old Bartlett Pear Tree 38

Spitzenburg Apple Trees 92

Strawberry Field 124

Two-Year-Old Bartlett Pear Tree 32

Two-Year-Old Pear Orchard 114

Willamette Valley Fruit Farm 26

Woodlawn School Garden '. 88

Yellow Newtown Apple Orchard 6

Young Cherry Orchard 104

J

Jackson Prof. H. S., Article Sprays and Spraying 51

K

Kerosene Emulsion 60

Lawrence, Prof. W. H., Article, Black-Spot Canker or Apple-Tree Anthrac-

nose 93

Article, Control of Fire or Pome Blight 107

Letter of Transmittal — W. K. Newell 2

Lime-Sulphur Spray 57

Lime-Sulphur Spray, Self-Boiled 55

Loganberry Culture — J. E. Stansbery 125

M

Members and Officers of Board 5

N

Newell, W. K., Estimate of 1912 Fruit Crop 22

Letter of Transmittal 2

Reports as Commissioner at Large 18-19

Index. 151

P

PAGE

Park, Chas. A., Reports as Commissioner, Second District 25-27-2'.i

Pear Blight, Control of — W. H. Lawrence 107

Pears, U. S. Census Returns for 1910 131

Plums and Prunes, U. S. Census Returns for 1910 133

Proposed Laws 7-11

Prunes, Exports From U. S 128

Prunes, Growing in Willamette Valley — A. C. Goodrich 73

R

Reports of Commissioners —

W. K. Newell, State at Large 1S-19

A. C. Goodrich, First District 23

Chas. A. Park, Second District 25-27-2!)

A. H. Carson, Third District 34-36-37

R. F. Weber, Fourth District 45-48

Judd Geer, Fifth District 50

Spraying Information —

For Insects and Diseases Affecting Apple Trees 62

For Insects and Diseases Affecting Cherry Trees 63

For Insects and Diseases Affecting the Peach 64

For Insects and Diseases Affecting the Pear 64

For Insects and Diseases Affecting the Plum and Prune 65

Sprays and Spraying- — Prof. A. B. Cordley, Prof. H. S. Jackson and

Prof. H. F. Wilson 51

Stansbery, J. E., Article, Loganberry and Blackberry Culture 125

V

Vegetable Growing in Oregon — O. E. Freytag 99

W

Walnuts, Statistics as to Importation and Production 129

Weber, R. H., Reports as Commissioner, Fourth District 45-48

Williamson, H. M., Article, Climatic Conditions in Oregon 81

Article, Growth of Fruit Industry in Oregon 77

Wilson, Prof. H. F., Article, Sprays and Spraying 51

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