I Spc > ^ ALLAN HANCOCK FOUNDATION' PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA First Series ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS Volume 2 1935-1940 THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA PRESS LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 1940 ALLAN HANCOCK FOUNDATION PUBLICATIONS ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS Volume 2 1935-1940 THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA PRESS LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 1940 CONTENTS Pages 1. A New Brittle Star from the Galapagos Islands, by Fred Ziesen- henne. (Plate 1) 1- 6 2. Description of A New Blennioid Fish of the Genus Acanthemble- maria from the Pacific Coast of Panama, by George S. Myers and Earl D. Reid 7- 10 3. A New Genus of Distoraes (Trematoda) with Lymphatic Vessels, by Harold W. Manter. (Plate 2) 11- 22 4. Parasitic Copepods Taken During the Third Hancock Expedition to the Galapagos Islands, by Charles Branch Wilson. (Plate 3) 23- 30 5. Some Monogenetic Trematodes from the Galapagos Islands and the Neighboring Pacific, by Frank G. Meserve. (Plates 4-10) 31- 90 6. Three New Trematodes from the Galapagos Marine Iguana Amblyrhynchus cristatus, by Paul T. Gilbert, (Plates 11-12) 91-108 7. Eight New Species of Gobioid Fishes from the American Pacific Coast, by Isaac Ginsburg 109-122 8. Land and Brackish Water Mollusca of Cocos Island, by G. Dallas Hanna and Leo George Hertlein 123-136 9. Nematode Parasites of the Galapagos Land Iguana, by Ashton C. Cuckler. (Plates 13-15) 137-166 10. A New Species of Nycteribiidae (Diptera Pupipara) from Islands in the Gulf of California, by Hugh Scott. (Plate 16) 167-172 11. A Remarkable New Genus of Sea-Urchin (Spatangidae), by Hu- bert Lyman Clark. (Plate 17) 173-176 12. Marine Mollusks from Panama Collected by the Allan Hancock Expedition to the Galapagos Islands, 1931-1932, by A. M. Strong and Leo George Hertlein. (Plates 18-23) 177-246 13. Revision of the Nemertean Fauna of the Pacific Coasts of North, Central, and Northern South America, by W. R. Coe. (Plates 24-31) 247-324/' 14. Digenetic Trematodes of Fishes from the Galapagos Islands and the Neighboring Pacific, by Harold W. Manter. (Plates 32-50) 325-500 15. The Acanthocephala Collected by the Allan Hancock Pacific Ex- pedition, 1934, by Harley J. Van Cleave. (Plates 51-55) 501-530 16. The Geographical Distribution of Digenetic Trematodes of Ma- rine Fishes of the Tropical American Pacific, by Harold W. Manter 531-547 Index _ 549-557 ^^**. THE HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 EXPLANATION OF PLATE Fig. 1. Ophioplocus hancocki, new species, dorsal view x .7 Fig. 2. Ophioplocus hancocki, new species, ventral view x 2.3 (Photograph of para-type at The University of Southern California) NO. 1 ziesenhenne: a new brittle star PL. 1 rkDuir\Di r\mic uAMrr^r^i^i REPORTS ON THE COLLECTIONS OBTAINED BY THE HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS OF VELERO III OFF THE COAST OF MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, SOUTH AMERICA, AND GALAPAGOS ISLANDS IN 1932, IN 1933, IN 1934, AND IN 1935. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW BLENNIOID FISH OF THE GENUS ACANTHEMBLEMARIA FROM THE PACIFIC COAST OF PANAMA By GEORGE S. MYERS and EARL D. REID The University of Southern California Publications The Hancock Pacific Expeditions Volume 2, Number 2 Issued December, 1936 The University of Southern California Press Los Angeles, California Copyright 1936 by The University of Southern California DESCRIPTION OF A NEW BLENNIOID FISH OF THE GENUS ACANTHEMBLEMARIA FROM THE PACIFIC COAST OF PANAMA* By GEORGE S. MYERS, Stanford University, and EARL D. REID United States National Museum Among the fishes obtained by Dr. Waldo L. Schmitt, Curator of Marine Invertebrates in the United States National Museum, during the 1935 cruise of Capt, .G. Allan Hancock's yacht Velero III, we find a most interesting new species of the genus Acantheryiblemaria. The three hitherto-known species of the genus are all West Indian (Metzelaar, 1919, p. 159; Beebe and Tee-Van, 1928, pp. 244-249). Acanthemblemaria hancocki, new species Holotype. — U.S.N.M. 102015, a specimen 31.8 mm. in standard length, taken February 4, 1935, on the outer side of the smaller, westernmost island of the Secas Islands, Pacific coast of Western Panama. Hancock Pacific Expedition, 1935. Paratypes. — U.S.N.M. 102016, two specimens 30.8 and 31 mm. in standard length; same data as holotype. Dorsal XXII to XXIII, 13 to 14. Anal II, 24 to 25. Pectoral 13. Pelvic 3. Caudal 16. Body moderately elongate, trunk compressed, greatest depth at origin of pectoral. Occipital region of skull rather bulging on each side, but upper profile of head continuously decurved from dorsal fin to snout tip. Head 3.7 to 3.9 in standard length, depth 5.8 to 6.1, predorsal distance 5 to 5.2, preanal distance 2.3 to 2.5. Pectoral 1.2 in head length (measured to upper angle of gill opening), pelvics 2.3, caudal 1.5, snout 7.7 to 7.9, interorbital 6.4 to 6.7, maxillary 1.8 to 2.3, extending slightly past posterior rim of orbit. * Published with the permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. [ 7] 8 THE HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. Teeth in upper jaw in a strong outer row which extends back- ward to opposite middle of palatine patch, and a series of extremely minute inner teeth. Vomer with four strong teeth arranged in a square. Palatine patches with two rows of teeth, the patches being elongate-oval in shape. Teeth of lower jaw in a single strong outer row with a fe^'^ very small teeth set in two irregular rows behind the main one at front of jaw. Both upper and lower jaws are rather expanded and flattened in front (the symphyses indented) and then rather suddenly constricted as the rami turn and run backwards. This formation of the jaws is apparently that described by Beebe and Tee-Van (in other species) as that of an old-fashioned key-hole. It might better be described as like the jaws of Hippopotamus. The main jaw teeth are strong though rather short, pointed, and slightly compressed in front. The front teeth in each jaw flare outward slightly. Entire front of upper part of head, forward of the vertical of the posterior rim of orbit, covered with fine blunt spines. The spinous area includes the whole frontal and preocular region, the suborbitals, and a patch on top of the head behind the eyes extending backward in a blunt point toward (but not reaching) the vertex of the supra- occipital region. The interorbital is strongly concave, forming a trough in the middle, and is armed with three rows of spines on each side, the outer row being part of the single circumorbital spiny ring. This ring is complete except directly behind the eye. Orbital tentacle short, apparently simple. Nasal tentacle longer and multifid, but not as long as that of A. arborescens. Opercle and preopercle naked. A group of five or six pores on either side of nape about opposite origin of dorsal fin. Opercle ends above in a free, hook-like membrane supported by the branchiostegal rays, which reach notably above the point of attachment of the gill-cover. Vertical fins of moderate height, soft rays longer than spines, the last rays attached at caudal base by a membrane. Origin of dorsal above preopercle, directly at base of cranium, which has no supra- occipital crest. Pelvics inserted in front of pectoral base. Body light straw-colored, the head blackish with darker spots and lighter marblings, the principal dark area being a large hourglass- shaped saddle set transversely across the occiput and extending down on opercles to opposite lower rim of eye. About four brown dots on margin of opercle. Body with two main longitudinal rows NO. 2 MYERS AND REID: A NEW BLENNIOID 9 of dark brown spots, as large as eye in front but diminishing rapidly posteriorly, the upper row along the base of the dorsal and encroach- ing a little on the basal fin membranes, the lower row at mid-line of body. Another less conspicuous row of spots along anal base, these chiefly on the membranes. A single row of very fine dots just below the dorsal series and set alternately with each dorsal blotch. A similar row between the main central series of blotches and the anal series; this row may be very indistinct or nearly absent. Dorsal and anal faintly and narrowly bordered with dark. Pectorals and caudal clear. Pelvics brownish. Often the first few dorsal spines and their membranes dark brownish, fading posteriorly. The entire color effect is that of a black-headed, straw-colored fish with longitudinal series of spots which decrease in size posteriorly. We are not certain to which of the three described species of Acanthemblemaria our new species is most closely related. Beebe and Tee-Van separate spinas a of Metzelaar from the others by the supposed lack of small teeth behind the main jaw series. It seems probable to us that Metzelaar's fish also had these small teeth, as they are very difficult to detect without the use of tooth-impressions made with modeling clay. Beebe and Tee-Van further separate arborescens from variegata on the profile of the head and the area of its spinosity, on the structure of the orbital tentacle, and on the color. The head profile of our form differs from that of the other three, and the area of spinosity on the top of the head is hard to compare without actual specimens of the other species in hand. Our species diifers from arborescens and spinosa and agrees with variegata in the simple ocular tentacle, but agrees with arborescens and differs from the other two in the shape of the jaws and mouth as illustrated in the figures. It differs widely from all three in the unusual coloration. Lukli^A 10 THE HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 LITERATURE CITED Beebe, William, and John Tee-Van 1928. The fishes of Port-au-Prince Bay. Haiti, with a summary of the known species of marine fish of the island of Haiti and Santo Domingo. Zoologica. Sci. Contrib. N.Y. Zool. Soc, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1-279. Metzelaar, Jan 1919. Report on the fishes collected by Dr. J. Boeke in the Dutch West Indies, 1904-1905, with comparative notes on marine fishes of tropical West Africa. In: Boeke. J., Rapp. voorl. onderz. toest. Visscherij Industr. Zeeprod. Kol. Curacao, tweede ged., 1919, bijl. 1, pp. 1-315. Tlie Hague. REPORTS ON THE COLLECTIONS OBTAINED BY THE HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS OF VELERO in OFF THE COAST OF MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, SOUTH AMERICA, AND GALAPAGOS ISLANDS IN 1932, IN 1933, IN 1934, IN 1935, IN 1936, AND IN 1937. A NEW GENUS OF DISTOMES (TREMATODA) WITH LYMPHATIC VESSELS By H. W. MANTER The University of Southern California Publications The Hancock Pacific Expeditions Issued June, 1937 The University of Southern California Press Los Angeles, California A NEW GENUS OF DISTOMES (TREMATODA) WITH LYMPHATIC VESSELS* v>* . (With One Plate) suj| i-i ^ t^ A H. W. Manter \ti\ -^^-^ University of Nebraska The trematodes described in this paper are but two of over 100 species collected from marine fishes in 1934, during the third G. Allan Hancock Expedition to the Galapagos Islands. The author's presence on this expedition was sponsored in part by the Carnegie Institution of Washington. A brief preliminary report on the trema- todes collected has been made (Manter, 1934) and a more complete report on the digenetic forms is in preparation. An early description of these two forms is felt justified in view of their significance in connection with the phylogeny of the Distomata. The author has already indicated (Manter, 1935) a relationship between certain allocreadiid-like distomes (Megasolena Linton and Hapladena Lin- ton) and amphistomes. The new genus described below further sub- stantiates such a view and indicates that the Anallocreadiinae in particular may be involved. A discussion of these relationships will follow a description of the new species. Apocreadsum mexicanum, new genus, new species (Plate 2, figs. 1-3) Host: Labrisomiis xanti Gill Position: Intestine Locality: Tangola Tangola, Mexico Incidence: 18 specimens from a single host The body is elongate, tapering slightly and bluntly rounded at the anterior end, pointed at the posterior end, much flattened, espe- cially posterior to midbody where the edges of the body become very thin and thrown into frill-like folds. The cuticula is scaled as far back as midbody. Mature specimens measure from 2.151 to 4.110 mm. in length by 0.757 to 1.096 mm. in greatest width. The body * Studies from the Zoological Laboratories, the University of Nebraska, No. 191. [ 11 ] 12 THE HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 is approximately equally wide, except at the anterior and posterior fourth. The acetabulum is well anterior to midbody, the forebody being usually 1/4 to 1/5 total body length. Both suckers are sub- circular with a tendency to be slightly longer than wide. The oral sucker is 0.225 to 0.315 mm. in diameter. The acetabulum is 0.352 to 0.502 mm. in diameter. Its aperture is transverse. The sucker ratio is approximately 2:3 or 3:5. Young specimens show a few pigment granules dorsally in the forebody but these are lacking in older specimens. There is a short but distinct prepharynx. The pharynx is longer than wide, 0.142 to 0.202 by 0.112 to 0.165 mm. Its anterior fourth is modified as a sphincter region composed of circular muscles (sug- gesting the character of the pharynx in Gyliauchen) while the pos- terior region is composed of radial muscles. There is a distinct esophagus somewhat shorter than the pharynx. The intestinal bifur- cation is approximately midway between the suckers. The ceca are narrow and extend to a point a short distance from the posterior end where the body begins its rather abrupt tapering to the posterior tip. Each cecum ends blindly. The excretory vesicle is a long narrow tube extending anteriorly from the pore at the posterior tip of the body to the posterior testis where it spreads slightly to right and left and narrows to become a collecting tube on each side. Each collecting tube shortly after it leaves the vesicle forks into two tubules both extending forward, both at first median to the cecum, the larger tubule median to the smaller. Anterior to the acetabulum they are both lateral to the cecum. They seem to end near the level of the pharynx. Posterior to the level of the testes a very small excretory tubule can be seen on each side. These two posteriorly directed tubules arise at the same point where the anterior tubules unite. They extend to the posterior end of the body. The lymphatic system consists of four longitudinal vessels close to the intestinal ceca, sometimes median, sometimes dorsal and ventral. Two of these lymphatic vessels extend anterior to the oral sucker to the extreme anterior end of the body where they end blindly. The longitudinal vessels do not give off" side branches ex- cept in the posterior half of the body. Shortly behind the testes vesicle-like portions of the lymphatic system appear in the extreme lateral regions of the body. These are especially numerous near the NO. 3 manter: a new genus of distomes 13 posterior end of the body where they are obvious in toto-mounts. Posterior to the testes each of the four vessels spUts to form two making a total of four pairs. Each vessel is much branched, the ends of the branches extending to near the edge of the body. These tips are often swollen (plate 2, fig. 2). The genital pore is median close to the anterior edge of the acetabulum. The testes are more or less rectangular in outline, slightly lobed, tandem, close together, approximately in the middle of the body. Except in young individuals (where the testes are of about equal size) there is a distinct tendency for the anterior testis to be wider than long, smaller and less lobed while the posterior testis tends to be longer than wide, larger and more deeply lobed. The posttesticular space is very long, sometimes more than Yz body length. A large, elongated sac-like seminal vesicle occurs immediate- ly posterior to the acetabulum and overlapping the ovary. Anter- iorly it narrows into a fine tube which continues without modifica- tion to near the anterior edge of the acetabulum where it joins the uterus to form a simple tubular genital sinus. Prostate gland cells are lacking unless represented by a few scattered cells around the male duct. A cirrus and cirrus sac are lacking. The narrow straight tube from seminal vesicle to genital pore is not muscular and since the pars prostatica cannot be distinguished from a cirrus portion, the tube might be termed the ejaculatory duct. It seems to have the same structure after its union with the uterus to form the ductus hermaphroditlcus or genital sinus. The ovary is spherical, midway between the anterior testis and the acetabulum, slightly to the right, just median to the right cecum. Mehlis' gland is well-developed, lying between ovary and anterior testis. A large flask-shaped seminal receptacle extends anterior to the ovary almost to the acetabulum. Laurer's canal is well-develop- ed, coiled, and opens dorsally at mid-ovary level. The uterus is pre- testicular filling most of the area between testes and acetabulum, wholly to the left of the ovary and largely to the left of midbody axis. It becomes a straight tube dorsal to the acetabulum and joins the male duct near the anterior edge of the acetabulum. The eggs are fairly thin-shelled, 61 to 67 by 31 to 34 ;u. The vitelline follicles extend from the level of the ovary to near the posterior end of the body. In 13 specimens studied the follicles reached the posterior border of the acetabulum In 2 (In which the ovary also was far for- 14 THE HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 ward) and in none did they reach the extreme posterior tip of the body. The vitellaria largely fill the body posterior to the testes and form two longitudinal intercecal, posttesticular areas. GENERIC DIAGNOSIS OF APOCREADIUM Elongate distomes with body much flattened posterior to mid- body where the edges are very thin. Acetabulum anterior to mid- body, larger than oral sucker. Pharynx well developed with an an- terior region of circular muscles. Ceca extending not very far apart to near posterior end. Testes in midbody region, tandem, intercecal, close together. Seminal vesicle large, undivided, sac-like. Cirrus and cirrus sac lacking. Prostate cells poorly developed. A tubular genital sinus present. Genital pore median at anterior edge of acetabulum. Ovary spherical, pretesticular, slightly to the right. Mehlis' gland large, postovarian; Laurer's canal and seminal receptacle present. Uterus pretesticular, largely to the left. Vitellaria follicular in sides of body, confluent posterior to testes. Excretory vesicle I-shaped with 2 pairs of anterior and 1 pair of posterior tubules. Lymphatic sys- tem of 4 large longitudinal vessels branching at least in posterior half of body. Type species: Apocreadium mexicanum. SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS OF Apocreadium mexicanum (Measurements in mms.) Body rounded anteriorly, pointed posteriorly; scaled to mid- body; 2.151 to 4.110 by 0.757 to 1.096. Acetabulum 1/4 to 1/5 from anterior end, 0.352 to 0.502 in diameter, with transverse aperture; oral sucker 0.225 to 0.315 in diameter. Prepharynx and esophagus present; intestinal bifurcation midway between suckers. Four longi- tudinal vessels branched in posterior half of body. Genital pore me- dian at anterior edge of acetabulum. Seminal vesicle just posterior to acetabulum, overlapping ovary; genital sinus tubular, shorter than ejaculatory duct. Ovary spherical; seminal receptacle extend- ing anterior to ovary; uterus to left of ovary; eggs 61 to 67 by 31 to 34 /x; vitellaria from near posterior edge of acetabulum to near posterior edge of body. Host: Labrisomus xanti Gill The name Apocreadium is from apo: 'away from and creadium and implies the fundamental differences between this trematode and the AUocreadiidae. The name mexicanum is for the locality. NO. 3 manter: a new genus of distomes 15 Apocreadium longisinosum, new Species (Plate 2, figs. 4-7) Hosts: Cheilichthys anmilatus (Jenyns) Albermarle Island and Charles Island, Gala- pagos Islands Spheroides angusticeps (Jenyns) Charles Island, Galapagos Position: rectum Incidence: 2 to 10 in a host, total of 15 collected from 3 hosts. The body is orange-yellow in its posterior half, unspined, more or less flattened, 6.57 to 9.65 by 1.552 to 2.403 mm., widest about at midbody, tapering toward each end. A 4.650 mm. specimen was immature. The posterior third of the body is thin and flexible with numerous lateral folds. It tapers sharply to a pointed posterior end. The anterior half of the body is more plump, smooth, and tapers gradually. A small, fleshy preoral lobe is present. The oral sucker is subcircular but usually slightly longer than wide, 0.375 to 0.532 mm. in transverse diameter. The acetabulum is about % body length from the anterior end, is longer than wide, 0.675 to 0.885 mm. in transverse diameter. Its aperture is longitudinal. The sucker ratio is approximately 5:8. The forebody measures 1.360 to 2.430 mm. There is a fairly short prepharynx (about >^ pharynx length). The pharynx is usually somewhat pyriform in shape. The anterior third is more narrow, provided with a larger number of circular muscles, and separated from the posterior region by a very slight constriction. Muscles extend from the oral sucker to the pharynx outside the prepharynx. The esophagus is approximately the same length as the prepharynx. The intestinal bifurcation is usually a little nearer the oral sucker than the acetabulum but it may be ap- proximately midway between the suckers. The narrow ceca extend some distance in from the body margins to within a short distance of the posterior end. They do not reach the posterior end and may fail to do so by some distance. One curious abnormality involved the left cecum which was almost completely degenerate except for a short normal-appearing stub barely reaching beyond the bifurca- tion and ending abruptly. The remainder of the cecum was repre- sented by a few strands of fine fibrous tissue. 16 THE HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.2 The genital pore is median very closely anterior to the acetab- ulum. It may even be directly ventral to the anterior edge of the acetabulum. The testes are immediately posterior to midbody, tan- dem, close together, lobed, squarish in shape. The posterior testis is usually slightly longer. The posttesticular space varies from 2.497 to 4.455 mm. being always considerably longer than the forebody. The seminal vesicle is a large, elongate, thin-walled sac, free in the parenchyma, extending backward from near the posterior edge of the acetabulum almost to the ovary from which it is separated by the seminal receptacle. The pars prostatica is about the same length as the seminal vesicle. It extends uncoiled diagonally forward dorsal to the acetabulum or, rarely, along the right side of the acetabulum. Its lumen is narrow and smooth, its wall fairly thick and cellular, surrounded by a few prostatic gland cells. These flattened and gran- ular gland cells lie free in the parenchyma and are most numerous near the vesicle. The uterus enters the pars prostatica dorsal to the acetabulum to form a long tubular slightly muscular ductus herm- aphroditicus or genital sinus. This tube bends ventrally toward the genital pore at the anterior edge of the acetabulum or may seem to bend back to reach the genital pore from an anterior direction (plate 2, fig. 5) but this appearance may be due to flattening of the speci- men. The genital sinus is approximately the same length as the pars prostatica. Its lumen is wide, its wall fairly thin but muscular and surrounded by a few rounded non-granular cells. The ovary is globular, pretesticular, to the right near the right cecum. It is separated from the anterior testis by a short space occupied by Mehlis' gland and the yolk reservoir. The uterus arises from the posterior side of the ovary and extends back as far as the anterior testis whence it coils forward to occupy the intercecal space to the left and anterior to the ovary. It joins the pars prostatica dorsal to the acetabulum as noted. A large seminal receptacle is present anterior to the ovary adjacent to the seminal vesicle. It connects to the oviduct posterior to the ovary, Laurer's canal is well developed, coiled, opening on the dorsal surface just anterior to the ovary. Eggs measure 88 to 102 by 48 to 60 ix, usually about 95 by 54 fi. The vitelline follicles extend from the level of the ovary to the posterior end of the body. At first extracecal, they become con- fluent posterior to the testes. ^0. 3 manter: a new genus of distomes 17 The excretory system is like that of Apocreadium wexicanum. The narrow excretory vesicle gives rise near the posterior testis to 2 pairs of anteriorly directed tubules, one pair larger than the other. Both pairs extend foru^ard at least as far as the acetabulum but only one pair seems to reach as far as the oral sucker. From the common stem of each pair near the median vesicle a single sinuous tubule passes posteriorly on each side. The lymph vessels are well developed. They are considerably branched in the posterior half of the body as In A. mexicanum. The branches run almost parallel with the stems, diverging gradually toward the body surface. They are not swollen at their tips as are such branches in A. rnexicamnn. The lymph vessels of the forebody also branch but here the branches are shorter and may extend in any direction. Because of the courses taken by the branches, the number of main stems of the lymph system is very difficult to deter- mine. For some distance posterior to the testes there seem to be 4 pairs of longitudinal tubes, although 2 pairs extend farther back than the others. In the region of the acetabulum there seem to be 2 pairs. An accurate count was not possible in the forebody. In most specimens one pair extended into the preoral lobe. Evidently the lymph system Is very similar to that of A. mexicanum. Lymphocytes or at least large cells of some kind (plate 2, fig. 7) are not infrequent within the lymph vessels. These cells seem to have been amoeboid. They measure 14 to 19 /u, in diameter which Is as great as the diameter of most of the lymph vessels. The cyto- plasm of these cells Is finely granular, the nucleus staining very deeply, much more deeply than those of other cells. SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS OF Apocreadium longisinosum (Measurements in mms.) Body tapering toward each end, pointed at posterior end, widest at midbody, 6.57 to 9.65 by 1.552 to 2.403, In Hfe orange-yellow In color. Oral sucker 0.375 to 0.532 In diameter; acetabulum }i from anterior end, 0.675 to 0.885 In diameter, with longitudinal aperture. Genital pore median close in front of acetabulum. Short prepharynx, pharynx 0.210 to 0.292 (length) by 0.225 to 0.315 (width), anterior third slightly modified; esophagus short; bifurcation about midway between suckers; ceca narrow extending to near posterior end. Testes tandem, close together, slightly lobed, squarish, just poster- 18 THE HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.2 icr to midbody. Seminal vesicle elongated sac-like from acetabulum to near ovary; pars prostatica about as long as vesicle, straight; ductus hermaphroditicus a simple muscular tube as long as pars prostatica. Ovary globular; Mehlis' gland posterior to ovary; semi- nal receptacle anterior to ovary; uterus between testes and acetab- ulum; eggs 88 to 102 by 48 to SO/x; vitellaria from ovary to pos- terior end, confluent behind testes. Excretory vesicle extending to testes; 2 pairs of anterior and 1 pair posterior collecting tubules. Lymph vessels well developed, much branched, apparently funda- mentally 2 pairs of longitudinal stems forking to form 4 pairs along much of body length. Type host: Cheilichthys annulatus. Other host: Spheroides angusticeps, a related fish. Type locality: Galapagos Islands. The name longisinosum refers to the long genital sinus. Comparisons. A. longisinosu77i is more than twice larger than J. mexicanum and the body is relatively wider. The aperture of the acetabulum is longitudinal rather than transverse. The vitellaria do not nearly reach the acetabulum as they do in J. mexicanum, a dif- ference correlated with the larger uterus in A. longisinosum. In A. longisinosum the genital sinus is much longer; the eggs much larger (maximum length 102 ^i compared with 67 p.) ; the lymph vessels more branched anteriorly. In spite of these differences the species are very similar and clearly congeneric. There are genera of the Allocreadiidae with the cirrus sac weak- ly developed or lacking, for example the Anallocreadiinae and Opecoeliinae, but Apocreadium diff'ers from most in its tubular geni- tal sinus and from all in its lymphatic system. It is probably signifi- cant that the Anallocreadiinae which lack a cirrus sac also possess a tubular genital sinus described as "a common tube" in the form of an "unspecialized cloacal invagination" by Simer (1929, p. 564) for Anallocreadium armatum; as a "long genital sinus" by Manter (1926, p. 87) for Homalometron pallidum; as "an invaginated clo- aca" by Hunter & Bangham (1932, p. 138) for Anallocreadium pear- sei; but as a "genital atrium" by Manter (1936, p. 34) for Crassi- cutis cichlasomae. In this latter case however, the "atrium" may be tubular in form. The genus Apocreadium then shows evidence of relationship to the Anallocreadiinae. On the other hand, however, its lymphatic vessels, the structure of the pharynx and the excretory system sug- NO. 3 manter: a new genus of distomes 19 gest the genera Megasolena and Hapladena for which Manter (1935, p. 438) named the subfamily Megasoleninae. The essential difference is the presence of an hermaphroditic sac in the Megasoleninae. Apo- creadium seems to stand almost midway between these two subfami- lies. If Included in the Megasoleninae, the subfamily (and family) description must be altered to include forms with neither hermaphro- ditic nor cirrus sac; if included in the Anallocreadilnae the subfamily must be extended to include forms with a lymphatic system. For the present, the writer prefers to recognize the lymphatic vessels as of fundamental significance, especially since their presence is again as- sociated with pharyngeal modifications and to classify Apocreadium in the Megasoleninae. Discussion. For many years It has been the custom to classify digenetic trematodes Into three groups, the Amphlstomata, Mono- stomata, and DIstomata. But it has been increasingly apparent that these divisions are heterogeneous and not natural. Some monostomes (e. g. the Angiodictyidae) are actually amphistomes which have lost their posterior sucker. Other monostomes are evidently distomes which have lost the ventral sucker. In other words, members of these groups may show closer relationship to one of the other groups than to members of its own group. Amphistomes are generally considered as the most primitive. Little study has been made of possible rela- tionship between amphistomes and distomes. Dawes (1936, p. 177) remarks: "Nous savons vralment peu de chose sur les relations qui existent entre les DIstomata et les Paramphlstomlda; c'est un point qui est vislblement neglige par les zoologlstes." The author, however (Manter, 1935), has found strong evidence of such relationship exactly where It would be most expected, namely among trema- todes of fish. It even seemed necessary to classify two distome genera (Megasolena and Hapladena) among the Paramphlstomlda. These two genera showed certain features suggesting the family Allocreadl- Idae where Megasolena at least was once classified. Apocreadium is still more evidently allocreadiid-like. It serves to link the Paramphlstomlda not only to the Allocreadildae but to the Anallocreadilnae. But Apocreadium can be included In the Mega- soleninae especially if the lymphatic system Is to be emphasized. There Is, In fact, a fairly well graded series of forms between the amphistomes such as Gyllauchen and Opistholebes through Para- gyliauchen, Apocreadium and the Anallocreadilnae to the Lepo- 20 THE HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 creadiinae. Even the position of the acetabulum is intermediate in some forms such as Paragyliauchen chaetodontis Yamaguti. Mega- solena and Hapladena are definitely associated with such a series but differ from the others in their pecuHar hermaphroditic sac. There results a plausible conclusion that the large distome family Allocreadiidae probably evolved from amphistome ancestors. Or the amphistomes may have evolved from allocreadiid ancestry. Type specimens of the new species described in this paper are deposited in the United States National Museum. Paratypes are de- posited at The University of Southern California and in the author's collection. NO. 3 manter: a new genus of distomes 21 literature cited Dawes, Ben 1936. Sur une tendance probable dans revolution des trematodes dig^n^tiques. Ann. Parasit., 14:177-182. Hunter, George W. & Ralph V. Bangham 1932. Studies on fish parasites of Lake Erie I. New trematodes (Allocreadi- idae). Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc, 51:137-152. Manter, H. W. 1926. Some North American fish trematodes. III. Biol. Mon., 10:1-138. 1934. Preliminary observations on trematodes from the Galapagos Islands and neighboring Pacific. Ann. Rept., Tortugas Lab., Carnegie Inst. Wash., Year Book No. 33:260-261. 1935. The structure and taxonomic position of Megasolena Linton 1910 (Trematoda) with notes on related trematodes. Parasit., 27:431-439. 1936. Some trematodes of cenote fish from Yucatan. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Pub. No. 457, 33-38. Simer, Parke H. 1929. Fish trematodes from the Lower Tallahatchie River. Amer. Mid. Nat., 11:563-588. 22 THE HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.2 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 2 All figures were drawn with the aid of a camera lucida. The projected scale has the value (in mms.) indicated for each figure. Abbreviations: ac, acetabulum; ce, intestinal cecum; ex, excretory vesicle; gp, genital pore; gs, genital sinus; /, lym- phatic vessel; pp, pars prostatica; sr, seminal receptacle; sv, seminal vesicle; ut, uterus. Fig. L Apocreadium mexicaimm. Dorsal view. Fig. 2. A. mexkanum. Frontal section through posterior half of the body, showing the branching lymphatic vessels. Fig. 3. A. mexicanum. Cross-section through the region of the seminal re- ceptacle. Fig. 4. A. longisinosum. Ventral view. Fig. 5. A. longisinosum. Terminal reproductive organs. Fig. 6. A. longisinosum. Cross-section through anterior portion of the pharynx. Fig. 7. A. longisinosum. Portion of two lymphatic vessels showing lympho- cytes. NO. 3 manter: a new genus of distomes PL. 2 REPORTS ON THE COLLECTIONS OBTAINED BY THE HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS OF VELERO III OFF THE COAST OF MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, SOUTH AMERICA, AND GALAPAGOS ISLANDS IN 1932, IN 1933, IN 1934, IN 1935, IN 1936, AND IN 1937. PARASITIC COPEPODS TAKEN DURING THE THIRD HANCOCK EXPEDITION TO THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS By CHARLES BRANCH WILSON The University of Southern Calieornia Publications The Hancock Pacific Expeditions Volume 2, Number 4 Issued June, 1937 The University of Southern California Press Los Angeles, California PARASITIC COPEPODS TAKEN DURING THE THIRD HANCOCK EXPEDITION TO THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS (With One Plate) * Charles Branch Wilson ' * The New England Museum of Natural History, Boston, Massachusetts A •<# 7' The valuable collections made during the third Hancock Expedi- tion to the Galapagos Islands included the copepods parasitic upon fish. These were gathered not only from the local fish around the islands but also from those captured during the passage to the islands and back. There are thus included among the hosts, fish from the Pacific coasts of Mexico, Central America, Colombia, and Ecuador as well as those from the immediate vicinity of the Gala- pagos Islands. The parasites were collected and preserved by Dr. H. W. Man- ter of the University of Nebraska, who accompanied the expedi- tion, and were sent to the author for identification. The host identi- fication is incomplete in one or two instances since the personnel of the expedition did not include an ichthyologist. Upon examination the collection of parasitic copepods thus ob- tained has proved to possess peculiar value and interest. This is due chiefly to the exceptional confirmation they aff'ord of species al- ready established but far removed in time, host, or habitat. Practi- cally every one of the species here enumerated contributes new and important information to supplement previous records. This appears in the re-establishment of one species which had been virtually for- gotten, since it had never been reported after its first discovery 75 years ago. Two other species almost as old have hitherto included but a single sex, in the one case the male, in the other the female. In both instances the missing sex is here supplied and is described and fig- ured for the first time. Furthermore, these records furnish an abun- dance of new hosts and localities, some of which are very far re- moved from those previously reported. With the exception of the two new sexes, whose types have been deposited in the National Museum, all the specimens have been returned to The University of Southern California. For the privilege [ 23 ] 24 THE HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 of reporting upon this collection thanks are hereby returned to the sponsor and the officials of the expedition and to Dr. Manter who collected the specimens. CALIGOIDA CALIGIDAE Caligus balistae Steenstrup & Liitken Caligus balistae Steenstrup and Liitken, Kong. Danske Vid. Selsk. Skrift., ser. 5, vol. 5, p. 356, pi. 1, fig. 1, 1861. A single male was washed from the gill chamber of an unidenti- fied fish at Albermarle Island. The genital segment and abdomen of this specimen differed somewhat from the figures hitherto published as can be seen in plate 3, fig. 1. The abdomen is relatively shorter, the caudal rami are semicircular, and the lobes at the posterior corners of the genital segment nearly reach the distal end of the caudal rami. Caligus bonito Wilson Caligus bonito, Wilson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 28, p. 589, pi. 13, 1905. A single female was taken from the gill cavity of a grouper pe- culiar to the Galapagos Islands, Cratinus agassizii Steindachner, at Tagus Cove, Albermarle Island. A single male was found on the red snapper, Lutianus novemfasciatus (Gill), at Tangola, Mexico, This species was originally discovered in the Woods Hole area and has been reported by Brian from the coast of Mauretania and by Yamaguti from Japan. These specimens add two new hosts as well as two new localities and indicate that the species is cosmopolitan. Caligus chorinemi Kollar Caligus chorinemi Kollar, mss. Krceyer, Natur. Tidssk. 3 raekke, 2 bind, p. 67, pi. 5, fig. 1, a-h, 1863. A single female from an unidentified fish at Albermarle Island; 3 females and 3 males from the gills of Seriola dorsalis (Gill), at Port Culebra, Costa Rica; 3 females and 3 males from the same host at Port Utria, Colombia. The species was first described by Krceyer from female museum specimens taken off" the coast of Bra- zil. Both sexes were afterwards obtained from the same locality by Heller and the male was described and figured. But during the long interval since then the species has never been reported by any in- vestigator and its validity had become doubtful. These specimens NO. 4 WILSON: PARASITIC COPEPODS 25 restore in full the original recognition, add a new host and two new localities, and afford some information with regard to development, since the females of the Colombian species were only half grown. Accordingly a figure and description of one of these young females are here included (plate 3, fig. 2). Young Female. Carapace a little longer than wide and about two thirds of the entire length; frontal plates wide and prominent, the lunules projecting as much as in the adult. The posterior median lobe is not much wider than the lateral lobes but projects consider- ably behind them. The lateral lobes curve inward as in the adult and are more angular at their outer corners. The free segment is two thirds as wide and almost half as long as the genital segment and is not contracted posteriorly. The genital segment is obovate, considerably narrowed anteriorly and a little wider than long, and is less than half its adult size. Its posterior margin is rounded instead of scalloped and it carries rudiments of a fifth pair of legs at its posterior corners. The abdomen closely resembles that of the adult in shape and proportion and already shows signs of segmentation in the form of lateral indentations. The appendages are the same as those of the adult except that the fourth legs appear larger and reach behind the posterior margin of the genital segment. Caligus constrictus Heller (plate 3, figs. 3, a-i.) Caligus constrictus Heller, Reise der Novara, p. 175, pi. 15, fig. 5, 1865. Heller established this species upon a single male specimen taken from the gills of a Stromateus species in the Indian Ocean, and no other specimens have ever been reported. The present collection includes 2 females from the gills of Caranx hippos (Linnaeus), at Secas Island, Panama, a single female from the gills of the same host at San Francisco, Ecuador, and 4 females from the gills of a runner, Elagatis bipinnulatus (Quoy & Gaimard), at Bahia Honda, Panama. These 7 specimens are referred to Heller's species because they certainly are not identical with any described Caligus females. And they agree so closely in structural details w^ith Heller's male as to preclude any idea of creating a new species for them. They thus confirm the establishment of Heller's species and complete the species diagnosis by supplying the female. Female. Carapace orbicular, slightly wider than long; frontal plates with a nearly straight anterior margin, scarcely indented at 26 THE HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 the center; lunules small, semilunar, and projecting but little. Median posterior lobe one third of the carapace width, not reaching behind the lateral lobes, with rather angular corners; lateral lobes curved strongly inward. Free segment one fourth the width of the cara- pace and considerably widened through the bases of the fourth legs; genital segment longer than the carapace, and half as wide as long, with nearly parallel sides and rounded lobes at the posterior corners. The anterior end of the segment is contracted into a long neck, narrower than the free segment and more or less wrinkled. On the ventral surface of the segment near the posterior end the two sexual openings, which lead to the semen receptacles, project backward a little side by side, and to their outer ends are attached the spermatophores. The latter are nearly spherical and reach back to about the center of the abdomen, thus forming a structure which at first sight suggests the rudimentary segment in Pandarus, to which however, it bears no analogy. The abdomen is one-jointed, one fourth the length and one third the width of the genital segment; the caudal rami are minute and armed with tiny setae. The terminal joint of the first antennae is linear and elongate; the second antennae are of medium size with a stout claw curved into a half circle. The maxilliped has a considerably inflated basal joint and a strong terminal claw. The first leg carrier a rudimentary endopod which is finger-like and shows traces of segmentation and is tipped with a very short spine. The spine on the basal segment of the third exopod is exceptionally large and very strongly curved; the fourth leg is four-jointed with 5 spines, the three terminal joints combined a little shorter than the basal joint. These legs are weak and slender and scarcely reach the thickened portion of the genital segment. Total length, 5 mm. Carapace 2 mm. long, 2.2 mm. wide. Ovisacs 5 mm. long. One of the females from Caranx hippos, with ovisacs, has been selected and given Cat. No. 69866 U.S.N.M. Caligus isonyx Steenstrup & Liitken Caligus isonyx Steenstrup & Liitken. Kong. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skrifter, 5 raekke, p. 18, pi. 3, fig. 5, 1861. This species was based upon a single female taken from a great barracuda, Sphyraena barracuda, in the West Indies and no other specimen has been obtained during the 75 years since then. The present collection, however, includes 3 females from a flying fish, KO. 4 WILSON: PARASITIC COPEPODS 27 Cypselurus callopterus (Giinther), at Charles Island, and thus con- firms Heller's species, adding a new host and locality. The excel- lent description of the species in the reference given above was trans- lated by the present author and published in Proceedings U. S. Na- tional Museum, vol. 28, p. 602. The present specimens conform to that description in every particular. Caligus latifrons Wilson Caligus latifrons Wilson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 28, p. 587, pi. 12, figs. 140-149. A single female was taken from the flying fish, Cypselurus cal- lopterus, in company with the 3 females of C. isonyx just mentioned. When the type of this species was described from the Woods Hole area the host was unknown, and it has so remained. The present specimen supplies a definite host as well as a new locality. Caligus lunatus Wilson (plate 3, fig. 5) Caligus lunatus Wilson, Results Swedish Zool. Exped. to Egypt, No. 26B. p. 4, pi. 1, figs. 7-12; pi. 2, figs. 13-17. 1924. A single male was found on the gills of the yellowtail, Seriola dors alts (Gill), at Bahia Honda, Panama. The original types were taken from another species, aurovittatus, of the same genus of fish captured in the Red Sea. Although this new locality is so far re- moved from the original one there is no doubt of the identity of the specimen. Caligus mutabilis Wilson Caligus mutabilis Wilson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 28, p. 573, pi. 8, figs. 91-102. One male and four females were found on the skin of a Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus maculatus , at White Friars, Mexico. This species has not before been found outside the Woods Hole area where it was originally discovered, and the host as well as the lo- cality is new. Caligus aliuncus Wilson (plate 3, figs. 4, a-f.) Caligus aliuncus Wilson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 28, p. 576, pi. 9, figs. 103-111. A single male was taken from the skin of a yellowtail, Seriola dorsalis (Gill), and six males from the skin of an oceanic bonito, Gymnosarda pelamis (Linnaeus), both from Tagus Bay, Albermarle Island. Females of this species were found upon the skin of a bonito at the Dry Tortugas by Dr. Planter, but these are the first males to be discovered. The correspondence in the detail of the appendages 28 THE HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 is amply sufficient to identify them as the two sexes of the same species even though the present locahty is so far removed from the previous ones. Accordingly, one of these males has been selected to serve as the type of its sex and has been given Cat. No. 69865 U. S.N.M. and a description and figures are here given. Male. Carapace more than half the entire length and longer than wide, with nearly parallel sides; median posterior lobe half the width of the carapace and scarcely projecting behind the lateral lobes; the latter narrow and rather bluntly rounded. Free segment almost as wide as the genital segment, but much narrowed where it joins the carapace. Genital segment subovate, narrowed to the width of the abdomen posteriorly, with strongly convex sides. Two pairs of leg rudiments on the ventro-lateral margins nearer the posterior end. Abdomen two-segmented, the segments about equal in length and width; caudal rami as wide as long, each armed with 3 stout setae densely plumose. These setae afford excellent anchorage for various symbiotic organisms both vegetable and animal and are often dense- ly tufted with them. The appendages are similar to those of the female with these agreements. The stout terminal claw of the maxilliped shuts into a groove on the inner surface of the basal segt, the latter being con- siderablv enlarged. This claw bears on its ventral surface a much larger accessory claw than that of the female, and a second acces- sory claw considerably smaller than the first. The basal segment of the third exopod has a stout flanged spine blunt at its tip, and the second and third segments also have spines along their outer mar- gins. The fourth leg is four-segmented with five spines; the four proximal spines have serrated flanges, the distal spine is without a flange. The proximal spine (on the second segment) has two flanges, the outer one more coarsely toothed than the inner; the next three spines have but a single flange, the size of the teeth diminishing so that those on the flange of the fourth spine are only one fourth as large as those on the first spine. There are rudiments of a fifth and sixth pair of legs on the sides of the genital segment near its poster- ior margin. Each of the fifth pair consists of a small papilla tipped with one long and densely plumose seta and three or four very short ones. Each of the sixth pair is made up of a single medium-sized seta attached directly to the segment with no papilla. Total length, 6 mm. Carapace, 3.50 mm. long, 2.95 mm. wide. NO. 4 WILSON: PARASITIC COPEPODS 29 Lepeophtheirus dissimulatus Wilson Lepeophtheirus dissimulatus Wilson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 28, p. 631, pi. 22. Seven females were taken from the skin of a yellow grouper, Mycteroperca oljax (Jenyns); one female from a small mackerel; one female from the gills of a second grouper, Cratinus agassizii Steindachner; three females and a male from the skin of a third grouper, Mycteroperca xenarcha, Jordan, all these four lots from Albermarle Island. Eight females and four males from the skin of a cabrilla, Paralabrax humeralis (Cuv. & Val,), at James Island. This species came originally from the Galapagos Islands, but with nothing to show its abundance. These new specimens from the same locality but from five new hosts show that the parasite is well dis- tributed among the groupers around the islands. ERGASILIDAE Artacolax saetiger Wilson Artacolax saetiger Wilson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. vol. 39, p. 361, pi. 51. A single female from the gills of a flying fish, Cypselurus callop- terus (Giinther), at Charles Island. The species was founded upon specimens obtained from a closely related flying fish at Woods Hole. This record adds a new host and a widely removed locality, and is the first to be made outside the original area. '&' BoMOLOCHus attenuatus Wilson Bomolochus attenuatus Wilson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 44, p. 198, pi. 21. One female from the gills of the ringed swellfish, Cheilichthys annulatus, at San Francisco, Ecuador; two females washed from the body cavity of a dredged Lophius at Bahia Honda, Panama; one fe- male from the gills of a small Lophius-like fish at Port Utria, Co- lombia. The species was originally found at Montego Bay, Jamaica, so that the present record adds two new hosts and three new lo- calities. DICHELESTHIIDAE Nemesis Pallida Wilson Nemesis pallida Wilson, Bull. 158, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 464, pi. 33, figs. a-p. Two females from the gills of an unidentified shark at Bahia Honda, Panama. This species is very common upon the large sharks captured in the fish nets on Martha's Vineyard but these are the first specimens to be reported outside of that locality. 30 THE HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 Lernanthropus micropterygis Richiardi Lernanthropus micropterygis Richiardi, Atti del Soc. Toscana, vol. 4, p. 82. Two females from the gills of a Seriola sp. at Port Culebra, Costa Rica, and one female from the gills of Seriola dumerili at White Friars, Mexico. The species was originally obtained from the same host, but in the Mediterranean, and has been found on another species of Seriola in the Red Sea. We can now add the two localities given above. Krceyeria papillipes Wilson Krceyeria papillipes Wilson, Bull. 158, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 454, pi. 30, figs. a-i. Ten specimens including both sexes from the gills of an un- identified shark at Bahia Honda, Panama, and ten females from the gills of a gray shark at Socorro Island, Mexico. Like the Nemesis above, this parasite was common on the large sharks captured in the fish nets on Martha's Vineyard, but has never before been re- ported from any other place. Hatschekia oblonga Wilson Hatschekia oblonga Wilson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 44, p. 242, pi. 42, figs. 222-226. A single female from the gills of a crevalle, Caranx hippos (Linn.), at Secas Island, Panama, and eight females from the gills of a Caulolatilis sp. at Tagus Cove, Albermarle Island. The species originally came from Montego Bay, Jamaica, and thus gains two new hosts and two new localities. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 3. Fig. 1. The fifth and genital segments and abdomen of a male Caligus balistae. Fig. 2. Dorsal view of a young female Caligus chorinemi 2 mm. in length. Fig. 3. The female of Caligus constrictus. a. Dorsal view. b. Side view of genital segment and abdomen, showing the attachment of the spermatophores. c. Ventral view of same. d. Maxilliped. e. Furca. f. First leg. g. Rudimentary endopod of same. h. Fourth leg. i. Third leg showing basal claw. Fig. 4. The male of Caligus aliuncus. a. Dorsal view. b. Maxilliped. c. Third leg showing flanged spine, d. Fourth leg. e. Proximal spine of same showing toothed flanges. Fig. 5. The male of Caligus lunatus. NO. 4 WILSON: PARASITIC copepod; PL. .•) REPORTS ON THE COLLECTIONS OBTAINED BY THE HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS OF VELERO III OFF THE COAST OF MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, SOUTH AMERICA, AND GALAPAGOS ISLANDS IN 1932, IN 1933, IN 1934, IN 1935, IN 1936. AND IN 1937, SOME MONOGENETIC TREMATODES FROM THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS AND THE NEIGHBORING PACIFIC By FRANK G. MESERVE The University of Southern California Publications Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions Volume 2, Number 5 Issued March, 1938 The University of Southern California Press Los Angeles, California TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 31 DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES Capsalidae 37 Benedenia isabellae, new species 35 Benedenia adenea, new species 36 Benedenia anadenea, new species 38 Entobdella muelleri, new species 40 Encotyllabe pagrosomi MacCallum, 1917 41 DiCLIDOPHORIDAE 42 Diclidopliora caulolatili, new species 43 Heterobothrium ecuadori, new species 44 Heterobothrium galapagensis, new species 45 Hexostomidae 47 Hexostoma euthynni, new species 47 Mazocraeidae 48 Mazocraes macracantlnim, new species 48 MiCROCOTYLIDAE 50 Microcotyle priacanthi, new species 52 Gotocotyla acanthocybii, new genus, new species .... 53 Gotocotyla elagatis, new species 55 Thoracocotyle paradoxica, new species 57 Axine oligoplitis, new species 58 Axine seriolae, new species 59 Axine elongata, new species 61 Axine aberrans Goto, 1894 62 Pseudaxine mexicana, new species 63 Protomicrocotyle pacifica, new species 64 Cestracolpa cypseluri, new genus, new species 66 Cestracolpa yamagutii, new species 69 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 71 LITERATURE CITED 72 SOME MONOGENETIC TREMATODES FROM THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS AND THE NEIGHBORING PACIFIC* (With Seven Plates) Frank G. Meserve University of Nebraska This paper is an account and description of new species of ecto- parasitic trematodes found on marine fishes in the south Pacific in the region of the Galapagos Islands. The animals were collected and preserved by Professor H. W. Manter, who was a member of the G. Allan Hancock Expedition to the Galapagos Islands in 1934. All the specimens were collected in January, February, and early March. In the preliminary report Manter (1934) states: Over 500 marine fish, representing approximately 100 species, were examined for parasites. Approximately 100 species of trematodes were collected, 80 per cent of the species of fish and 43 per cent of the individuals examined being infected. Approximately 20 per cent of the trematodes collected were Monogenea. The writer wishes to extend acknowledgment and express sincere thanks to Professor H. W. Manter, under whose direction these studies were made. All descriptions were made from specimens col- lected by him with the exception of type material of Protomicroco- tyle which was made available through the courtesy of Doctor E. W. Price. Particularly valuable in this research was the loan of books and reprints from Professor Manter^s personal library. The writer is also indebted to Professor T. J. Fitzpatrick of the University of Nebraska for his valuable aid in securing periodicals and reprints from other libraries. Special acknowledgment is given to Doctor E. W. Price of the Bureau of Animal Husbandry, U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, for the loan of type material of Protomicrocotyle mirabile (MacCallum, 1918) from the United States National Mu- seum. He also reviewed this paper and made some corrections before it went to the publisher. Sincere gratitude is also expressed to Pro- fessor D. D. Whitney of the University of Nebraska who co-operated in many ways and expressed a keen and kindly interest throughout these studies. * Studies from the Zoological Laboratories, University of Nebraska, No. 195. [31] 32 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 No new methods of technique were used. The animals were killed in formol-alcohol-acetic acid solution (formalin 6^ parts, 50 per cent alcohol 100 parts, glacial acetic acid 2^^ parts) under a cover glass to flatten the specimen. After several hours the killing solution was removed and the specimens were preserved in 70 per cent alcohol. Specimens were stained in Delafield's haematoxylin. Some were counterstained with orange G, eosin, or erythrosin. Serial sec- tions were made except where there were few specimens. Toto mounts were cleared in cedar oil and serial sections in xylol. All were mounted in balsam. Identification of fish hosts of these trematodes is often incom- plete. Unless otherwise indicated the fishes were indentified by H. W. Manter and Dr. Waldo Schmitt. Because no specialist on fishes was available at the time of collecting, these identifications cannot be considered as authoritative. However, an identification thus made is used only after reasonable satisfaction that it is correct. Some specimens, especially of the smaller fishes, were sent to the United States National Museum and kindly identified by Dr. G. S. Myers. These identifications are indicated in the text. The names of all fish hosts, as far as identified, are as listed in Jordan, Evermann and Clark's checklist (1930). Types of all new species will be deposited in the United States National Museum at Washington, D. C. Paratypes will be located at The University of Southern California. The recent comprehensive studies of Price (1937, 1937a) on the Monogenea make extensive history and bibliographies unnecessary. The descriptions in this paper are condensed to serve as specific diagnoses. Family: CAPSALIDAE Baird, 1853 Subfamily: Benedeniinae Johnston, 1931 Monticelli (1903) in a revision of the genus Epibdella Blain- ville, 1827* divided it into those with true suckers, subgenus Bene- denia Odhner, 1905 and those with pseudosuckers, subgenus Phylline * "The date 1828 is usually quoted, but Sherborn (Index Animalium, pt. ix., 1926, p. 2169) recorded the genus as having been published by Blainville in Diet. Sci. Nat., vol. xlvii., 1827, p. 269, and in vol. Ivii., 1828, p. 567."— [from Johnston (1929)]. No. 5 meserve: monogenetic trematodes 33 Oken, 1815 (P. hippoglossij. Phylline was shown by Odhner (1905) to be a synonym of Tristomum maculatum Rudolphi, 1819 (which in turn is now considered a synonym of Capsala). The type of Epibdella is E. hippoglossi (Mueller, 1776) which possesses pseudo- suckers. Odhner (1905) elevated the subgenus Benedenia to generic rank, resulting in two genera, Epibdella with pseudosuckers and Benedenia with true suckers. Johnston (1929) points out that Epib- della should be submerged as a synonym of Entobdella. Johnston (1929) says: In 1817 Cuvler, in his "Le Regne Animal," vol. 4, erected the genus Tristoma, describing and figuring one species, T. coccineum. Next year Lamarck (1818, 295) gave a summary of Phylline, mentioned the synonymy of P. hippoglossi, and stated his belief that the parasites were related to Poly stoma instead of Annelids (leeches), where they had been allotted. He also referred to Blainville's manuscript name, Entobdella, for the genus, but retained Oken's Phylline. The reference was quoted erroneously by Braun (1889) as appearing in Lamarck's vol. 1, p. 444, and subse- quently (1890, 518) he indicated the genus with the date 1815 (when vol. 1 appeared) as a synonym of Epibdella. Stiles and Hassall (1908. 251) credit Entob- della to Audouin 1828, whereas Agassiz (1845) and Scudder (1884), in their respective Nomenclatores Zoologici, attribute it to Blainville, but without mentioning a date. Sherborn, in his Index Animalium, gives the correct date (1818) for Entob- della (Blainville MS.) Lamarck. It was not mentioned by Rudolphi (1819), and has remained practically unrecognized since. Yamaguti (1937) uses the genus name Epibdella with two sub- genera, Epibdella and Benedenia, and classifies it in the family Cap~ salidae. He does not explain his adoption of these names but evi- dently does not follow either Odhner or Johnston. The subgenus Epibdella seems to possess anterior suckers and the subgenus Bene- denia seems to possess anterior suckers together with the folds of "an anterior adhesive organ," thus corresponding to the genera Benedenia and Pseudobenedenia, respectively, of Johnston (1931). Johnston (1931) in a revision of the family Capsalidae Baird, 1853 {Tristoviidae Taschenberg, 1879) names the subfamily Cap- s alinae ]o\in?,lon, 1931 {T ristominae MonlxcQWi, 1903) with Capsala (Tristoma) as the type genus characterized by numerous radii in the posterior haptor; the subfamily Nitzschinae Johnston, 1931 with Nitzschia von Baer as the type genus characterized by numerous testes and a median genital pore; Ancyrocotylinae Monticelli, 1902; Benedeniinae Johnston, 1931. Johnston (1931) gives the following diagnosis of the subfamily Benedeniinae: 34 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 Capsalidae with, large stalked posterior suckers, provided with typically, three pairs of hooks, the second pair largest, the third smallest (or perhaps absent), but without septa dividing it into loculi; either with anterior glandular organs (Entob- della) or with anterior suckers (Benedenxa), or with both (Pseudobenedenia) ; with two testes lying side by side. I include the following subfamilies under the family Capsalidae: Capsalinae Johnston, 1931, Nitzschinae Johnston, 1931, and Bene- deniinae ]o\v!\%ion, 1931. The genera of the subfamily Benedeniinae may be distinguished as follows: 1 (2) Lateral intestinal branches absent Ancyrocotyle Parona and Perugia, 1903 2 (1) Lateral intestinal branches present 3 3 (4) True anterior suckers absent; anterior adhesive organs present Entobdella Blainville, 1818* 4 (3) True anterior suckers present 5 5 (6) Anterior adhesive organs present Pseudobenedenia Johnston, 1931 6 (5) Anterior adhesive organs absent Benedenia Odhner, 1905 According to Johnston (1931, p. 95) Ancyrocotylinae should be restricted to include Ancyrocotyle with a single preovarian testis and the absence of lateral branches to the intestinal crura. Price (1934), however, places Ancyrocotyle in the subfamily Benedeniinae. It was suggested by him that, due to the fact that the material of Ancyrocotyle vallei was in poor condition, there might have been an error in interpreting the preovarian testis. A. bartschi Price, 1934 has two testes posterior to the ovary. In this paper, the genus name Benedenia is accepted for those forms with true anterior suckers. The following species of Benedenia have been described: 1. B. derzhavini (Layman, 1930) n. comb, on Sebastodes schle- gelii. *Lamarck (1818) in referring to Phylline Oken states: "Ce genre est etabli par M. Ochen, sous le nom que nous lui conservons, et neanmons M. de Blainville, que I'avait deja reconnu, lui assigna celui de Entobdella, dans ses manuscrits." No. 5 meserve: monogenetic trematodes 3S 2. B. epinepheli (Yamaguti, 1937) n. comb, on Epinephelus akaara. 3. B. hendorfin (von Linstow, 1889) on Sciaena aquilla. 4. B. ishikawae (Goto, 1894) on Lethrinus sp. 5. B. macrocolpa (Liihe, 1906) on Rhinoptera javanica. 6. B. melleni (MacCallum, 1927) n. comb, on Spheroides annu- latus, etc. 7. B. monticelli (Parona and Perugia, 1895) on Mugil auratus. 8. B. ovata (Goto, 1894) on Anthias schlegell 9. B. seriolae (Yamaguti, 1934) n. comb, on Sebastodes aureo- vittata. 10. B. sciaenae (van Beneden, 1858) on Sciaena aquilla. 11. B. sebastodis (Yamaguti, 1934) n. comb, on Sebastodes inermis. 12. B. sekii (Yamaguti, 1937) n. comb, on Pagrosomus unicolor. Benedenia isabellae, new species (Plate 4, figs. 1-2) Host: Unidentified, spotted, grouper-like fish Location: Gills Locality: Isabel Island, Mexico Number: 5 specimens Body elongated oval, 3.282 to 5.113 mm. in length by 1.820 to 2.5 mm. in greatest width. Posterior haptor circular, not indented, 0.848 to 1.56 mm. in diameter, with irregularly notched, relatively wide marginal membrane. The anterior pair of hooks 0.118 to 0.424 mm. in length, straight, sharply pointed at one end, truncated at the other end. Middle pair of hooks 0.271 to 0.424 mm. in length, fairly stout, straight except for a recurved point. Posterior pair of hooks 0.08 to 0.10 mm, in length, with fine, recurved point. Larval hooks not seen. Anterior suckers elliptical, with slightly elevated margins but without marginal membrane, 0.220 to 0.339 mm. in length by 0.305 to 0.390 mm. in width. Oral sucker broader than long, 0.220 to 0.339 mm. in length by 0.388 to 0.557 mm. in width, indented to form two to five lobes. Esophagus short, intestinal limbs with lateral branches. Testes approximately in mid-body, side by side and close together, with slightly lobed or crenate margin, longer than wide, 0.736 to 0.996 mm. by 0.520 to 0.693 mm., pierced by sixteen to twenty dorso-ventral muscles. Posterior to testes are two 36 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 small, smooth, elliptical bodies, broader than long, 0.056 to 0.067 mm. in length by 0.101 to 0.118 mm. in width. Similar structures were first described by Goto (1894) in Benedenia ovata. Their func- tion is problematic. The name glands of Goto is proposed for them. The cirrus sac extends less than halfway between oral sucker and ovary. Prostate glands fan-shaped, opposite cirrus sac, extending nearly to lateral edges of body and posteriorly almost to the ovary. The genital pore to the left opposite the middle of the oral sucker. Ovary median, partly pretesticular, partly between the anterior edges of the testes, elliptical, 0.305 to 0.557 mm. in length by 0.237 to 0.339 mm. in width, and pierced by eleven dorso-ventral muscles. Seminal receptacle intraovarian. Vitellaria extending from the oral sucker to the posterior end of the body. Yolk reservoir just anterior to ovary, transversely extended, constricted in middle. Vagina not seen. Egg triangular in surface view, 0.101 by 0.130 mm. with short, curved, stout appendage at one pole and a long, slender filament at the other. Comparisons. B. isabellae differs from B. ishikawae in possessing lobed testes and glands of Goto; from B. ovata in possessing lobed testes and nonindented haptor; from B. epinepheli in possessing lobed testes, perforated testes, more posterior genital pore as well as different hooks. It is most similar to B. melleni but has larger, more elongated, more lobed testes with more numerous perforations, with more expanded prostate glands, and glands of Goto. This species is named after its geographic location, Isabel Island, Mexico. Benedenia adenea, new species (Plate 4, figs. 3-4) Host: Mycteroperca sp. Location: Gills Locality: Socorro Island, Mexico Number: 5 Body elongated oval, 1.7 to 2.9 mm. in length by 1.256 to 1.773 mm. in greatest width. Posterior haptor circular, with indentations which form five lobes, 0.678 to 0.953 mm. in diameter, with irregu- larly notched, relatively wide marginal membrane. The anterior pair of hooks 0.084 to 0.118 mm., strong with relatively long projecting piece slightly oblique and posterior to base of hook, straight with points anterior in floor of haptor. Middle pair of hooks 0.169 to No. 5 meserve: monogenetic trematodes 37 0.237 mm. in length, relatively long and strong, sharp recurved points projecting anteriorly at the two indentations in posterior border of haptor. Posterior pair of hooks 0.050 to 0.084 mm. in length, straight except at very fine recurved tips. Larval hooks present 0.040 mm. in length. Anterior suckers elliptical, without marginal membrane, broader than long, 0.101 to 0.185 mm. in length by 0.117 to 0.254 mm. in width. Oral sucker broader than long, 0.169 to 0.332 mm. in length by 0.204 to 0.390 mm. in width, deeply five-lobed. Esophagus short, intestinal limbs with lateral branches. Testes approximately in mid-body, side by side and close together, smooth, unlobed, slightly longer than broad, 0.339 to 0.661 mm. in length by 0.288 to 0.491 mm, in width, pierced by twelve to seventeen dorso-ventral muscles. Posterior to testes are two kidney-bean shaped glands of Goto, broader than long, 0.03 mm. in length by 0.118 mm. in width, concave borders anterior and of same contour as posterior border of testes. The cirrus sac extends less than halfway between oral sucker and ovary. Prostate glands fan-shaped, opposite cirrus sac, extending nearly to lateral edges of body and posteriorly over halfway from oral sucker to ovary. The genital pore to left of oral sucker and an- terior to anterior border of oral sucker. Ovary median, partly pre- testicular, partly between anterior edges of testes, smooth, globular, unlobed, 0.152 to 0.305 mm. in length by 0.169 to 0.322 in width. Seminal receptacle intraovarian. Vitellaria coarsely acinous extend- ing from anterior suckers to posterior end and lateral to the sides. Yolk reservoir just anterior to ovary, one and one-half times the width of the ovary, over twice as wide as long and receives vitelline ducts from its lateral, anterior, and posterior borders. Vagina not seen. Egg triangular in outline appearing pyramidal from the ventral side. 0.092 mm. in length by 0.125 mm. in width, polar filament and appendage absent, lower border has thick ridge of shell material which also extends up middle of ventral side over halfway to an- terior end of egg. B. adenea is most similar to B. isabellae but differs in possessing smooth testes, more elongated glands of Goto, smaller size, more anterior genital pore, and more spherical ovary. It differs from B. ovata in possessing elongated glands of Goto and differently shaped hooks. B. xshxkawae differs in lacking glands of Goto. 38 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 The species name (denea-gland) is derived from the fact that it possesses glands of Goto posterior to the testes. Benedenia anadenea, new species (Plate 4, figs. 5-8) Host: Mycteroperca sp. Location: Gills Locality: Socorro Island, Mexico Number: 12 Body elongated oval, 2.1 to 3.99 mm. in length by 1.56 to 2.16 mm. in greatest width. Posterior haptor circular and strongly five- lobed, 0.076 to 1.12 mm. in diameter, broad unnotched marginal membrane. The anterior pair of hooks 0.067 to 0.118 mm. in length, straight with sharp points directed anteriorly. Middle pair of hooks 0.118 to 0.288 mm. in length, strong, arcuate with strongly recurved points directed anteriorly. Posterior pair of hooks 0.048 mm. in length, relatively slender with recurved points directed anteriorly. Larval hooks 0.028 to 0.080 mm. in length. Anterior suckers ellipti- cal, without marginal membrane, broader than long, 0.16 to 0.20 mm. in length by 0.16 to 0.27 mm. wide. Oral sucker broader than long 0.18 to 0.25 mm. in length by 0.30 to 0.42 mm, in width, five- lobed with slight indentations. Esophagus short, intestinal limbs with lateral branches. Testes approximately in mid-body, side by side and close together, smooth, unlobed, slightly longer than broad, 0.47 to 0.75 mm. in length by 0.50 to 0.54 mm. in width, pierced by eleven to seventeen dorso-ventral muscles. Glands of Goto absent. Cirrus sac bulbous, twice as long as wide, posterior to oral sucker extending halfway between oral sucker and ovary. Prostate glands fan-shaped opposite cirrus sac, extending nearly to lateral edges of body and posteriorly over halfway from oral sucker to ovary. The genital pore to left of oral sucker, anterior to anterior border of oral sucker. Ovary median, partly between anterior edges of testes, smooth, globular, unlobed, slightly broader than long, 0.169 to 0.254 mm. in length by 0.169 to 0.288 mm. in width. Seminal receptacle intraovarlan. Vltellaria extend from lateral borders of anterior suckers to posterior end of animal and lateral to sides. Yolk reservoir not visible. Vagina not seen. Egg triangular in surface view, 0.092 No. 5 meserve: monogenetic trematodes 39 mm. in length by 0.112 mm. in width, single polar filament extends posteriorly, 0.20 mm. in length. Discussion. The following observations on the histology of the posterior haptor may be of some interest. Unicellular high columnar gland cells are present in the posterior haptor. They have an almost spherical nucleus slightly anterior to the center of the cell with chro- matin granules aggregated around the nuclear wall. The diameter of the nucleus is over one half the width of the cell. A large area of secretory granules lies just anterior to the nucleus toward the border of the cell which is toward the border of the cell on inside of haptor. Other nonsecretory cells of the haptor are tall, columnar, and slightly wider than the gland cells. They have large elliptical nuclei at their bases. The chromatin is scattered in a network throughout the nuc- leus. The nucleolus was not visible. The gland cells have a heavily staining nucleolus toward one end of the nucleus. Comparisons. This species is very similar to B. melleni, which has testes which are smaller, lobed, with two to ten dorso-ventral muscles as compared with larger, smooth testes with eleven to seventeen dorso-ventral muscles. A prostate gland is present in both but is more compact and fan-shaped in B. anadenea. B. anadenea differs from B. adenea in not possessing glands of Goto and in having larger hooks. The name anadenea is given to this species since glands of Goto are absent. Genus: Entobdella Blainville, 1818 As previously stated the genus name Entobdella is used in this paper for Benedeniinae with false suckers. The following species of the genus Entobdella have been previ- ously described: E. bumpsii (Linton, 1900) on Lasyatis centrura. E. convoluta (Yamaguti, 1937) n. comb, on Epinephelus akaara. E. diadema (Monticelli, 1902) on Solea vulgaris. E. hippo glos si (Mueller, 1776), the type species on Spheroides annulatus, etc, E. producta (von Linstow, 1904) on Solea vulgaris. E. solea (van Ben. and Hesse, 1863) on Solea vulgaris. E. squamula (Heath, 1902) on Paralichthys calif ornicus. E. steingroveri (Cohn, 1916) on unidentified fish. 40 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 Entobdella muelleri, new species (Plate 4, fig. 9) Host: Cratinus agassizii Stelndachner* Location: Gills Locality: Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island, Galapagos Islands Number: 1 Body elongated oval, more than twice as long as wide, 4.116 mm. long by 1.603 mm. in greatest width. Posterior haptor circular and unlobed, 1.083 mm. in diameter with narrow marginal membrane. Anterior pair of hooks 0.176 mm. in length, straight, relatively strong. Middle pair of hooks large and powerful, 0.50 mm. in length, arcuate with recurved points. Posterior pair of hooks 0.100 mm. in length, straight, with short, fine recurved points. Larval hooks 0.020 mm. in length. Anterior pseudosuckers 0.508 mm. in length, ellipti- cal, slightly broader than long with thin, flat crenate margins. Oral sucker weakly five-lobed, slightly broader than long, 0.440 mm. in width. Pharynx present and can be seen in ventral view through mouth opening as two kidney-shaped muscular structures close to- gether with concave sides toward each other. Esophagus probably present but not visible. Intestinal limbs with lateral branches, not united posteriorly. Testes approximately in mid-body, side by side and close together, smooth, unlobed, slightly longer than broad, small, 0.339 mm. in length by 0.235 mm. in width, each pierced by nine dorso-ventral muscles. Glands of Goto 0.080 mm. in length by 0.048 mm. in width, elliptical, longer than broad, tipped obliquely toward each other anteriorly and located a relatively great distance posterior to testes. Cirrus sac bulbous, approximately twice as long as wide, just posterior to left of oral sucker, not quite one third of distance from oral sucker to ovary. Genital pore to left of oral sucker opposite mouth approximately two thirds distance from posterior to anterior border of oral sucker. Ovary elliptical, smooth, broader than long, relatively far anterior to testes, 0.305 mm. in length by 0.339 mm. in width, smaller than testes. Seminal receptacle intra- ovarian. Vitellaria extend from anterior suckers to posterior end of animal. Yolk reservoir anterior to ovary, three times as long as broad, its width approximately equal to width of ovary, slightly * For the identification of this host the writer is indebted to Dr. G. S. Myers of the United States National Museum. No. 5 meserve: monogenetic trematodes 41 constricted in middle. Vagina not seen. No mature egg present in type specimen. Comparisons. E. muelleri differs from E. hippoglossi in possess- ing no papillae in posterior haptor. It differs from E. soleae in having no papillae on the body. It is more similar to E. steingroveri but its posterior hooks are different. The posterior hooks of E. steingroveri are split almost their whole length. The posterior hooks of E. muelleri are not split. E. muelleri has glands of Goto which are absent in E. steingroveri and differs from E. convoluta which has no glands of Goto, possesses an anterior adhesive hood connecting the pseudo- suckers and an extremely long cirrus pouch. Since there is only one specimen, the type, the species is pro- visional. E. muelleri is named after Mueller, who named the type species of the genus. Encotyllabe pagrosomi MacCallum, 1917 (Plate 5, figs. 10-12) Host: Caulolatilus sp. Location: Gills Locality: James Island, Galapagos Islands Number: 1 The following species of Encotyllabe Diesing, 1850 have been described to date: E. nordmanni Dies., 1850, E. pagelli van Ben. and Hesse, 1863, E. pagrosomi MacCal., 1917, E. paronae Mont., 1907, E. spari Yamaguti, 1934, E. vallei Mont., 1907 and E. lintoni Monti- celli, 1909. Only one specimen was collected for which reason it is provision- ally identified as E. pagrosomi. Price (1937) has redescribed E. pagrosomi and the comparisons made in this paper are based on his redescription. MacCallum's four specimens were from the "mouth and throat" of Pagrosomus aurattis (Houttuyn). Price (1937) gives the follow- ing measurements for MacCallum's material: 5.0 to 5.4 mm, in length; 1.4 mm. in width. The specimen of the author is 2.166 mm. in length by 1.266 mm. at its greatest width. Its large hooks measure 0.254 mm. as compared to 0.360 to 0.380 mm. The width of the large hooks is 0.080 mm. which is one half the length of MacCal- 42 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 lum's (0.152 to 0.172 mm.). The small hooks are approximately the same size (0.028 as compared to 0.030 mm.). Other structures are correspondingly smaller. Family: DICLIDOPHORIDAE Cerfontaine, 1896 Subfamily: Diclidophorinae Cerfontaine, 1896 Price (1936) includes Diclidophora in a new superfamily Dicli- dophoroidea and retains it in the order Polypisthocotylea Odhner. He removes D. affinis Linton, 1901 and D. cynoscioni MacCallum, 1907 from the genus Diclidophora and places them in Heterobothrium Cerfontaine. The genera of the subfamily Diclidophorinae can be separated by the following key. 1 (2) Cirrus hooks single Diclidophoropsis Galllen 2 (1) Cirrus hooks double 3 3 (4) Posterior suckers sessile 7 4 (3) Posterior suckers on pedicels 5 5 (6) Three pairs of pedicellate suckers and a long median posterior extension of body Pedocotyle MacCallum 6 (5) Four pairs pedicellate suckers, no posterior extension of body Diclidophora Diesing 7 (8) Testes numerous, extending from genital pore to first pair of posterior suckers Cyclobothrium Cerfontaine 8 (7) Testes few, posterior to ovary Heterobothrium Cerfontaine The following seven species of Diclidophora have been described to date: D. chrysophryi (v. Ben. and Hess., 1863) v. Ben. and Hess., 1895 on Chysophrys aurata. D. elongata Goto, 1894 on Pagrus tumifrons and Cymothoa sp. D. labracis Cerfontaine, 1896 on Labrax lupus. D. merlangi (Kuhn, 1828) Kryer, 1838 on Merlangus vulgaris. D. neomaenis MacCallum, 1917 on Prionotus carolinus. D. smaris (Ijima, 1894) Goto, 1894 on Smaris vulgaris. D. taschenbergii Parona and Perugia, 1889 on Sargus rondeletii. No. 5 meserve: monogenetic trematodes 43 Diclidophora caulolatili, new species (Plate 5, figs. 13-15) Host: Caulolatilus princeps (Jenyns) Location: Gills Locality: Tagus Cove, Albemarle and Chatham Islands, Galapagos Islands Number: 2 Body lanceolate, somewhat pointed and tapering at the anterior end, 4.506 to 5.970 mm. in length by 0.784 to LI 70 mm. at greatest width. Posterior haptor approximately one third total body length with eight elliptical posterior suckers on tips of relatively long pedi- cels which are approximately equal in length. Posterior pair of suckers approximately one half diameter of other three pairs. An- terior pair of posterior suckers 0.339 by 0.373 mm. in length by 0.339 to 0.407 mm. in width, chitinous skeleton (fig. 14) complex with eight chitinous pieces and four spines, eight pieces, one ventral, broad, Y-shaped piece, one pair of short pieces lateral to Y-shaped rod, one pair joining these and imbedded in the lateral wall of the sucker, a single upright piece with a pair of curved lateral rods joining it at the distal end; four spines with bulbous bases and fine recurved points at top of sucker with faces imbedded in sucker wall and having exposed sharp points. Anterior suckers relatively large, without membranous septa, elliptical, longer than broad, 0.127 to 0.169 mm. in length by 0.084 to 0.135 mm. in width. Pharynx bulb- shaped, longer than wide, 0.080 to 0.120 mm. in length by 0.044 by 0.076 mm. in width. Esophagus relatively long and slender, bifur- cating just in front of genital pore to form intestinal limbs with lateral branches. Testes smooth, almost spherical, extending from ovary to posterior haptor, fifty-six to sixty-five in number. Cirrus armed with thirteen double recurved hooks. Cirrus hooks 0.012 to 0.016 mm. in length. Genital pore just posterior to bifurcation of esophagus well forward in the anterior part of the worm on ventral side in mid-line. The distance from anterior end of worm to genital pore is 0.271 to 0.424 mm. Size of opening of genital pore is 0.02 mm., diameter of outer rim 0.06 mm. Ovary slightly to left side of mid-line in middle part of body proper, vertical arm approximately twice diameter of horizontal arm, posterior arm at right angles to upright vertical arm and bent in form of a C with ends open and directed posteriorly. Seminal receptacle large to right of ovary, C- 44 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 shaped and sac-like with open ends of C to left, lower arm of C directed anteriorly (fig. 13), approximately length and diameter of lower horizontal arm of ovary. Genitointestinal canal present. Vitel- laria separated anteriorly extending from genital pore to middle of posterior haptor where they unite. Two vitelline ducts unite in mid- line about one third distance from genital pore to ovary forming common yolk duct which extends straight posteriorly turning to right at lower end before joining oviduct. No mature egg present. Comparisons. D. caulolatili is most like D. neoviaenis. In both species the posterior pair of suckers is smaller than the anterior pairs. D. neomaenis is larger (9.0 mm. in length as compared to 4.5 to 4.9 mm.) and has twenty-five testes and twelve cirrus hooks, whereas D. caulolatili has fifty-six to sixty-five testes and thirteen cirrus hooks. D. caulolatili is named after the genus of the host, Caulolatilus. Heterobothrium ecuadori, new species (Plate 5, figs. 16-19) Host: Cheilichthys aimulatus (Jenyns) Location: Gills Locality: Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island, Galapagos Is- lands, San Francisco, Ecuador Number: 4 Body lanceolate, thin, flat, and left side with pronounced greater curvature, 2.903 to 3.466 mm. in length by 0.866 to 1.256 mm. in greatest width, three times as long as wide. Posterior haptor not separated from body proper, approximately one fourth total body length, 0.763 to 1.017 mm. in length by 0.915 to 1.213 mm. in greatest width. Four pairs of posterior suckers arranged in the shape of a horseshoe, four on each side with open end of horseshoe pointing anteriorly, elliptical, slightly broader than long, 0.152 to 0.203 mm. in length by 0.186 to 0.271 mm. in width. Chitinous skeleton (fig. 19) consists of two lateral pieces on each side and a central piece with short, T-shaped distal end. Mouth slightly sub- terminal leading into large mouth cavity. Anterior mouth suckers large, elliptical, longer than wide, 0.169 to 0.220 mm. in length by 0.118 to 0.186 mm. in width. Pharynx large, elliptical, slightly wider than long, 0.084 to 0.118 mm. in length to 0.085 to 0.120 mm. in width. Esophagus very short without lateral branches. Intestinal No. 5 meserve: monogenetic trematodes 45 limbs with lateral branches, unite at posterior end of worm. Testes in median line posterior to ovary, twenty-seven to forty in number, smooth, unlobed, closely packed and irregular in shape. Cirrus spherical with fourteen to sixteen strong double hooks arranged in a circle with powerful sucker just below hooks. Diameter of cirrus 0.116 to 0.114 mm. Length of cirrus hooks 0.038 to 0.048 mm. Genital pore well forward in mid-line about posterior part of first eighth of animal, width of opening 0.020 mm. surrounded by cir- cular to elliptical rim 0.036 to 0.040 mm. in diameter. Ovary situated in mid-line in posterior part of first third of animal, ovarian region 0.254 to 0.407 mm. in length, diameter of ovary at widest part 0.084 to 0.135 mm., U-shaped with open end to right, lower arm smaller in diameter with pronounced enlargement at lower end. Vagina absent. Genitointestinal canal present. Vitelline ducts unite at upper end of ovary to form large yolk duct. Vitellaria extend from genital pore to haptor, separated in front, united behind. Eggs elongated oval with short polar knob at anterior end and long filament at pos- terior end, 0.152 to 0.169 mm. in length by 0.052 to 0.076 mm. in width, length of filament 0.200 to 0.203 mm. Comparisons. H. ecuadori is similar to H. tetrodonis (Goto, 1894) but is much smaller, 2.9 to 3.4 mm. in length as compared to 5.0 to 15.0 mm., has tv/elve to fourteen cirrus hooks as compared to ten and the vitellaria extend to the posterior haptor as compared to vitellaria being absent in posterior half of H. tetrodonis. H. ecuadori is named after its geographic location, Ecuador. Heterobothrium galapagensis, new species (Plate 5, figs. 20-21) Host: Paranthias furcifer (Cuv. and Val.) Location: Gills Locality: Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island, Galapagos Is- lands Number: 1 Body thin and flat, anterior end bluntly pointed, 1.560 mm. in length by 0.457 mm. in greatest width at middle of body, left side of body with pronounced outward curve, tapering anteriorly and posteriorly from the middle. Approximately same width across an- terior end in front of haptor. Posterior haptor relatively short and broad, 0.254 mm. in length by 0.542 in width. Four posterior suckers 46 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 present, the rest apparently having been torn off, each sucker ellipti- cal, slightly longer than wide, 0.088 to 0.092 mm. in length by 0.072 to 0.076 mm. in width. Anterior suckers large with membran- ous septa, elliptical, longer than wide, 0.100 mm. in length by 0.096 mm. in width. Pharynx 0.056 mm. in length by 0.036 mm. in width, bulb-shaped, longer than wide. Esophagus relatively short, intestinal limbs with lateral branches. Testes relatively large extending from middle of ovarian region to posterior haptor, elliptical to slightly angular, smooth, unlobed, thirty-seven in number. Vas deferens rela- tively wide and tortuous. Cirrus bulb-shaped with six small double hooks. Cirrus 0.048 mm. in diameter. Cirrus hooks 0.012 mm. in length. Genital pore well forward in mid-line at level of anterior border of vitellaria. Ovary approximately in middle of body in mid- line, in shape of inverted U tilted obliquely to left with open end of U pointing posteriorly, lower arm broader than upper arm, length of ovarian region 0.220 mm. in length by 0.203 mm. in width. Ovi- duct arises from lower end of right arm of ovary. Vitelline ducts arise from vitellaria at about level of middle of ovary. Common vitelline duct relatively broad, passing obliquely posterior to right of ovary. Vitelline glands coarsely acinous, from genital pore to hap- tor, separated in front, slightly confluent at posterior end. Uterus relatively wide, almost straight. No mature egg present. Discussion. Since there was only one specimen this species is provisional. Heterobothrium normally has eight suckers. H. gala- pagensis has only four. It is quite obvious that there is a vacant space on the right side of the haptor where, no doubt, was once a sucker. If this missing sucker were present there would still be only five. Since the other generic characters are typical of the genus it is provisionally placed in Heterobothrium. Comparisons. H. galapagensis differs from H. tetrodonis (Goto) and H. ecuadori in the shape of the body which is more or less dis- tinctly divided into three regions, an anterior portion in front of the genital pore separated by a slight constriction, the middle part of the body which tapers toward the haptor, and the posterior haptor which is broad and distinctly marked off from the body. The cirrus of this species has only six hooks, H. tetrodonis has ten, and H. ecuadori has twelve to fourteen. H. galapagensis gets its name from its geographic location, the Galapagos Islands. No. 5 meserve: monogenetic trematodes 47 Family: HEXOSTOMATIDAE Price, 1936 Hexostoma euthynni, new species (Plate 6, figs. 22-24) Host: Euthynnus alletteratus (Rafinesque) Location: Gills Locality: James Island, Galapagos Islands Number: 1 Body elongated, tapering anteriorly from ovary, anterior end pointed, constricted at middle of body proper posterior to ovary, 5.853 mm. in length by 0.953 mm. in width. Posterior haptor large, 0.953 mm. in length by 1.30 mm. in width, slightly wider than the widest part of body. Eight large posterior suckers, elliptical, broader than long, 0.203 mm. in length by 0.339 mm. in width, arranged somewhat in form of a horseshoe. Each sucker has three heavy X- shaped, chitinous, skeletal pieces imbedded longitudinally in its walls, middle skeletal piece longer, imbedded in septum which divides sucker into two parts; one X-shaped skeletal piece imbedded in wall in each side of sucker. Two pairs of hooks at posterior end of animal; anterior pair larger with a base which is imbedded and parallel to the rest of the hook which is straight and points posteri- orly, 0.068 mm. in length. Smaller pair of hooks approximately one half the size of larger hooks, situated between and posterior to larger anterior pair. Mouth subterminal, ventral. Two anterior mouth suckers elliptical, longer than broad, 0.056 mm. in length by 0.04 mm. in width. Small pharynx just posterior to anterior suckers. Esophagus short, bifurcating anterior to genital pore. Intestinal limbs with lateral branches, not united behind. Cirrus consists of cup- shaped body with two bean-shaped bodies attached to it posteriorly. Diameter of cirrus cup 0.068 mm. Bean-shaped bodies 0.072 mm. in length. Spines of bean-shaped body straight, sharp, pointed toward mid-line and obliquely downward, 0.012 mm. in length. Testes small, slightly lobed, in mid-line in anterior part of posterior half of animal, twenty-six in number, length of testicular region 0.848 mm., width 0.271 mm. Vas deferens leaves base of penis cup passing posteriorly dorsal and to right of uterus. From genital pore to halfway to ovary it is slender without coils. It then broadens to over twice its anterior width and passes posteriorly by tortuous windings. Genital pore in mid-line, ventral, near posterior end just 48 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 posterior to bifurcation of esophagus to form intestinal limbs. Ovary in mid-line at posterior part of anterior third of animal, slender in diameter, U-shaped with open end of U pointing posteriorly. Start- ing on the left side the ovary passes forward and winds back and forth laterally about ten times and then turns to the right and passes horizontally across the mid-line and turns abruptly posteriorly and winds horizontally about six times. Oviduct arises from ovary at posterior end of right arm. Vitelline glands from slightly posterior to genital pore to anterior part of posterior third of testicular region, separated anteriorly and posteriorly but confluent between ovary and anterior part of testicular region. Uterus relatively wide and straight. Eggs with anterior and posterior filaments, 0.168 to 0.203 mm, in length by 0.072 to 0.080 mm. in width. Anterior and pos- terior polar filaments approximately 0.10 mm. in length. Comparisons. H. euthynni is considerably different from any previously described species. It varies particularly in the chitinous skeleton of the posterior suckers. Each sucker has three X-shaped bars parallel to the anterior-posterior axis of the body. The sucker is divided into two portions with a long bar separating the two sides and a short one imbedded in the lateral wall of the sucker on each side. Since this description was made from only one specimen the species is provisional. The species name is derived from the genus name of the host, Euthynnus alletteratus (Rafinesque). Family: MAZOCRAEIDAE Price, 1936 Mazocraes macracanthum, new species (Plate 6, figs. 25-29) Host: Unidentified species of mackerel Location: Gills Locality: Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island, Galapagos Is- lands Number: 8 Body elongated, lanceolate, tapering anteriorly, slightly broader posteriorly, 1.473 to 2.340 mm. in length by 0.356 to 0.474 mm. in width. Posterior haptor relatively large, separated from rest of body by slight constriction, with eight posterior suckers arranged in two No. 5 meserve: monogenetic trematodes 49 parallel rows. Posterior suckers elliptical, wider than long, anterior pair smaller, 0.048 to 0.060 mm. in length by 0.060 to 0.068 mm. in width; other three pairs 0.056 to 0.068 mm. in length by 0.068 to 0.080 mm. in width. Chitinous skeleton (fig. 27) of four pieces, central piece heavy, very broad, bifurcated and blunt posteriorly, bifurcated anteriorly with two sharp points which are recurved, sharply pointed, pointing toward base of sucker; two pairs of lateral pieces, heavy, uniting posteriorly; an anterior piece horizontally across top of sucker with ends bent slightly and pointing toward base of sucker. Two pairs of hooks at posterior end of body between posterior pair of suckers. Outer pair extremely large and stout, 0.100 to 0.132 mm. in length, solid with sharp, recurved points, opposite ends (anterior roots) truncate, anterior root one third distance from distal end; proximal half of hook deeply grooved on its surface. Inner pair hooks approximately one sixth length of larger pair, 0.02 mm. in length, filiform, with sharp recurved points, possessing a process about one third the distance from the distal end, posterior end of hook slightly turned up at end. Each sucker with skeletal apparatus of four pieces. Mouth subterminal, ventral. Anterior mouth suckers large, elliptical, broader than long, without mem- branous septa. Pharynx bulb-shaped, near anterior suckers, slightly longer than wide. Esophagus relatively long, slender, bifurcating approximately one half distance from anterior end of animal to ovary. Intestinal limbs extend posteriorly to anterior end of posterior pair of suckers, not united posteriorly, with lateral branches. Cirrus consists of central bulb-shaped body 0.052 to 0.064 mm. in diameter. Two lateral bean-shaped bodies of cirrus longer than wide, 0.048 mm. in length. Five pairs of cirrus hooks, one pair of stout, long hooks with broad bifurcated bases and sharp slightly curved points, and four pairs of smaller inner hooks which have bulb-shaped bases and taper gradually from the proximal to distal ends and are slightly curved from base to point. Testes large, few in number (ten), smooth, unlobed, broader than long and angular, to right of and posterior to ovary in anterior part of posterior half of animal. Genital pore in mid-line near anterior end, about one half the distance from anterior end of animal to bifurcation of esophagus. Ovary in middle of body to left of mid-line, U-shaped with open end of U pointing anteriorly, both arms approximately the same length and of uniform diameter throughout. Oviduct leaves anterior part of right arm of 50 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 ovary and bends obliquely posterior toward mid-line. Vitellaria rela- tively fine, acinous, from halfway between genital pore and bifurca- tion of esophagus to level of anterior pair of posterior suckers. Vitelline ducts unite in mid-line anterior to ovary. Common yolk duct very large with diameter as great as diameter of ovary. No eggs present. Comparisons. M. macracanthum is most similar to Octocotyle minor Goto, 1894. The length of the posterior suckers in O. minor is 0.03 mm. as compared with 0.056 to 0.064 mm.; there are six pairs of cirrus hooks as compared with five; and the large pair of posterior hooks measures 0.037 mm. in length as compared with 0.100 to 0.123 mm. M. macracanthum gets its name from the fact that the posterior hooks are extremely large. Family: MICROCOTYLIDAE Tachenberg, 1879 Genus: Microcotyle van Ben. and Hesse, 1863 The genus Microcotyle is a very large one. At least fifty-eight species have been named. For reference purposes these species are listed alphabetically with their hosts. 1. M. acanthophallus MacCal. and MacCal., 1913 on Roccus lineatus. 2. M. acanthurum Par. and Per., 1890 on Brama rayi. 3. M. alcedinis Par. and Per., 1890 on Smarts alcedo, Maena trachini and M. vulgaris. 4. M. angelichthys MacCal., 1913 on Holocanthus ciliaris. 5. M. angelichthys -towns endi MacCal., 1916 on Angelichthys towns endi. (Note: In the description this is written with- out the hyphen as M. angelichthys townsendi. The hyphen is being inserted here so that the name will be binomial and comply with the rules of nomenclature. Without doubt, Mac- Callum did not mean to create a subspecies.) 6. M. archosargiA'lacCa.l., 1913 on Archosargus probatocephalus. 7. M. australiensis MacCal., 1921 on Pomatomus saltatrix. 8. M. australis Murray, 1931 on Sparus australis. 9. M. bassensis Murray, 1931 on Platycephalus bassensis. 10. M. branchiostegi Yamaguti, 1937 on Branchiostegus japonicus. No. 5 meserve: monogenetic trematodes 51 11. M. canthari van Ben. and Hesse, 1863 on Cantharus grisseus, C. lineatus, and C. brama. 12. M. carangis MacCal., 1913 on Caranx crysos. 13. M. caudata Goto, 1894 on Sebastes sp. 14. M. centrodonti Brown, 1929 on Pagellus centrodontus. 15. M. centropristes MacCal., 1913 on Centropristes striatus. 16. M. cepolae Yamaguti, 1937 on Cepola schlegeli. 17. M. chiri Goto, 1894 on C hints hexagrammus. 18. M. chrysophryi van Ben. and Hesse on Chrysophryi vul- garis. 19. M. donovani van Ben. and Hesse, 1863 on Labrus donovani. 20. M. draconis Briot, 1904 on Trachinus draco. 21. M. elegans Goto, 1894 on Scombrops chilodipteroides. 22. M. eriensis Bangham and Hunter, 1936 on Aplodinotus grun- niens. 23. M. erythrini van Ben. and Hesse, 1863 on Pagellus erythrinus P. acarne and Box boops. 24. M. eueides MacCal. and MacCal.. 1913 on Roccus lineatus. 25. M. fusiformis Goto, 1894 on Centronotus rubulosus. 26. M. gotoi Yamaguti, 1934 on Hexagrammos otakii. 27. M. hiatulae Goto, 1899 on Hiatula onitis. 28. M. incisa Linton, 1910 on N eomaenia grisseus. 29. M. incomparabilis MacCal., 1917 on Caranx ruber. 30. M. labracis van Ben. and Hesse, 1863 on Labrax lupus. 31. M. longicauda Goto, 1899 on Cynoscion regale. 32. M. lichiae Ariola, 1899 on Lichia aviia. 33. M. macroura MacCal. and MacCal., 1913 on Roccus lineatus. 34. M. mormyri Lorenz, 1878 on Pagellus mormyrus. 35. Af. mugilis Vogt, 1878 on Mugil cephalus. 36. M. pagrosomi Murray, 1931 on Pagrosomus auratus. 37. M. pancerii Sonsino, 1891 on Umbrina cirrhosa. 38. M. pogoniae MacCal., 1913 on Pogonias cromis. 39. M. polynemi MacCal., 1917 on Polynemus auratus. 40. M. poviatomi Goto, 1899 on Pomatomus saltatrix. 41. M. pomocanthi MacCal., 1915 on Pomocanthus arcuatus, Chaetodon ocellatus, Calavius arctijrons, Anisotremus vir- ginicus, Ephinephelus flavolimbatus, and Harpe rufa. 42. M. poronoti MacCal., 1915 on Poronotus triacanthus. 43. M. pyragraphorus MacCal. and MacCal., 1913 on Trachi- notus carolinus. 52 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 44. M. reticulata Goto, 1894 on Stromateus argenteus. 45. M. salpae Par. and Per., 1890 on Box salpa. 46. M. sargi Par. and Per., 1890 on Sargus rondeletii, S. annularis, S. salviani, and S. vulgaris. 47. M. sciaenae Goto, 1894 on Sciaena sina. 48. M. sciaenicola Murray, 1932 on Sciaena antarctica. 49. M. sebastis Goto, 1894 on Sepastes sp., S. maliger, S. caur- inus, S. melanops, and Sebastodes schlegeli. 50. M. sillaginae Woolcock, 1936 on Sillaginoides punctatus. 51. M. sp. Linton, 1907 on Calamus calayyius. 52. M. spari Yamaguti, 1937 on Spams longispinus. 53. M. spinicirrus MacCal., 1918 on Aplodinotus grunniens. 54. M. stenotomi Goto, 1899 on Stenotomus chrysops. 55. M. trachini Par. and Per.. 1899 on Trachinus radiatus. 56. M. truncata Goto, 1894 on Pristipoma japonicum. 57. M. victoriae Woolcock, 1936 on Helicolenus percoides. 58. M. virgatarum Tubangui, 1931 on Teuthis virgata. Microcotyle priacanthi, new species (Plate 6, figs. 30-32) Host: Priacanthus sp. Location: Gills Locality: Hood Island, Galapagos Islands Number: 4 Body long, slender, lanceolate, 2.980 to 4.333 mm. in length by 0.237 to 0.339 mm. in greatest width, tapering to a point at posterior end, anterior end attenuated and bluntly pointed. Posterior haptor long, approximately four fifths of total body length. Numerous (approximately 200) small posterior suckers 0.044 to 0.048 mm. in length by 0.060 to 0.064 mm. in width. Chitinous skeleton (fig. 32) of seven pieces, a central inverted U-shaped piece, one arm of U longer than the other and bifurcated at proximal end; two lateral pairs, relatively slender; one pair at distal end of lateral pairs ex- tending obliquely downward and toward center of sucker; one pair across top of sucker, somewhat beaded in appearance and convex on distal borders. Mouth subterminal, ventral. Pharynx almost spherical, 0.032 to 0.036 mm. in length by 0.032 to 0.040 mm. in width. Esophagus relatively short, bifurcating in front of genital pore. Intestinal limbs with lateral branches ending blindly. Anterior No. 5 meserve: monogenetic trematodes S3 suckers elliptical, broader than long, with membranous septa, 0.032 to 0.036 mm. in length by 0.060 to 0.064 mm. in width. Genital pore near anterior end, halfway from anterior end to vitellaria. Genital atrium (fig. 31) armed with two sets of hooks; sixteen in anterior set forming an incomplete circle, open posteriorly. Anterior genital hooks long, slender, 0.024 to 0.028 mm. in length. Twelve posterior hooks consisting of four strong chitinous spines with slightly recurved points on each side and four other hooks posterior and median pointing anteriorly and associated with a strong, mus- cular sucker-like structure. The paired posterior spines 0.020 to 0.032 mm. in length. Testes large, smooth, almost spherical, eleven in a single row posterior to ovary and extending almost to haptor. Ovary in middle of body in mid-line, shaped like a question mark from ventral side, right arm broader and about one half as long as left arm. Oviduct arises from lower part of right arm. Seminal recep- tacle spherical posterior to lower end of right arm. Vagina single, straight, dorsal, median, opening dorsally posterior to level of an- terior end of vitellaria. Vitellaria from just anterior to vaginal open- ing to short distance into haptor. No eggs present. Comparisons. M. priacanthi has eleven testes as compared to M. erythrini (which has ten) but differs in number, size, and ar- rangement of the genital spines and the posterior suckers. M. sargi has an incomplete corona of sixteen hooks in the genital atrium as compared to twenty-eight. M. momyri has 120 to 130 posterior suckers as compared with almost 200; its spines in the genital atrium differ greatly in number, size, and arrangement. M. chiri has a simi- lar cup-shaped organ in the genital atrium but has only sixty suckers and twenty-five testes as compared to 200 and eleven. M. sciaenae differs in number, size, and arrangement of the genital spines and the number and size of the posterior suckers. M. priacanthi is named after the genus name of the host, Pria- canthus. Gotocotyla acanthocybii, new species (Plate 6, figs. 33-36) Host: Acanthocybium solandri (Guv. and Val.) Location: Gills Locality: Galapagos Islands Number: IS 54 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. Body elongated, leaf-like, tapering at anterior end and rounded at posterior end, 6.283 to 11.093 mm. in length by 0.848 to 0.953 mm. in greatest width just anterior to haptor. Posterior haptor long, over one half total body length, 0.953 to 1.256 mm. in width at widest part, with two hooks at posterior end. These hooks measure 0.024 to 0.056 mm. in length and have sharp recurved points. Posterior suckers 223 to 245 in number arranged along each side of haptor, elliptical, broader than long, 0.072 to 0.076 mm. in length by 0.076 to 0.080 mm. in width. Chitinous skeleton of each sucker (fig. 35) consists of fifteen pieces; one median, large; two elongated, curved, in each side; two short curved pieces in base of sucker; and four pairs straight, slender, chitinous rods imbedded in wall on each side, equidistant from each other and in posterior half of sucker. Mouth ventral, sub-terminal. Pharynx bulb-shaped, slightly longer than broad, 0.056 to 0.064 mm. in length by 0.040 to 0.056 mm, in width. Esophagus relatively large in diameter with several lateral branches on each side, bifurcating just in front of genital pore. In- testinal limbs with lateral branches, uniting near posterior end. An- terior suckers elliptical, longer than broad, without membranous septa, 0.080 to 0.108 mm. in length by 0.044 to 0.048 mm. in width. Genital pore well forward about one third distance from anterior end to vitellaria. Genital atrium a large, globular cavity heavily armed with numerous (several hundred) spines 0.020 to 0.048 mm. in length, elliptical, twice as wide as long (fig. 33). Vas deferens dorsal to the uterus, opening at the flattened tip of an irregular glob- ular-shaped papilla which projects into cavity of genital atrium. This papilla may be the homologue of the cirrus of other forms. It appears to be muscular. Testes fifty-three to eighty-five in number, relatively small, irregular, smooth, posterior to ovary. Ovary situated at about middle of body in mid-line forming an inverted U, right arm shorter and of greater diameter than left arm, left arm with distinct en- largement at posterior end. Oviduct arises from lower end of right arm. Vitellaria relatively fine, acinous, extending from posterior part of anterior fifth of body to posterior end of animal, confluent be- hind, separated in front. Yolk ducts unite in mid-line at level of posterior third of ovary. Common yolk duct relatively short and slender. Eggs elliptical, over twice as long as wide, 0.140 to 0.208 mm. in length by 0.052 to 0.084 mm. in width, long polar filament at each end. Eggs vary in number from several to forty-seven. Ex- cretory pores open dorsally almost at extreme lateral edge of animal. No. 5 meserve: monogenetic trematodes 55 Comparisons. G. acanthocybii has 223 to 245 posterior suckers as compared to 120 in G. acanthurum (Par. and Per., 1890) and thirty-seven in G. carangis (MacCal., 1913). It also differs in size, number, and arrangement of genital spines and posterior suckers from G. acanthurum and G. carangis. G. acanthocybii is named after the genus of its host, Acantho- cybium. The genus Gotocotyla was named by Ishii in 1936, but at the present writing his paper is not available to the writer. The genus is apparently like Microcotyle, but with a pair of hooks at the pos- terior end of the body. Gotocotyla elagatis, new species (Plate 7, figs. 37-40) Host: Elagatis bipinnulatus (Quoy and Gaimard) Location : Gills Locality: Bahia Honda, Panama Number: 4 Body lanceolate, bluntly pointed at anterior end, pointed at pos- terior end, 3.263 to 6.200 mm. in length by 0.550 to 0.661 mm. in greatest width. Posterior haptor approximately one fourth entire body length, not distinctly marked off from rest of body proper, with ninety to 100 suckers. Posterior suckers slightly longer than broad, 0.044 to 0.060 mm. in length by 0.036 to 0.044 mm. in width. Chitinous skeleton of each sucker (fig. 39) complex, con- sisting of twenty-two pieces, two strong curved pieces on one side in lateral wall of sucker and two slender curved pieces on opposite side; one wide short piece on side bearing the two strong pieces, in base and extending obliquely outward almost one half the length of sucker; at base on other side one strong piece bent toward base of sucker at middle; eight to ten slender Inverted U-shaped pieces, equidistant apart in outer half of sucker on the side bearing the two slender upright curved rods; six small pieces scattered through- out lower half of sucker. Two hooks at posterior end, 0.40 to 0.48 mm. in length, with strongly recurved points bending to right and left away from each other with their points directed outward. An- terior suckers elliptical, longer than broad, 0.060 to 0.076 mm. in length by 0.032 to 0.044 mm. in width, with membranous septa. Pharynx bulb-shaped, 0.020 to 0.060 mm. in length by 0.018 to 56 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 0.032 mm. in width. Esophagus slender, bifurcating in region of genital pore. Intestinal limbs extending to half length of haptor, with lateral branches not uniting posteriorly. Genital pore 0.180 to 0.271 mm. from anterior end. Genital atrium with numerous straight chitinous rods, 0.016 to 0.200 mm. in length, arranged in a circle. Testes small, numerous (several hundred), smooth, elliptical, closely packed in posterior third of body between ovary and haptor. Ovary in middle of body in mid-line, shape of inverted U, long and slender with arms of approximately the same length, left arm slightly longer. Oviduct arises from right arm. Vitellaria fine, acinous, from anterior fifth to middle of testicular region. Vitelline ducts unite at level of posterior third of ovary. Uterus relatively straight and broad In mid-line. No eggs present. Comparisons. G. elagatis has ninety to 100 posterior suckers compared with 120 in G. acanthurum and thirty-seven in G. caran- gxs, one group of genital spines compared with two groups. G. acanthocybii has one group of genital spines but they diifer in num- ber, size, and arrangement; fewer testes (fifty-two to eighty-four testes compared with several hundred in G. elegatis and sixty in G. carangis), and the vitellaria extend only to haptor rather than to middle of haptor region. G. elagatis is named after the genus name of the host, Elagatis. Genus: Thoracocotyle MacCallum, 1913 MacCallum (1913) described Thoracocotyle from the Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus maculatus). It is unique among the Monogenea in that most of the body functions as a haptor. Most of the body proper lies flat on the substratum or attached to the host by suckers along each side while the rest and least conspicuous part of the animal arises dorsally and at right angles to the haptor region. The anterior part of the animal is practically free from organs with the exception of the almost straight uterus and the relatively broad tortuous vas deferens which lies dorsal to the uterus. Ap- parently due to the fact that the anterior part of the animal is free from organs, the vas deferens swings broadly from side to side and occupies about one half the width of this part of the animal. Price (1936) places this genus in the Diclidophoridae instead of the Microcotylidae and created a new subfamily, Thoracocotylinae. No. 5 meserve: monogenetic trematodes 57 Thoracocotyle paradoxica, new species (Plate 7, figs. 41-43) Host: Scomberomorus maculatus (IVIitchill) Location: Gills Locality: Tangoia-Tangola, Mexico Number: 1 Posterior region of body which functions as a haptor L476 mm. in length by 0.508 in greatest width. The anterior part of the body is attached to the anterior part of the haptor region, 0.712 by 0.288 mm. in greatest width. The haptor extends 0.968 mm. to the left and 0.508 mm. to the right of the anterior part of the body. Posterior suckers along margins of haptor, eight pairs on posterior part of haptor and six pairs on anterior part. The three pairs on anterior part considerably smaller, as is the sucker at the extreme tip at anterior end of haptor; each one of large suckers, 0.080 mm. in length by 0.100 in width, slightly broader than long. Chitinous framework (fig. 43) typical of the genus with six to ten slender curved pieces imbedded in walls in each side of sucker, one heavy, central I-shaped piece, two lateral curved pieces and one pair on each side at distal end of sucker, curved downward. Two pairs of hooks at posterior tip of haptor, outer pair longer, slender, rela- tively straight with short recurved points and process at middle, 0.048 mm. in length; inner pair posterior, arcuate and, in shape, resembling a small hand scythe with short handle, 0.016 mm. in length. Slightly anterior to hooks are six conspicuous nuclei, deeply staining with heavy nuclear membranes and prominent eccentric nucleoli. Mouth ventral, slightly subterminal. Anterior mouth suck- ers elliptical, without septa, broader than long, 0.024 mm. in length to 0.044 mm. in width. Pharynx muscular, bulb-shaped, 0.052 mm. in length by 0.035 mm, in width. Rest of digestive system not visible. Genital pore just posterior to pharynx in mid-line, unarmed. Testes seven in number, smooth, unlobed, longer than wide, in mid-line posterior to ovary, close together and in one row. Vas deferens a broad tortuous tube in mid-line. Cirrus rudimentary, unarmed. Ovary shaped like inverted U in mid-line between seventh pair of suckers counting from posterior end. Shell gland large, spherical, posterior to ovary. Vitellaria in two groups, one in anterior part of haptor and one in posterior part, confluent anteriorly and posteriorly. 58 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 Egg 0.168 mm. in length by 0.064 mm. in width with one polar fila- ment 0.292 mm. in length. Comparisons. There is some doubt that the species described in this paper differs from MacCallum's. The main point of differ- ence seems to be the number of posterior suckers of the haptor, which number forty in T. croceus and only twenty-eight in T. para- doxica. However, since only one specimen and the anterior part of another were studied and MacCallum had only a few of his species, the variation is not well known. For this reason T. paradoxica is proposed as a provisional species. T. paradoxica is named for the fact that it appears most peculiar in that most of the body proper functions as a haptor. Genus: Axine Abildgaard, 1794 The following species of Axine have been described to date: A. aberrans Goto, 1894 on Belone schismatorhynchus . A. belones Abild., 1794 on Belone acus. A. carangis MacCal., 1918 on Caranx hippos. A. heterocerca Goto, 1894 on Seriola quinqueradiata. A. triangularis Goto, 1894 on Anthias schlegelii. Axine oligoplitis, new species (Plate 8, figs. 44-47) Host: Oligoplites saurus (Bloch and Schneider) Location: Gills Locality: San Francisco, Ecuador Number: 4 Body small, triangular, 1.820 to 1.950 mm. in length by 0.305 to 0.322 mm. in greatest width just anterior to ovary. Posterior haptor triangular with sixteen to eighteen suckers on short side and forty to forty-two on long side. Posterior suckers 0.024 to 0.036 mm in length by 0.044 mm. in width. Chitinous framework (fig. 45) consists of two pairs of lateral pieces which are slender and widely open behind, a central median piece which is also slender and bifur- cated at both ends, and a slender pointed spine distal to lateral paired pieces imbedded in lateral wall. Mouth ventral and sub- terminal. Anterior suckers relatively far apart, elliptical, broader No. 5 meserve: monogenetic trematodes 59 than long, without membranous septa, 0.024 to 0.036 mm. in length by 0.056 to 0.064 mm. in width. Pharynx bulb-shaped, 0.024 to 0.032 mm. in length by 0.022 to 0.029 mm. in width. Esophagus slender, bifurcating in region of genital pore. Intestinal limbs with lateral branches, not united behind. Genital pore well forward 0.120 to 0.169 mm. from anterior end. Genital hooks in two rows on each side, one row dorsal to the other, dorsal hooks shorter; long ventral hooks 0.016 to 0.020 mm. in length, almost straight, wider at proxi- mal end with recurved points pointing posteriorly into genital pore. Short hooks a little over one half length of long hooks. Twenty- eight to thirty-nine testes in two rows posterior to ovary, smooth, wider than long, unlobed. Ovary in shape of interrogation point, anterior part expanded and posterior part with small lobe which is bent to left, in middle of body in mid-line, greatest diameter 0.056 to 0.076 mm. Seminal receptacle elliptical, to right of ovary. Vitellaria from genital pore to one half distance from testes to posterior end. No eggs present. Brain with two projecting anterior lobes with short lateral projections on each side. Comparisons. The two main features which distinguish A. oligoplitis from others previously described are the hooks of the genital pore which are arranged in two parallel groups on each side of the genital pore and the brain which has two small extra lobes arising anteriorly from the brain proper. These accessory anterior lobes have small lateral extensions which arise lateral and at right angles to them. It is most like /^. aberrans Goto but is somewhat smaller (1.8 to 1.9 as compared with 5.0 mm.). A. aberrans has twenty-five suckers on one side and only one on the other as com- pared with sixteen to eighteen suckers on one side and forty to forty-two on the other in A. oligoplitis. A. oligoplitis is named after the genus of the host, Oligoplites. Axine seriolae, new species (Plate 8, figs. 48-52) Host: Seriola dorsalis (Gill) Location: Gills Locality: Hood Island, Galapagos Islands Number: 4 Body elongated triangular, slightly curved to right with greatest width at level of ovary, tapering gradually to anterior end of vitel- 60 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 laria in front of which is a slight constriction, 5.113 to 7.540 mm. in length to 1.082 to 1.300 mm. in greatest width, with papilla-like tip at anterior end. Surface of body smooth except ventral side with several hundred close, simple, sharply recurved hooks located around genital pore and extending from brain to ovary and laterally to inner borders of intestinal limbs. Posterior haptor triangular, ap- proximately one third total body length with twenty-seven to twenty- nine suckers on short side and thirty-eight to forty on long side. Posterior suckers 0.080 to 0.092 mm. in length by 0.140 to 0.184 mm. in width. Chitinous framework (fig. 49) consists of five main pieces, two curved, relatively heavy pieces on each side, one central piece Y- shaped at each end, and a short stout piece distal to paired lateral pieces, convex distally and inner end pointing toward mid-line of sucker. Anterior suckers far apart, broader than long, without septa, 0.076 to 0.092 mm. in length by 0.120 to 0.168 mm. in width. Mouth small, subterminal, ventral. Pharynx bulb-shaped, longer than broad. Esophagus slender with few lateral branches bifurcating ap- proximately halfway between brain and genital pore at level of excretory pores. Intestinal limbs extending into haptor region, with lateral branches ununited. Genital pore in mid-line halfway from anterior end to vitellaria, unarmed except for the spines mentioned above. Testes posterior to ovary to anterior end of short side of haptor, ninety-three to 105 in number, close together, oval, unlobed. Ovary in mid-line just in front of testes extending anteriorly from oviduct region on right side winding horizontally six times, then turning abruptly to left at right angles to right arm and after pass- ing horizontally to left, again turning abruptly posteriorly, it then bends and passes obliquely anterior and to right and after reaching uterus passes dorsal to it and again bends obliquely posterior and to right with slight enlargement at lower end of left arm. Vaginal opening in mid-line on dorsal surface, unarmed, halfway from con- striction at anterior fourth of body to anterior border of vitellaria, opening into two ducts which extend to right and left in horizontal plane expanding laterally and bending posteriorly about midway to lateral borders of animal. It was not possible to follow them pos- teriorly. Vitellaria in two distinct groups from constriction at level of anterior fourth of animal to posterior border of testicular region, one third of width of animal in mid-line free from them for entire length. Yolk ducts unite to form common duct at middle of vitellaria No. 5 meserve: monogenetic trematodes 61 in mld-IIne. Eggs elongated oval, 0.096 to 0.136 mm. in length to 0.056 to 0.068 mm. in width, with extremely slender filiform polar filament at one end of egg approximately one and one-half times the length of egg. Comparisons. A. seriolae is most similar to A. heterocerca Goto, 1894, but is smaller (5.1 mm. to 7.5 mm. in length compared with 10.0 mm.), with twenty-seven to twenty-nine suckers on one side of the haptor and thirty-eight to forty on the other as compared with nine on one side and thirty on the other. The vitellaria are sepa- rated along the entire length of the body as compared with the posteriorly confluent vitellaria of A. heterocerca. A. seriolae is named after the genus of its host, Seriola. Axine elongata, new species (Plate 8, figs. 53-58) Host: Xurel malampygus (Cuv. and Val.) Location: Gills Locality: Secas Island, Panama Number: 5 Body long, slender, tapering slightly from posterior haptor to anterior end which has a pronounced papilla-like structure at tip, body 2.080 to 3.683 mm. in length by 0.288 to 0.531 mm. in greatest width. Posterior haptor asymmetrical, 0.848 to 0.932 mm. in length by 0.508 to 0.593 mm. in width, four to five suckers on short side, twenty-four to twenty-five on long side. Posterior suckers slightly longer than broad, 0.060 to 0.080 mm. in length by 0.048 to 0.080 in width. Chitinous skeleton (fig. 57) consists of a broad central piece split down the center on one side with broadly bifurcating ends, one side shorter than other; two pairs of lateral pieces uniting at bases, one enlarged piece, blunt and slightly bifurcated at distal end, other piece attenuated; a strong spine-like piece at base on each side. Anterior sucker relatively small, wide apart, wider than long, without membranous septa, 0.040 to 0.044 mm. in length by 0.036 to 0.060 mm. in width. Mouth ventral and subterminal. Pharynx elongated, bulb-shaped, 0.040 to 0.044 mm. by 0.026 to 0.040 mm. in width. Intestinal limbs long, slender with lateral branches, extend well into haptor region, left branch shorter than right, ending blindly just in front of loop made by union of lateral 62 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 nerve cords. Genital pore located in mid-line, unarmed, well forward, 0.180 to 2.268 mm. from anterior end. Testes irregular, smooth, in posterior fourth of body posterior to ovary, twenty-seven to forty- eight in number. Ovary in anterior part of posterior third of body in shape of question mark, anterior end enlarged, posterior end bent back on itself for a short distance. Oviduct arises from anterior expanded portion of ovary. Uterus greatly expanded to one half body width, from genital pore to ovary, filled with many eggs. Eggs fusiform, pointed at both ends, four times as long as wide, 0.160 to 0.176 mm. in length by 0.040 to 0.044 mm. in width with opercu- lum at anterior end and slender polar filament at each end, not quite as long as egg. Nervous system with typical brain on dorsal side just in front of genital pore, lateral nerve cords very prominent with cross commissure connecting them at anterior part of haptor, con- nected at posterior end, with attenuated branch on right side anterior tc suckers at anterior end of long side of haptor and slender nerves arising from lateral nerve cords going to base of suckers. Comparisons. A. elongata differs from A. carangis MacCallum, 1918 in having an unarmed genital pore and in the number, size, and arrangement of the posterior suckers. A. heterocerca Goto, 1894 has thirty suckers on one side of the haptor and nine on the other as compared to twenty-four to twenty-five and four to five, and also differs in body size and size of suckers as well as posteriorly confluent vitellaria. A. elongata is named from the fact that it is relatively long com- pared with its width. Axine aberrans Goto, 1894 (Plate 9, fig. 59) Host: Tylosurus fodiator (Jordan and Gilbert), agujon, or hound fish Location: Gills Locality: Port Utria, Colombia Number: 6 This species was described by Goto in 1894 from the gills of Belone schismatorhynchius. Those found in Colombia are smaller, measuring 1.7 to 2.3 mm. Goto's measure 5.0 mm. in length. In other respects, however, these specimens agree with Goto's de- scription. No. 5 meserve: monogenetic trematodes 63 Pseudaxine mexicana, new species (Plate 9, figs. 60-63) Host: Scomberomortis maculatus (Mitchill) Location: Gills Locality: Tangola-Tangola, Mexico Number: 2 Body relatively short and narrow curving to left, 1.950 mm. in length by 0.322 to 0.373 mm. in width at widest part at middle of body and tapering slightly anteriorly and posteriorly. Posterior hap- tor almost as wide as length of body proper, extremely convex at posterior end, bearing thirty-seven suckers. Posterior suckers large, elliptical, broader than long, 0.058 mm. in length by 0.088 mm. in width. Chitinous skeleton (fig. 61) of suckers has broad triangular piece at anterior of central piece which has two lateral hook-like prolongations at distal end; middle part of central piece double with wide elliptical opening between the two sides, joining at posterior to form another triangular piece which is not quite as wide as an- terior one; two pairs of relatively slender curved pieces at sides, one pair somewhat longer than the other and after enlarging at distal tips tapering to fine points; one pair imbedded in base of sucker almost touching each other medianly, approximately one third width of sucker, wider at proximal end, extending obliquely anteriorly and laterally; six to seven slender, equidistant pieces im- bedded in each side of sucker. Mouth subterminal, ventral. Pharynx bulb-shaped, 0.044 to 0.056 mm. in length by 0.028 mm. in width. Esophagus relatively short and slender, bifurcating in region of genital pore. Intestinal limbs with lateral branches, not united be- hind. Genital pore well forward one half distance from anterior end to anterior border of vitellaria. Testes from posterior to ovary to haptor, relatively small, wider than long, irregularly arranged in two rows, thirty-six in number. Vas deferens a relatively wide tor- tuous tube winding horizontally twelve to fourteen times before reaching upper end of ovary where it is more slender and passes almost straight posteriorly in mid-line to testes, enlarged at anterior end to form cirrus. Cirrus armed with ten straight, slender pointed spines pointing anteriorly, arranged around top of cirrus in a circle and slanting inward toward each other at the anterior end; 0.018 mm. in length. Ovary slightly posterior to middle of body on left 64 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 side halfway from mid-line to lateral edge of body, inverted U- shaped, left arm somewhat shorter than right and more slender, posterior end of right arm bends on itself and after running anteri- orly a short distance it bends back on itself and passes posteriorly for a short distance. Oviduct arises from lower end of right arm. No eggs present. Comparisons. P. ynexicana is very similar to P. trachuri Par. and Per., 1890. The chief differences seem to be the more anterior posi- tion of the genital pore which is near the pharynx in P. mexicana but posterior to the intestinal bifurcation in P. trachuri; the apparent lack of the anterior crown of genital spines; the more coiled vas deferens and biloculate rather than uniloculate buccal suckers. The vitellaria in P. trachuri extend forward to the genital pore and are a considerable distance posterior to it in P. mexicana. P. trachuri measures 4.0 to 6.0 mm. in length as compared to 1.95 in P. mexi- cana which has, however, larger buccal suckers, larger suckers on the haptor, and larger posterior hooks. The thirty-seven claspers on the haptor are not significantly different from twenty-four to thirty- two found in P. trachuri. P. mexicana is named after its geographic location, Mexico. Protomicrocotyle pacifica, new species (Plate 9, figs. 64-74) Host: Xurel marginatus (Hill) Location: Gills Locality: Port Culebra, Costa Rica Number: 11 Body elongate, flat, broadest at anterior third, attenuated an- teriorly, and tapering posteriorly to the haptor, 2.8 to 4.33 mm. in length, width at anterior third 0.996 to 1.430 mm. Posterior haptor dumbbell-shaped bearing three pairs of hooks, outer hooks larger and more anteriorly located, with sharp recurved points directed an- teriorly and bifurcated enlargement at middle of length, 0.040 mm. in length; second pair short, slightly anterior to inner pair, 0.016 mm. in length; inner hooks similar in shape to outer, 0.024 mm. in length. Four posterior suckers on left side at posterior end, ventral, elliptical, broader than long, 0.076 to 0.092 mm. in length by 0.108 to 0.120 mm. in width. Chitinous skeleton (fig. 65) consists of cen- No. 5 meserve: monogenetic trematodes 65 tral piece slightly broader at base bifurcating at distal end; one pair of lateral pieces connected posteriorly with blunt tip at distal ends and a pair of projecting pieces, stout and bluntly pointed, pointing halfway to base of sucker and obliquely toward central piece; one pair of lateral pieces separated posteriorly, not as long as other pair. Brain anterior to pharynx. No eyes. Excretory pores paired, dorsal, lateral almost to the edge of worm. Mouth sub- terminal, ventral. Two anterior suckers elliptical, without mem- branous septa, broader than long, 0.044 to 0.054 mm. in length, 0.060 to 0.092 mm. in width. Pharynx longer than wide, bulb-shaped, 0.100 to 0.116 mm. in length by 0.080 mm. in width. Esophagus long, branched, in mid-line to right of genital atrium and to left of vaginal opening, bifurcating short distance posterior to genital open- ing. Intestinal crura extend to haptor, separated posteriorly, numer- ous lateral branches to outside, few to inside. Genital pore ventral, to left of mid-line. Genital atrium elliptical, large, longer than broad, with ten short hooks and ten long hooks with sharp recurved points, short hooks 0.108 to 0.120 mm. in length, long hooks 0.168 to 0.184 mm. in length. Ovary in posterior part of body. Genitointestinal canal present. Vitellaria, fine, acinous, extend from genital atrium to haptor, separated in front and intermingled behind. Uterus opens into side of genital atrium. Vaginal opening ventral, to right of mid- line, armed with numerous, short, triangular spines, 0.008 to 0.012 mm. in length. Vagina simple. Testes anterior to ovary, small and numerous (150 to 200). Vas deferens opens into base of genital atrium. Cirrus muscular, unarmed, cylindrical, in genital atrium. Eggs 0.046 mm. in width by 0.160 mm. in length with polar fila- ment at each end. Comparisons. P. mirabile (MacCallum) from Caranx hippos differs from P. pacifica in the length of the genital atrium spines, measuring 0.040 mm. in length and all approximately the same length, compared to spines of P. pacifica of two sizes, three to four times the length of spines of P. mirabile. The eggs of P. pacifica are 0.046 mm. in width by 0.160 mm. in length compared to 0.320 to 0.720 mm. by 0.080 to 0.140 mm. Discussion. This is another example of related species living on related hosts among the ectoparasitic trematodes. The type species, Protomicrocotyle mirabile (MacCallum, 1918), was found on Caranx hippos Linnaeus from the New York Aquarium. The above species, 66 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 P. pacifica, was found on the gills of Xurel marginatus (Gill) [syno- nym: Caranx marginatus (Gill)], from Port Culebra, Costa Rica. P. pacifica is named after its geographic location, the Pacific Ocean. The only other described species lives in the Atlantic Ocean. MacCallum (1918) described Acanthodiscus mirabile from Car- anx hippos, and placed it in the Gyrodactylidae van Ben. and Hesse. Johnston and Tiegs (1922) gave it the genus name Protomicrocotyle since Acanthodiscus was preoccupied and created the new subfamily Protomicrocotylinae. Poche (1925) placed it in a new family, the Protomicrocotylidae. The writer has examined and measured the type and paratypes which were sent to him by Dr. E. W. Price from the United States National Museum. Not only did MacCallum misinterpret structures but he also made mistakes in his measurements. The evidence from the type material indicates that when MacCallum says fifteen mi- crons he means 150 microns. He misinterprets the spines of the geni- tal atrium and calls them the penis spines. He does not mention the vagina. Price (1936), after re-examining the type material, reduces the family Protomicrocotylidae to subfamily rank since it does not differ enough from other microcotylids to warrant a new family. Cestracolpa cypseluri, new genus, new species (Plate 10, figs. 75-80) Host: Cypselurus callopterus (Gunther) Location: Gills Locality: Charles Island, Galapagos Islands Number: 2 Body 3.046 to 3.076 mm. in length by 0.678 to 0.695 mm. at greatest width, slender, broadest throughout middle third, tapering slightly anteriorly and posteriorly to middle of posterior third of body where it broadens posteriorly to haptor. Posterior haptor 1.018 to 1.300 mm. in width, broader than greatest body width, posterior border truncate with almost a straight edge bearing forty-one suck- ers in one row. Posterior suckers elliptical, four times as wide as long, 0.020 mm. in length by 0.080 mm. in width, located at equal distances one behind the other pointing diagonally anteriorly and toward the right with transverse axis at an approximate angle of forty-five degrees with long axis of body. Chitlnous skeleton of No. 5 meserve: monogenetic trematodes 67 suckers (fig. 76) composed of eleven pieces, central piece bifurcated at distal end, relatively short, bluntly bifurcated at proximal end; short piece placed horizontally distal to central piece and between its bifurcation, concave distally; four pairs in lateral walls of suckers, on each side a basal piece extending laterally from middle piece, convex at posterior border, and three curved, attenuated pieces pointing obliquely and distally toward mid-line of sucker, joining basal pair of lateral pieces at distal end; slender bar across top with beaded appearance, bending inward at center toward middle piece and convex at anterior borders on both sides. Anterior suckers ellip- tical, longer than broad, 0.068 to 0.072 mm. in length by 0.044 to 0.048 mm. in width, without membranous septa. Mouth subterminal, ventral, close to anterior end. Pharynx bulb-shaped, longer than wide, 0.044 to 0.056 mm. in length by 0.036 to 0.040 mm. in width. Esophagus extremely long and slender, passing ventral to brain swinging to left past genital pore and swinging back again to mid- line just posterior to genital pore, bifurcating posterior to genital pore slightly anterior to level of vaginal opening. Intestinal limbs slender with lateral branches, extend to haptor, not united posteri- orly. Brain as in Axine, a relatively great distance posterior to pharynx almost half distance from anterior end to genital pore. Testes large, smooth, broader than long, unlobed, sixty-two in num- ber, extending from ovary almost to haptor. Vas deferens relatively wide and winding, passing posteriorly to right of uterus. Cirrus at base of genital atrium, strongly muscular, cup-shaped, broader than long with open end of cup pointing anteriorly, upper rim has circle of fourteen strong curved spines, with points directed posteriorly and toward center of cup, 0.014 to 0.020 mm. in length. Genital pore anterior to bifurcation of esophagus. Genital atrium (fig. 78) with four groups of spines, a complete circle near the genital pore, with sharp recurved points directed away from center of circle, 0.016 mm. in length; two pairs of ten spines each on each side of circle around genital pore, 0.020 to 0.024 mm. in length, bending posteriorly from their base and then bending slightly anteriorly with sharp points forming two parallel rows on each side of the genital atrium; a posterior group attached to cirrus described above. Vagina opens dorsally on right side at extreme right edge of worm slightly posterior to level of bifurcation of esophagus. Vaginal spine (fig. 77) imbedded in wall of vagina at distal end extending out of vagi- 68 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 nal opening a short distance, 0.048 mm. in length by 0.018 to 0.020 mm. in diameter at base, with broad spherical base and tapering distally to outer distal tip which is bifurcated. Vaginal canal, single, slender, extending from vaginal opening obliquely posterior to the left and joining left vitelline duct. Ovary U-shaped, right arm almost twice as long as left arm, just anterior to middle of body in mid- line. Oviduct arises from right arm of ovary, is joined by common yolk duct near ovary, passes anteriorly to right of mid-line where it receives openings of seminal receptacle and genitointestinal be- fore joining upper end of common yolk duct on right side. Seminal receptacle elliptical, relatively large, twice as long as wide, to right of mid-line anterior to ovary, 0.108 to 1.120 mm. in length by 0.520 to 0.060 mm. in width. Vitellaria from vaginal canal on right side and level of bifurcation of esophagus on left to haptor, separated anteriorly and posteriorly. Common yolk duct elongated, sac-like, to left of mid-line. Genitointestinal canal present. Mature eggs not present. Large cells on each side of genital pore for which the author proposes the name giant cells (fig. 75), three pairs extending from brain to bifurcation of esophagus, from one fourth to one third width of animal at level of genital pore. C. cypseluri is named after the genus of its host, Cypselurus. GENERIC DIAGNOSIS OF CESTRACOLPA Body elongated, slender anteriorly, truncate posteriorly, asym- metrical due to unusual development of one side of posterior haptor. Long side of diagonal posterior haptor bears numerous (sixty to 100) suckers in a single row. No chitinous hooks at posterior end of body. Vaginal opening single, lateral. Vaginal canal single, bearing conspicuous spine at distal end. Genital spines in four groups, one anterior, one posterior, and two lateral. Testes numerous posterior to ovary. Mouth subterminal, ventral. Mouth cavity with a pair of elliptical suckers. Three pairs of giant cells on each side of genital pore. The giant cells on each side of the genital pore seem to be unique. The common yolk duct is enlarged, sac-like, and extends posteriorly to left of mid-line but instead of joining the oviduct at the posterior end it joins it at the anterior end. The vagina arises from the yolk duct on the right side just before the two yolk ducts unite. The four groups of genital spines, three groups associated No. 5 meserve: monogenetic trematodes 69 v/ith the atrium and one with the cirrus, are characteristic of the genus. Discussion. The shape, size, and arrangement of posterior suck- ers of Cestracolpa is similar to Axine. The genus differs from Axine principally in that it has a lateral vaginal opening with a conspicuous spine imbedded in the wall at distal end of vaginal canal and pro- truding from the vaginal orifice. The name Cestracolpa is from cestra, dart, and colpa, vagina, referring to the spine in the vagina. Cestracolpa yamagutii, new species (Plate 10, figs. 81-85) Host: Unidentified flying fish Location: Gills Localities: Clarion Island, Mexico, and open sea off coast of Mexico Number: 2 Body 7.323 to 7.886 mm. in length by L732 to 1.733 mm. at greatest width, divided into three portions, a slender, attenuated part anterior to vaginal opening, a broad middle part which tapers slightly from middle of body to level slightly anterior to haptor and the short broad region bearing haptor. Posterior haptor with con- cave border on right side, L168 to L169 mm. in width. Posterior suckers small, seventy-five in number, four times as wide as long, 0.020 mm. in length by 0.080 mm. in width. Chitinous skeleton (fig. 84) of suckers consists of a very wide, short piece in center bifur- cated at both ends; two pairs of relatively short and slender pieces imbedded in lateral walls of sucker; twenty-four short, almost straight pieces imbedded in base of sucker, twelve on each side; and two pieces across top with convex borders directed distally. Mouth subterminal, ventral, almost at extreme end. Pharynx rela- tively small, bulb-shaped, 0.044 mm. in length by 0.036 to 0.044 mm. in width. Esophagus long, relatively wide, in mid-line, bifurcating just anterior to level of vaginal opening. Anterior suckers small, elliptical, longer than broad without membranous septa, 0.060 to 0.064 mm. in length by 0.032 mm. in width. Intestinal limbs with lateral branches, not united posteriorly. Testes large, smooth, broader than long, in two rows, fifty-two in number. Vas deferens slender. 70 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 slightly winding tube from genital pore to one half distance to ovary after which it broadens to wide tortuous tube to left of ovary. Cirrus armed with circle of ten short spines with broad bases and fine, sharp recurved points directed toward center of cirrus. Cirrus spines 0.006 mm. in length. Genital pore in anterior narrow region of body halfway from anterior end to vaginal opening. Genital atrium with four sets of spines, an incomplete circle of fourteen spines surround- ing anterior end of uterus, 0.016 mm. in length, pointing anteriorly, curved, with distal ends pointing away from center of incomplete circle; two groups of thirty spines each arranged in a curve on each side of genital atrium, 0.012 mm. in length, slightly curved with points directed anteriorly and outward away from center of genital atrium; fourth group attached to cirrus. Vaginal opening dorsal, posterior to bifurcation of esophagus. Vaginal spine imbedded in wall at distal end of vagina not extending through vaginal orifice, 0.040 to 0.046 mm. in length by 0.020 mm. in width, slightly bifur- cated at tip. Vaginal canal single, slender, passingly obliquely pos- terior to left from vaginal pore joining middle of left vitelline duct. Ovary U-shaped in anterior third of body in mid-line, right arm broader, anterior end of left arm somewhat lobed. Oviduct arises from right arm of ovary and proceeds anteriorly as in C. cypseluri. Seminal receptacle elliptical, longer than broad to right of mid-line anterior to ovary, 0.152 mm. in length by 0.067 mm. in width. Vitel- laria from vagina on right side and level of bifurcation of esophagus on left to haptor, separated anteriorly and posteriorly. Common yolk duct slender to left of mid-line. Genltointestinal present. Mature eggs not present. Comparisons. C. yamagutii difi"ers from C. cypseluri in size, be- ing over twice as long and wide. The region anterior to the vaginal opening is narrower. The ovary is closer to the anterior end. The vaginal spine is slightly shorter and differs greatly in shape, the basal portion is elongated, elliptical rather than spherical. The geni- tal atrium has the same number of groups of spines but their size, number, and arrangement are different, the central group making an incomplete circle as compared with a complete circle. The pos- terior suckers are seventy-five in number compared to forty-one and vary greatly in number and arrangement of skeletal pieces. C. yamagutii is named in honor of Professor Yamaguti of Japan. No. 5 meserve: monogenetic trematodes 71 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS A study was made of twenty-two species of Monogenea collected from the gills of marine fish by Dr. H, W. Manter from the Gala- pagos Islands, the Pacific Coast of South America, Central America, and Mexico, including some adjacent islands. Twenty new species are described. All are placed in known gen- era with one exception. Two previously described species, Encotyl- labe pagrosomi MacCallum and Axine aberrans Goto, are reported from new localities. One new genus is proposed: Cestracolpa, which has a character- istic lateral vaginal opening and a spine imbedded in the wall of the distal end of the vagina. New species are described in the following genera: Benedenia, Entobdella, Heterobothrium, Diclidophora, Microcotyle, Gotocotyla, Thoracocotyle, Axine, Pseudaxine, Protomicrocotyle, and Cestracolpa. Previously undescribed structures surrounding the genital pore of Cestracolpa cypseluri and C. yamagutii are described and the name giant cells proposed for them. The name glands of Goto is proposed for posttesticular glands first described by Goto and called different names by various authors. They are considered of taxonomic significance. The fact that related species of ectoparasitic trematodes live on related hosts is pointed out. For example, two species of Cestra- colpa were collected, both from flying fish. The twenty-two species described in this paper were each found on only one specific host although over five hundred fish representing approximately one hun- dred species were examined. 72 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 LITERATURE CITED BeNEDEN, p. J. VAN 1853. Espece nouvelle du genre Onchocotyle, vivant sur les branchies du Soymnus glacialis. Bull. Acad. Roy. Soc. Belg., 20:59-68. COHN, L. 1916. Epibdella steingroveri n. sp. Zeit. wiss. Zool., 115:460-488. FuHRMANN, Otto 1928. 1. Ordnung der Trematoda: Monogenea van Beneden in "Handbuch der Zoologie" of Kukenthal and Krumbach., 2:4-32. Gallien, Louis 1937. Recherches sur quelques trematodes Monogeneses nouveaux ou peu connus. Ann. Par., 15:9-28; 146-154. Goto, S. 1894. Studies on the ectoparasitic trematodes of Japan. Jour. Coll. Sc, Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 8:1-273. Guberlet, J. E. 1936. Two new ectoparasitic trematodes from the sting ray, Myliobatus cali- jornicus. Amer. Mid. Nat., 17:954-964. Heath, PIarold 1902. The anatomy Epibdella squamula sp. nov. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sc, 3:109-136. IsHii, N. 1936. Some new ectoparasitic trematodes of marine fishes. Zool. Mag. (Japan), 48:781-790. Johnston, T. H. 1929. Remarks on the synonymy of certain tristomatid trematode genera. Trans. Proc. Roy. Soc. S. Austral., 53:71-78. 1931. New trematodes from the Subantarctic and Antarctic, Austral. Jour. Exp. Biol. Med. Sc, 8:91-98. Johnston, T. H., and 0. W. Tiegs 1922. New Gyradactyloid trematodes from Australian fishes, together with a reclassification of the superfamily Gyradactyloidea. Proc. Linn. Soc, N. S. Wales, 47:83-131. Jordan, D. S., B. W. Evermann, and H. W. Clark 1930. Check list of the fishes and fishlike vertebrates of North and Middle America north of the northern boundary of Venezuela and Colombia. Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish., 1928, 2:1-670. MacCallum, G. a. 1913. Thoracocotyle croceus nov. gen., Centralbl. Bakteriol. Parasit., 68:335- 337. 1913. Further notes on the genus Microcotyle. Zool. Jahrb., Syst., 35:389-402. 1913. Notes on four trematodes of marine fishes. Centralbl. Bakteriol. Parasit., 70:407-416. No. 5 meserve: monogenetic trematodes 73 MacCallum, G. a. 1918. Notes on the genus Telorchis and other trematodes. Zoopath., 1:81-98. 1927. A new ectoparasitic trematode. Epibdella melleni, sp. nov. Zoopath., 1:291-300. Manter, H. W. 1934. Preliminary observations on trematodes from the Galapagos Islands and neighboring Pacific. Carnegie Inst. Wash.. Year Book, 33:260-261. MONTICELLI, F. S. 1903. Per una nuova classificazione degli Heterocotylea, Monit. Zool. Ital., 14:334-336. 1907. II genere Encotyllabe Diesing Atti Roy. Inst. Incorrag. Napoli., 59:23-35. Odhner, T. 1905. Die Trematoden des arktischen Gebietes. Fauna Arctica, 4:291-372. Parona, C, and A. Perugia 1889. Di alcuni Trematodi ectoparassiti di pesci marini. Nota preventiva. Anna, a el Mus. Civ. Storia Nat. Genova. ser. 2., 7:740-747. 1890. Intorno ad alcune Polystomeae e considerazioni sulla sistematica di questa famiglia. Atti Soc. Ligust. sc. Nat., 1:225-242. POCHE, F. 1925. Das System der Platodaria. Arch. Naturgesch., 91:1-458. Price, E. W. 1934. New monogenetic trematodes from marine fishes. Smith. Inst. Miscel. Coll., 91:1-3. 1936. North American monogenetic trematodes. George Wash. Univ. Bull. Summaries of Doctoral Theses, 1934-36. 1937. Redescriptions of two exotic species of monogenetic trematodes of the family Capsalidae Baird from the MacCallum collection. Proc. Hel. Soc. Wash., 4:25-27. Stiles, C. W., and Albert Hassall 1908. Index-Catalogue of Medical and Veterinary Zoology. Trematodes and trematode diseases. Hyg. Lab. Bull. No. 37. Yamaguti, S. 1934. 7. Studies on the helminth fauna of Japan. Pt. 2. Trematodes of fishes, I. Trans, and Abstr., Jap. Jour. Zool., 5:249-541. 1937. Studies on the helminth fauna of Japan. Pt. 19. Fourteen new ecto- parasitic trematodes of fishes. (Pub. by author.) Lab. of Parasitol., Kyoto Imp. Univ., pp. 1-28. Xo. 5 meserve: monogenetic trematodes 75 EXPLANATION OF PLATES All figures were drawn with the aid of a camera lucida. The scale is indicated in the drawings. Abbreviations are as follows: d vas deferens c cirrus e excretory bladder ep excretory pore ga genital atrium gc giant cell gp genital pore gic genitointestinal canal i intestine in mouth mg shell gland od oviduct ot ootype ov ovary p penis pr prostate gland pn prostatic reservoir sr seminal receptacle t testis Mf uterus V vagina vll vitelline gland vr vitelline reser\-oir V5 vaginal spine X structure of problematic nature vd common yolk duct g gland of Goto 76 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS \-0L. 2 Fig. 1 Fig. 9 Fi(.. .1 Fig. 4 Fig. 5 Fig. 6 Fi<;. 7 Fig. 8 Fig. 9 PL.\TE + Benedrnia isabellcw. \'entral view. Egg of B. isabrllae. Bnu'cJniid ndrnra. \ entral \'ie\v. Egg of B. adcnca. Brnedt'ma anadrnra. \'entral \-ie\v. Lar\'ai hook of B. anadi'iira. Gland cell of posterior haptor of B. anadrnea. Xonglandular cells of posterior haptor of B. anadenea. EntoI'dfUa murllrn. \'entral view. I meserve: monogenetic trematodes 78 ALLAN HAN'COCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 PLATE 5 Fig. 10 Fig. 11. Fig. 12. Fig. 13 Fig. 14. Fig. 15. Fig. 16 Fig. 17. Fig. 18. Fig. 19. Fig. 20. Fig. 21 Encotyllabe pagrosomi MacCallum. Lateral view. Small hook of posterior haptor of E. pagrosomi. E. pagrosomi. Enlarged anterior end. Dididophora caulolatili. \'entral view. Lateral view of chitinous .skeleton of D. caulolatili. Ventral view of cirru.s and cirrus hooks of D. caulolatili. Hcterobothrmm ccuadori. Ventral \'iew. Egg of H. ccuadori. Egg of H. ecuadori. Chitinous skeleton of posterior sucker of H. ecuadori. Heterobothrium galapagensis. \'entral view. Chitinous skeleton of H. galapagensis. The lateral pieces are paired; only one half of each pair is shown. NO. 5 meserve: :\ioxogexetic trematodes PL. ^ 80 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 PLATE 6 Fig. 22. Hcxostoma cutliynnl. \'entral view. Fig. 23. Egg of H. euthynni. Fig. 24. Small posterior hook of H. euthynni. Fig. 25. Mazocracs macracanthiim. \'entral view. Fig. 26. Posterior end of M. macracanthiim, showing hooks. Fig. 27. Chitinous skeleton of posterior sucker of M. macracanthum Fig. 28. Chitinous skeleton of posterior sucker of M. macracanthum. Fig. 29. ^'entral view of cirrus of .1/. macracanthum. Fig. 30. Microcotyle priacanthi. Dorsal view. Fig. 31. Armature of genital atrium of M. priacanthi. Fig. 32. Chitinous skeleton of posterior sucker of ."17. priacanthi. Fig. 33. Gotocotyla acanthocybii. Dorsal view. Fig. 34. Dorsal view of G. acanthocybii. Vitellaria are diagrammatic Fig. 35. Chitinous skeleton of posterior sucker of G. acanthocybii. Fig. 36. Posterior end of G. acanthocybii showing hooks. MONOGENETIC TREMATODES 82 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 PLATE 7 Fig. 37. Gotocotyla clagatis. Ventral view. Fig. 38. Posterior end of G. elagatis showing hooks. Ventral view. Fig. 39. Chitinous skeleton of posterior sucker of G. elagatis. Fig. 40. Anterior end of G. elagatis showing mouth, anterior suckers, genital pore and pigment granules. Fig. 41. Thoracocotylc paradoxica. \'entral view. Fig. 42. Posterior end of T. paradoxica showing hooks. Fig. 43. Chitinous skeleton of posterior sucker of T. paradoxica. NO. i _ meserve: MONOGENETIC TRE!\IAT0DES -gp PL .7 0.05 m m 0.3 mm Jl 84 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 PLATE 8 Fig. 44. Axine oligoplitis. Dorsal view. Fig. 45. Chitinous skeleton of posterior sucker of A. oligoplitis. Fig. 46. Ovary and reproductive ducts of A. oligoplitis. \'entral view. Fig. 47. Genital atrium of A. oligoplitis showing hooks. Ventral view. Fig. 48. Axine seriolae, ventral view of adult vitellaria and testicular re- gion diagrammatic. Fig. 49. Chitinous skeleton of A. seriolae. The lateral pieces are paired; one half not shown. Ventral view of ovary and reproductive ducts of A. seriolae. Eggs of .'/. seriolae. Anterior end of A. seriolae. Ventral view. Axine elongata. Dorsal view. Eggs of A. elongata, one of uhich has a detached operculum. Anterior end of .■/. elongata showing anterior suckers and genital pore. Ventral view. Ventral view of genital pore of A. elongata. Chitinous skeleton of posterior sucker of A. elongata. Dorsal view of o\'ary and reproductive ductr of A. elongata. Fig. SO Fig. 51 Fig. 52 Fig. 53 Fig. 54 Fig. 55 Fig. 56 Fig. 57 Fig. 58 NO. 5 meserve: monogenetic trematodes PL. 8 05mm 45 ''°"^^ 86 ALLAN HAXCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 PLATF 9 Fig. 59. Axinr abrrrans Goto. Dor.sal view. Fig. 60. Pseudaxinr mexicana. \'entral \':ew. Fig. 61. Chitinous skeleton of posterior sucker of P. mexicana. Fig. 62. Upper end of \'as deferens of P. mrxicana showing hooks. Fig. 6.1. Posterior hooks of P. mrxicana. Fig. 64. Protomicrocotylc pacifica. Posterior haptor not shown. \'entral view. Fig. 65. Chitinous skeleton of posterior sucker of P. pacifica. Fig. 66. Posterior haptor and posterior suckers of P. pacific-!. Fig. 67. Cross section through genital atrium showing cirrus and atrial spines of P. pacifica. Fig. 68. Large outer hook of posterior haptor of P. pacifica. Fig. 69. Inner hook of posterior haptor of P. pacifica. Fig. 70. \'entral \-iew of anterior end of P. pacifica. Fig. 71. P. pacifica. \'entral \'\e\\. Fig. 72. Hooks of genital atrium of P. pacifica Fig. 7.1. Posterior hooks of P. pacifica. Fig. 74. Vaginal opening and spines in enlarged upper end of vagina of P. pacifica. \'entral view. NO. meserve: monogenetic trematodes PL. 9 88 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 Fic. 75. Fig. 76. Fig. 77. Fig. 78. Fig. 79. Fig. 80. Fig. 81. Fig. 82. Fig. 8.1. Fig. 84. Fig. 85. PLATE 10 Cestracolpa cypsi'liiri, anterior end enlarged. Dorsal view. Chitinous skeleton of posterior sucker of C. cypseluri. \'aginal spine of C cypseluri. Armature of genital atrium of C. cypsrluri. l"\vo ova of C. cypsc'lnri from anterior end of ovary. C. cypseluri. Dorsal view. Ccstracolpa yamagutii. Dorsal view. Armature of genital atrium of C. yamagutii. \'aginal spine of C. yamagutii. Chitinous skeleton of posterior sucker of C. yamagutii. 0\-ary and reproducti\-e ducts of C. yamagutii. Dorsal view. NO. 5 meserve: monogenetic trematodes PL. 10 ' I 102 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.2 LITERATURE CITED FuKUI, Tamao 1933. Teloporia {TTemat.)=Opisthoporus. Zool. Anz., 103:332-333. Johnston, S. J. 1913. On some Queensland trematodes, with anatomical observations and descriptions of new species and genera. Quart. Jour. Micros. Sci., 59: 378-383. Looss, A. 1899. Weitere Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Trematoden — Fauna Aegyptens. Zool. Jahrb., Syst., 12: 521-748. 1901. Notizen zur Helminthologie Egyptens, IV, Ueber Trematoden aus Seechildkroten der egyptischen Kiisten. Cent. Bakt. Parasit., 30: 555-568, 618-625. 1902. Ueber neue und bekannte Trematoden aus Seechildkroten. Zool. Jahrb., Syst., 16: 411-894. Price, Emmett W. 1931. Redescription of two species of trematode worms from the MacCallum collection with a note on the family Pronocephalidae. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 78: 1-10. Stunkard, Horace W. 1930. Morphology and relationships of the trematode Opisthoporus aspi- domctes. (MacCallum, 1917) Fukui, 1929. Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc, 49: 210-219. 1934. On the trematode genus Teloporia Fukui, 1933. Zool. Anz., 106: 218-220. .\o. 6 gilbert: three xf.w trematodes 103 EXPLANATION OF PLATES All figures were drawn with the aid of a camera lucida or projector. The value of the projected scale is indicated in each figure. The following abbreviations are used: cir cirrus cs cirrus sac ej ejaculatory duct rp excretory pore c.\ excretory vesicle glc gland cells gp - genital pore Im longitudinal muscles mt met ra term pes posterior portion of cirrus sac pp pars prostatica sv — - seminal vesicle ut uterus 104 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 PLATE 11 Fig. 1. Ignanacold luiviculanus. \ entral view of extended specimen. Fig. 2. Iguanacola navicuhirius. Diagram of cirrus sac and metraterm, A-en- tral view. Fig. 3. Iguanacola navicuhirius. Lateral view of contracted specimen. Fig. 4. Iguanacola navicuhirius. Egg. Fig. 5. Myosaccus amblyrhynchi. \^entral view of extended specimen. Fig. 6. Myosaccus amblyrhynchi. Cross section through region of the geni- tal pores. Fig. 7. Myosaccus amblyrhynchi. Diagram of excretory system. Fig. 8. Myosaccus amblyrhynchi. Egg. -NO. 6 gilbert: three new trematodes PL. 11 106 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 PLATE 12 Fig. 9. Cetiosaccus galapagensis. Extended specimen, ventral view. Fig. 10. Cetiosaccus galapngensis. Diagram of cirrus sac and metraterm, ventral ^'iew. Fig. 11. Cetiosaccus galapngensis. Ventral view of anterior end of con- tracted specimen. gilbert: three new tre:\iatodes REPORTS ON THE COLLECTIONS OBTAINED BY ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS OF VELERO III OFF THE COAST OF MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, SOUTH AMERICA, AND GALA- PAGOS ISLANDS IN 1932, IN 1933, IN 1934, IN 1935, in 1936, in 1937, and in 1938. EIGHT NEW SPECIES OF GOBIOID FISHES FROM THE AMERICAN PACIFIC COAST By ISAAC GINSBURG The University of Southern California Publications Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions Volume 2, Number 7 Issued June 15, 1938 The University of Southern California Press Los Angeles, California EIGHT NEW SPECIES OF GOBIOID FISHES FROM THE AMERICAN PACIFIC COAST^ Isaac Ginsburg Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. xt^" ' Five new species of gobies obtained in the course of several expedi- tions made by Captain G. Allan Hancock, to the Gulf of California in 1936 and 1937, and to the Secas Islands, off Panama, incidental to an investigation of the Galapagos Islands in 1935, are here described. In addition I take this opportunity to offer brief diagnoses of three other new species from the Gulf of California, discovered by me in an extensive investigation of American gobies. They will be treated more fully in a future paper which will contain revisions of their respective genera. One new genus and one new subgenus, based on two of the species, are established. All proportional measurements stated below refer to percentages in the standard length. The given length of specimens refers to the total length, including the caudal fin, unless otherwise specified. Ghriolepis zebra, new species Description. — Form elongate, body compressed, head strongly de- pressed. Snout notably blunt when viewed from dorsal aspect. Mouth moderately oblique, subsuperior, a horizontal through distal margin of upper lip passing approximately through upper margin of pupil; lower jaw projecting. Maxillary short, its end falling under anterior margin of pupil. Interorbital of medium width. Tongue very moderately emargi- nate. Teeth in outer and inner rows in both jaws strongly enlarged; one or two irregular rows of much smaller teeth in between at symphy- sis, one row posteriorly; in lower jaw outer row confined to front, the teeth subequal, inner row extending about half the distance from symphysis to angle of mouth, the last two teeth larger than others, caninoid, the small teeth continued posteriorly in a single row to angle of mouth; in upper jaw outer row extending nearly to angle of mouth, the posteriormost three or four teeth somewhat smaller, the others sub- equal, inner enlarged teeth confined to front. No spine at angle of pre- 1 Published by permission of the U.S. Commissioner of Fisheries. [109] 110 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.2 opercular margin. Isthmus wide, attachment of branchiostegal mem- brane at lower angle of pectoral base. Posterior part of body and caudal peduncle covered with scales, in about 17 oblique rows from a vertical through base of fifth dorsal ray to end of hypural, some nonimbricate scales extending a little more forward, to a vertical through base of second dorsal ray; the anteriormost scales very small, gradually increas- ing in size, the posteriormost scales large; scales cycloid, except a few of the larger scales in the last three or four rows ctenoid; a row of four scales on caudal, at its base; the two outer scales conspicuously large, ovoid, the lateral spinules markedly long, decreasing gradually in length toward a median line, the spinules on outer side somewhat larger than those on inner side ; the two inner scales in the row much smaller and cycloid. (In the single specimen examined only one smaller, cycloid scale is present next to the lower, large scale, on both sides. However, a bare space is present to fit exactly another such small scale, and the upper of the two scales evidently has fallen ofi.) First dorsal with 7 flexible spines, none especially prolonged. Second dorsal and anal with 10 rays; posterior anal rays just reaching a vertical through end of hypural, those of dorsal falling slightly short. Pectoral with 18 rays; its tip falling on a vertical a little in front of origin of second dorsal. Ventrals completely separated, the tip falling a little short of anus. Caudal of moderate length, pointed. Cross-banded color pattern sharply marked ; ground color light straw yellow; body crossed for its entire width by seven dark bands from origin of first dorsal to near base of caudal ; color of bands generally a little more intense at lateral margins ; the bands only a little narrower than the interspaces, except last band markedly narrower than others; a more diffuse band directly behind base of pectoral, nearly interrupted at middle of body; two similar bands on dorsal aspects of nape, con- tinued and becoming narrower on side of head, the posterior one on posterior part of opercle, rather diffuse, the anterior one on anterior part of opercle, narrower, more intensely pigmented, curving forward and becoming broader on under side of head over branchiostegal mem- brane; two transverse, parallel, approximated, rather narrow, very dark bands on interorbital space, interrupted by eye and continued below eye, the posterior one making a broad curve on cheek, convex posteriorly, the anterior one nearly vertical, under anterior margin on pupil, each extending to ventral aspect of head to nearly meet its fellow from oppo- site side, both becoming broad and more diffuse on ventral aspect of NO. 7 ginsburg: new species of gobioid fishes 111 head ; a band, similar to the two on interorbital, from anterior lower quadrant of eye, extending obliquely forward to upper lip; chin and upper lip dark; caudal light, crossed by four very dark, broad, curved bands, the anterior one, at its base, very broad, concave posteriorly, the others gradually decreasing in width, the second and third somewhat sinuous, the fourth convex posteriorly; second dorsal with very narrow dark streaks running downward and backward ; anal dusky, the pigment increasing in intensity from its base distad, the margin hyaline; a dark, diffuse blotch at lower part of fleshy pectoral base; a diffuse, obliquely elongate blotch on upper rays, near their base; rest of pectoral, ventral and first dorsal light, devoid of chromatophores. Aleasurements. — Male 27 mm (the only specimen examined). Cau- dal 31, ventral 26.5, pectoral 26.5, depth 18.5, least depth of caudal peduncle 13.5, head 30, postorbital part of head 16, maxillary 10.5, snout 7, eye 7.5, interorbital 3, antedorsal distance 40.5. Holotypc. — In Hancock Coll. San Gabriel Bay, Espiritu Santo Island, Gulf of California; shore collecting; March 7, 1937. Distinctive characters and relationship. — This species is easily dis- tinguished from all known American eleotrids by its striking, sharply marked, banded color pattern. It is rather intermediate in its squama- tion between Chriolepis minutillus Gilbert and Gymneleotris scminudus (Giinther), and largely bridges the gap between those two genera with respect to the squamation, the only substantial character hitherto em- ployed for their separation. It has the characteristic row of four scales on the caudal and some large ctenoid scales at the posterior part of the caudal peduncle, like C. minutillus, and it also has smaller cycloid scales anteriorly, like G. seminudus. Unlike the latter species, it lacks mucous pores and the interorbital is not notably wide. In this respect it agrees with C. minutillus and of the known American eleotrids it is structurally nearest to that species. The difference in the squamation together with the strikingly distinctive color pattern shows that minutillus and zebra are widely divergent, to an extent to be placed in distinct subgenera at least, and a new subgenus is therefore established for zebra. Eleotriculus, new subgenus Genotype. — Chriolepis zebra, new species. A definition of the subgenus is included in the description of the genotype. How it differs from the typical subgenus is discussed above in comparing the two genotypes. 112 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.2 Goryphopterus urospilus, new species Description. — Form moderately elongate; body compressed, rather stout; head subtriangular in cross-section, the height directly behind eyes subequal to the greatest width at same point. Mouth rather small, terminal, a horizontal through distal margin of upper lip passing ap- proximately through lower margin of pupil; lower jaw about equal to upper anteriorly. Maxillary rather short, its end falling under anterior margin of pupil in male, slightly short of that point in female. An elongate, soft, pad-like translucent area present under anterior half of eye. Tongue entire, rather broad. Teeth in narrow bands of about four rows at symphysis, tapering to two rows posteriorly ; teeth in outer and inner rows moderately enlarged; in upper jaw outer row extending to angle of mouth, a few enlarged teeth in inner row at symphysis ; in lower jaw outer row confined to front, enlarged teeth in inner row extending a little farther backward ; no caninoids. Shoulder girdle with- out papillae. A rather feebly developed, short, fleshy ridge in front of spinous dorsal, sometimes hardly perceptible. Scales on body ctenoid, large, in 25-26 oblique rows to base of caudal ; anterior boundary of scales marked bv a line extending approximately from origin of first dorsal to upper posterior angle of opercle; no scales on antedorsal dis- tance m front of that line, none on side of head ; rather large cycloid scales on base of pectoral, on throat and on midline of belly. First dorsal with 6 flexible spines (in all 8 specimens), the fin rather high, but none especially prolonged, the third or fourth reaching base of first to third ray of second dorsal in male, somewhat lower in female. Second dorsal with 10 rays (in all 8); anal rays usually 10 (in 6), often 9 (in 2) ; posterior dorsal rays in the larger males reaching a vertical through end of hypural or falling a little short, in smaller males and females falling considerably short; those of anal not quite reaching as far back as those of dorsal. Pectoral with 19 (in 4) or 20 (in 4) rays, all connected by an interradial membrane, its posterior margin reaching a vertical through base of second or third dorsal ray. Ventral with the interspinal membrane of medium development, posterior margin of fin reaching slightly past anus in male, reaching anus or falling a little short in female. Caudal of medium length, truncate. Body with longitudinal rows of small dark spots; five rows on lateral aspect of body, four on caudal peduncle; spots in lower two rows some- what larger and darker, spots in upper three rows often connected by faint lines, forming a network effect; the spots, especially those in the NO. 7 GINSBURG : NEW SPECIES OF GOBIOID FISHES 113 two lower rows, characteristically lighter in the center, darker around the periphery; a row of eight rather diffuse, elongate blotches saddled on back from origin of first dorsal to base of caudal; dorsal aspect of nape with five irregular longitudinal rows of small, more or less elon- gate spots ; side of head with three lengthwise bands ; a band on a line with middle of eye, usually somewhat interrupted and nearly continuous with fourth from lowermost row of spots on body; a band from lower posterior margin of eye running somewhat obliquely to upper posterior part of opercle; a third band from posterior end of maxillary, some- what converging posteriorly with, but not meeting, middle band; two or three blotches in a row, one behind the other, on upper part of pectoral and its fleshy base, directly behind the bands, sometimes the bands and blotches nearly continuous; a similar blotch on lower part of fleshy base; a sharply marked, very dark spot on base of caudal, directly below the median line; a very faint smudge over it, above the median line; fins more or less dusky, without spots, pectoral lightest. Holotype. — In U. S. Nat. Mus. San Jose Island, Pearl Islands, Panama; in tide pools; March 15, 1937; S. F. Hildebrand; male 41 mm. Paratypes. — 4 males 35-42 mm., 3 females 34-37 mm; obtained with the type. I wish to take this opportunity to express my sincere thanks to Dr. Hildebrand for turning over to me for study, the Gobii- dae obtained during 1935 and 1937 as a result of and incidental to his studies of the fish fauna of the Panama Canal locks. I also examined one small specimen, 23 mm., in the Hancock collec- tion. It is in bad condition but appears to belong to this species. Its fin ray counts are D. 10, A. 10, P. 20. The characteristic spot on the lower part of the caudal base is present. Feeble traces of the general color pattern as described above are discernible. The data for this specimen are: Tiburon Island, Gulf of California; March 28, 1937. Distinctive characters and relationship. — Of the two known species of its genus, urospilus differs from (Gobius) Coryphopterus nicholsii (Bean) in having fewer rays in the dorsal, anal and pectoral and in lacking a black band on the distal margin of the first dorsal. It is evi- dently most nearly related to and agrees with Coryphopterus glauco- frenum Gill in the fin ray counts and the form of the head and body. It differs in having the predorsal fleshy ridge poorly developed or nearly obsolescent, and in color. The color pattern is similar in both, but the differences are striking on direct comparison. The spots in the longi- 114 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.2 tudinal rows are smaller and better marked in urospilus, and there are more rows. The caudal base has the lower spot very intense and the upper very faint, while in glaucofrenum both spots are of equal intensity in color. Lythrypnus pulchellus, new species Description. — Form moderately elongate, head and body well com- pressed. Mouth small, oblique, subsuperior, a horizontal through distal margin of upper lip approximately bisecting eye; lower jaw projecting. Maxillary short, its posterior end approximately under anterior margin of pupil. Tongue entire, narrow. Outer row of teeth in both jaws enlarged, approaching caninoids in size, widely spaced ; inner teeth minute, in a narrow band. Shoulder girdle without papillae. No ridge or crest in front of dorsal. Isthmus moderate, attachment of gill mem- brane on a vertical approximately setting off anterior third of opercle. Scales ctenoid, about 28 ; none on antedorsal distance, side of head, base of pectoral, throat or midline of belly (many scales missing in type and nearly all missing in the three paratypes, and above description subject to correction). First dorsal with 6 flexible spines (in all 4 specimens) ; the first spine notably prolonged in large male, more moderate in smaller (to base of ninth ray in a male 22 mm, to base of third in a male 18 mm); second spine more moderately prolonged (reaching to base of fourth ray in 2 males 19 and 22 mm, to base of first ray in a male 18 mm) ; the first two spines not notably prolonged in female (25 mm). Dorsal raj^s usually 13 (in 3), sometimes 12 (in 1); anal rays 10 (in all 4) ; posterior rays falling more or less short of a vertical through end of hypural, those of dorsal usually extending slightly farther back than those of anal ; in both fins a little longer in male than in female. Pectoral with 18 (in 1 ) or 19 (in 3) rays, all connected by membrane, its tip reaching a vertical through base of second to fourth dorsal ray. Ventral having the interspinal membrane of medium develop- ment, tip of fin reaching vent or origin of anal. Caudal short, rounded. Anal papilla of male rather well developed. Body and head cross-banded; 12-13 bands from origin of first dorsal to base of caudal; the bands narrower than the interspaces, the two sharply delimited except sometimes posterior ones on caudal peduncle; each band having a transverse, median, dark streak; interspaces nearly uniformly colored, except sometimes those on caudal peduncle; a similar band over base of pectoral continued around back from one side to the NO. 7 ginsburg: new species of gobioid fishes 115 other, becoming more or less diffuse on fleshy base of fin ; five similar bands on top of head and nape, nearly spaced the same as bands on body, the anteriormost one on interorbital space, these bands on dorsal aspect forming broad curves, convex posteriorly, from a lateral view^ appearing to run obliquely downward and forward at the back, becom- ing nearly vertical on side of head, one on opercle, one just behind eye, one under middle of eye and two hardly perceptible ones from anterior lower quadrant of eye running forward to maxillary. Measurements. — Male, standard length 17.5. Depth 25, depth of caudal peduncle 15, head 30, postorbital part of head 17.5, maxillary 12.5, snout 8.5, eye 11, antedorsal distance 36.5. Holotype. — In Bingham Coll. Espiritu Santo Island, Gulf of Cali- fornia; male 17.5 mm in standard length. Paratypes. — All three in Hancock Coll. San Gabriel Bay, Espiritu Santo Island, Gulf of California; March 7, 1937; 2 males 18-19 mm. Puerto Refugio, Angel de la Guarda, Gulf of California; March 20, 1937; female 25 mm. Distinctive characters and relationship. — This species is very closely related to (Gobius) Lythrypnus zebra (Gilbert) from the Pacific coast of Southern California and Lower California. A most striking difference shown by the specimens compared, is found in the color pat- tern. The narrow cross bands in pulchellus are divided by a median, narrow, clear-cut, dark streak, which under the microscope shows defini- tive chromatophores, while the areas on either side of the streak are either uniformly dusky or of a plain light color; in zebra the definitive chromatophores spread out and what represents the clear cut dark streak of pulchellus becomes diffuse to cover nearly the entire cross- band. Again, the interspaces in pulchellus are uniformly colored, except some of the posterior ones, while in zebra the chromatophores in the interspaces are more concentrated along a transverse median area. In gross effect, the bands in pulchellus are lighter than or of approximately the same intensity as the interspaces, while in zebra the bands are darker than the interspaces. Of structural characters the only difference that I can point out now is the number of pectoral rays, but they intergrade in this character, 18-19 in pulchellus, 19-20 in zebra. It is evident that the corresponding populations on the Pacific coast proper and in the Gulf of California, respectively, should be recognized at least as distinct subspecies. However, the specimens examined are not 116 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.2 in good enough condition to permit the comparison of characters that are of importance in distinguishing the species of Lythrypnus, namely, the length of the dorsal spines and the posterior rays in the dorsal and anal, and the number of scales. The two populations are therefore tentatively recognized as distinct species, pending the comparison of more specimens in a better state of preservation. PARR ELLA, new genus Genotype, — Parrella maxillaris, new species. A definition of the genus is included in the description of the geno- type. Parrella is structurally nearest to Microgobius. The genotype diilers from all known species of Microgobius by having large scales, fewer rays in the dorsal and anal, a subterete head, a notably more slender body and longer pectoral, and a different color pattern. The most striking differences, however, are found in the distribution of the lateral line organs. These structures which are of considerable importance in classification will be considered in a systematic manner in a forthcoming paper. I take pleasure in naming this genus after Professor Albert E. Parr of Yale University. Parrella maxillaris, new species Description. — Body notably slender, compressed ; head subterete, the depth slightly less than the width. Mouth terminal, very moderately oblique, a horizontal through distal margin of upper lip passing approxi- mately through lower margin of eye; lower jaw equal anteriorly to upper. Maxillary long (at least in male), its posterior end falling only about a pupil's diameter in front of preopercular margin in two males 41-43 mm, almost to the same relative point in one male of 28 mm. Tongue moderately emarginate. Teeth in 3 or 4 irregular rows at symphysis, tapering to one or two rows on side; teeth in outer row in both jaws larger than posterior ones, those in outer row of upper jaw somewhat larger than corresponding teeth of lower jaw; a few inner- most teeth at symphysis of lower jaw subequal to those in outer row of upper jaw; no caninoids. No papillae or flaps on shoulder girdle. No sharp ridge or crest in front of dorsal. Isthmus rather broad, attachment of gill membrane nearly at lower angle of pectoral base. Scales large, about 32; none on antedorsal distance, side of head, base of pectoral, NO. 7 GINSBURG : NEW SPECIES OF GOBIOID FISHES 117 throat or ventral aspect of belly; scales on middle of body extending to within a short distance of base of pectoral; anterior boundary of scales marked by a line passing approximately from origin of first dorsal to upper angle of pectoral base; scales along middle part of body, pos- teriorly, ctenoid ; anterior scales under base of second dorsal, and those near profiles, cycloid (most scales missing in specimens examined and description of squamation possibly subject to correction). First dorsal with 7 flexible spines (in all 4 specimens examined), rather high, but none notably filamentous, the fourth reaching base of second or third dorsal ray. Second dorsal rays usually 12 (in 3), sometimes 11 (in 1) ; anal rays 11 (in all 4) ; posterior dorsal rays extending a little beyond a vertical through end of hj^pural in 2 males 41-43 mm, those of anal just reaching that vertical or slightly beyond in the same two males; those of both fins just about reaching that vertical in a specimen 35 mm, and falling a little short in a male 28 mm. Pectoral rays 19 (in 1 ) or 20 (in 3), all connected by an interspinal membrane, the fin rather long, the longest rays reaching a vertical through base of third to fifth ray of second dorsal. Ventrals united, interspinal membrane rather well developed, its posterior margin with notably pronounced fimbriae; posterior end of fin reaching anus or falling a little short. Caudal rather long, equal to or a little less than half the standard length in the large males. Anal papillae of male rather short and pointed. A longitudinal, rather narrow, dark streak slightly below a median line, approximately from base of pectoral to under origin of second dorsal; a similar less well marked, interrupted and parallel streak a little above a median line; (a longitudinal series of four rather diffuse blotches on the 28 mm specimen, the first at posterior end of and con- fluent with lower dark streak, the last at base of caudal ; only the last blotch perceptible in the larger specimens examined, but these specimens probably faded) ; two spots on base of caudal, one below the other, more or less confluent, and more or less also confluent with the last spot — in the longitudinal series of four spots — on the base of the caudal ; a small oval spot on fleshy base of pectoral, a more diffuse, transverse, rather arched shaded area on fin, at its base; upper part of caudal with longitudinal rows of narrow elongate dark spots (in one specimen, the dark spots very intense, alternated with whitish spots, and with a whitish submarginal band ; this pronounced development of color proba- bly showing a sexually ripe male), lower part dusky (dorsals and anal more or less injured and color cannot be described). 118 ALLAN HAXCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.2 Measurements. — Two males 41-43 mm. Caudal 46.5-50, ventral 29.5, pectoral 35-39.5, depth about 12.5 (cannot be measured accurately in these specimens), least depth of caudal peduncle 8.5-9, head 28-28.5, postorbital part of head 15.5, head depth directly behind eye 14-14.5, head width at same point 15-15.5, maxillary 21-22, snout 8, eye 7.5-8, antedorsal distance 35.5-37.5. Holotype. — In Hancock Coll. La Paz Bay, Gulf of California; dredged in 7 fathoms, sandy mud; February 21, 1936; male 43 mm. Paratypes. — Two obtained with the type, male 41 mm, specimen of 35 mm in bad condition. Also, Escondido Bay, Gulf of California, dredged in 20 fathoms; March 12, 1937; male 28 mm. Distinctive characters. — This species is easily distinguished from all known gobies of the Pacific coast of North and South America by a combination of striking characters, especially, its long maxillarj^, the large scales and the medium count of dorsal and anal rays. Its relation- ship is discussed under the genus. Gobulus hancocki, new species Description. — Form very slender; body moderately compressed; head notably depressed. Mouth rather small, terminal, moderately oblique, a horizontal through distal margin of upper lip passing ap- proximately through lower margin of eye; lower jaw slightly projecting. Maxillary rather short, its end falling under posterior margin of pupil. Eye rather small, interorbital wide. No ridge or crest in front of dorsal. Shoulder girdle without flaps or papillae. Isthmus restricted, attach- ment of branchiostegal membrane near lower angle of pectoral base. No scales anywhere. First dorsal with 7 flexible spines, none prolonged. Second dorsal and anal with 12 and 11 rays, respectively; tip of pos- terior dorsal rays ending at some distance from end of hypural. Pectoral short, with 16 rays, its end nearly attaining a vertical through base of sixth spine. Ventral short, failing to reach anus by a wide margin. Caudal rather short, somewhat pointed. Dorsal and ventral aspects rather light colored, lateral aspect for greater part of its extent notably darker; fins uniformly light, except caudal having a somev/hat curved, broad, dark band not far from its base; no other spots or color marks anywhere. Measurements. — Male 29 mm. Caudal 23.5, ventral 18, pectoral 18.5, depth 12.5, least depth of caudal peduncle 9, head 24.5, postorbital NO. 7 ginsburg: xew species of gobioid fishes 119 part of head 16, head depth 9.5, head width 11, maxillary 10, snout 6.5, eye 4.5, antedorsal distance 34.5. Holotype. — In U. S. Nat. Mus. Secas Island, Panama; shore, coral tide flat; W. L. Schmitt; Feb. 6, 1935; the only specimen examined. Distinctive characters and relationship. — This species is evidently near Gobulus crescentalis (Gilbert), the only known species of its genus, differing in its markedly more slender body, and in having the mid-ventral area light colored like the back — darker than the back in crescentalis. This species is named after Captain Hancock in recognition of his interest in the scientific exploration of Pacific waters. Lepidogobius seta, new species Diagnosis. — Scales cycloid, small, about 65 ; none on antedorsal dis- tance, side of head, base of pectoral or throat. Maxillary very long, nearly reaching margin of preopercle. No definite papillae on shoulder girdle. D.6 to 7-11 to 12; A. 9 to 10; none of the dorsal spines notably elongated. Pectoral rays 21. Tongue slightly emarginate. Teeth in a notably broad band. Skull with a rather narrow ridge over orbit; no other ridges in posterior orbital region of skull. Holotype. — In U. S. Nat. Mus. Puerto Refugio, Angel de la Guarda Island, Gulf of California; Albatross; March 29, 1889; 58 mm in standard length, the caudal broken. Paratype. — In U. S. Bur. Fish., obtained with the type, 64 mm. Relationship. — This species is nearest to Lepidogobius (GilUchthys) detrusus (Gilbert and Scofield), differing chiefly in having fewer anal rays, a less extensive squamation, a narrower supraorbital ridge, and in lacking a median occipital ridge on the skull. Lepidogobius luculentus, new species Diagnosis. — Scales small, cycloid, embedded, veiy moderately over- lapping in large specimens ; none on antedorsal distance, side of head, base of pectoral or throat. Maxillaiy rather short, ending approximately under posterior margin of pupil in large specimens. Shoulder girdle with flaps of moderate size, usually 2, sometimes 1 or 3. First dorsal nearly always with 5 spines, varying 3-6; the first spine more or less prolonged in some individuals, not prolonged in others (probably males and females, respectively). Second dorsal nearly always with 18 or 19 rays, infrequently 17; anal rays nearly alwaj'S 16 or 17, infrequently 120 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.2 18; pectoral rays 23-26. Tongue bilobate. Supraorbital ridge expanded posteriorly. Holotype. — In Bingham Oceanog. Coll. Puerto Refugio, Angel de la Guarda Island, Gulf of California; 51 mm. Paratypes. — In Bingham Oceanog. Coll. 47 specimens 35-53 mm taken together with the type. San Francisquito Bay, one specimen 33 mm. Distinctive characters and relationship. — This species is nearest to Lepidogobius gilberti Eigenmann and Eigenmann and differs in having two instead of one papillae on the shoulder girdle, with very few excep- tions, and in the male having the first dorsal spine prolonged. It lacks the dark, obliquely elongate spot or blotch on the opercle which is char- acteristic of gilberti. The color of this species, in general, is lighter than in any known species of Lepidogobius. Microgobius erectus, new species Diagnosis. — Mouth nearly vertical, end of maxillary assuming a ventral position, a vertical tangent through posterior margin of max- illary passing approximately through anterior margin of eye. Teeth in two rows, notably small, no caninoids. Scales rather large, in 38 rows to base of caudal, cycloid ; a small patch of weakly ctenoid scales on middle of body, under first dorsal; scales extending forward to a verti- cal through origin of first dorsal; none on antedorsal distance, side of head, base of pectoral or throat. A membranous ridge on midback, in front of first dorsal, rather well developed. D. 7-15; A. 15; the spines not especially prolonged. Pectoral rays 22-23, its tip reaching a vertical variably situated between bases of first to third dorsal rays. Ventral approximately reaching anal opening. Caudal comparatively rather long, about two-fifths the standard length. Body and head conspicuously compressed. Holotype. — In Bingham Oceanog. Coll. Northern part of Gulf of California; 26 fathoms; female 82 mm. Paratypes. — In Bingham Oceanog. Coll. obtained with the type; 2 females 56-58 mm, 4 males 56-66 mm, 1 small specimen 40 mm, sex not determinable by external examination. All specimens not in very good condition ; the largest, a female, in somewhat better condition than others selected as the holotype, although the belly appears to be some- what abnormally distended. Distinctive characters and relationship. — This species differs mark- edly from all known species of Microgobius by its small teeth and NO. 7 ginsburg: new species of gobioid fishes 121 comparatively large scales. The nearly vertical mouth is more extreme in its position than in any known species of its genus. In the position of the mouth it resembles most nearly JMicrogobius signatus Poey, and it has an antedorsal ridge like the older species. However, it has notably smaller teeth, larger scales, and fewer fin rays and it is evidently not closely related to signatus. Because erectus has some important char- acters more extremely developed than any of its congeners, and in general, because of the very distinctive combination of all characters, its precise affinities are not patent. REPORTS ON THE COLLECTIONS OBTAINED BY ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS OF VELERO III OFF THE COAST OF MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, SOUTH AMERICA, AND GALA- PAGOS ISLANDS IN 1932, IN 1933, IN 1934, IN 1935, in 1936, in 1937, and in 1938. LAND AND BRACKISH WATER MOLLUSCA OF COCOS ISLAND By G. DALLAS HANNA and LEO GEORGE HERTLEIN The University of Southern California Publications Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions Volume 2, Number 8 Issued August, 1938 The University of Southern California Press Los Angeles, California LAND AND BRACKISH WATER MOLLUSCA OF COCOS ISLAND By G. Dallas Hanna and Leo George Hertlein California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California The collections upon which this paper is based were made by mem- bers of the Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Galapagos Islands in 1905-1906;^ by the junior author during an expe- dition to the Galapagos Islands in Captain G. Allan Hancock's motor cruiser, Velero III, in 1931-1932;- and by members of the Templeton Crocker Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences in 1932.^ Cocos Island^ lies in 5°32'57'' N. Lat., 86°59'17'' W. Long., about half way between the Galapagos Islands and the Central American coast. Politically, it belongs to Costa Rica. The island is about 500 kilometers from the mainland. It is composed, at least for the most part, of volcanic agglomerate and other volcanic rocks. The circumfer- ence is about 23.3 kilometers (about 13 nautical miles or 14.6 land miles) and the area is approximately 46.6 square kilometers. The highest point of elevation is in the western part of the island and has been reported^ to reach a height of 849.8 meters (2,788 feet). There is much rainfall and the largest stream, which flows into Wafer Bay, is in the Arroyo del Genio. The coast is abrupt at many places and there 1 Slevin, J. R., Log of the Schooner Academy on a voyage of Scientific Research to the Galapagos Islands, 1905-1906. California Academy of Sciences, Occasional Paper 17, 1931, 162 pp., 17 pis. [General account.] - For a general account of this Expedition see: Sam T. Clover, A Pioneer Heritage. Los Angeles, California, 1932. Saturday Night Publishing Co., pp. 1, II, 1-291. 97 pis., 4 maps. 1 text figure. See especially pp. 182-218 and map showing itinerary and route, inside front cover. 3 Grunsky, C. E. The Templeton Crocker Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences, 1932. Foreword, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 21, no. 1, March 14, 1933, pp. 1-2. Introductory statement by Templeton Crocker, pp. 3-9, pi. 1. Hanna, G. D., Science, vol. 76, no. 1974, October 28, 1932, pp. 375-377. 4 See handbooks prepared under the direction of the Historical Section of the Foreign Office, London, vol. 22, no. 141, 1920, pp. 7-30. Campbell, M. Searching for Treasure in Cocos Island. New York, 1932. Frederick A. Stokes Co., VIII, 279 pp., frontispiece colored, 4 pis. 5 South America Pilot, H. O. no. 174, Ed. 2, vol. 3, 1920, p. 405. Mexico and Central America Pilot (West Coast), H. O. no. 84, Ed. 7, 1928, p. 69. [123] 124 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.2 are numerous waterfalls. This beautiful and picturesque island, covered with dense tropical vegetation, has been the object of much interest due to the legends of treasure which is reported to have been hidden there by pirates. Schmidt** in his discussion of the zoogeography of Cocos Island con- cluded that the few native species of vertebrates, four land birds and two lizards, are mostly distinct from those of any other part of the world, but that they are alh'ed to Central America, the nearest land mass. The forms are such that transport or passage'^ across the inter- vening ocean is understandable. He further stated: "The species have probably arisen in consequence of geographic isolation, without indica- tion of adaptive change or changes due to natural selection." Papers on the marine mollusks have been published by von Martens,^ Pilsbry and Vanatta,^ Biolley,i^ Dall,^^ Hertlein,i- and Tomlin.^s 'p^g majority of the marine species from Cocos Island are the same as those found on the mainland of the adjoining coast. Pfeiffer,!'* von Martens,!^ Kobelt,i« Dall,i^ Ancey,^^ Biolley,!^ and Pilsbry-*^ have published information dealing with the land shells and ^ Schmidt, K. P., Essay on the Zoogeography of the Pacific Islands, in Shurcliff, S. N. Jungle Islands. Putnam Press, New York, 1930, pp. 278-280. See also Biolley, P., Mollusques de L'lsla del Coco. Mus. Nac. de Costa Rica, 1907, 30 pp. 2 maps. "^ For a general discussion of the faunas and floras of oceanic islands, see Gulick, A., Biological Peculiarities of Oceanic Islands. The Quarterly Review of Biology, vol. 7, no. 4, 1932, pp. 405-427. s von Martens, C. E., Die Meeres-Conchylien der Cocos-Insel. Sitz. Ges. Naturf. Freunde zu Berlin, Jahrg. 1902, no. 6, pp. 137-141. 9 Pilsbry, H. A., and Vanatta, E. G., Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 4, 1902, p. 559. 10 Biolley, P., Mollusques de L'lsla del Coco. Mus. Nac. de Costa Rica, 1907, pp. 19-30. ilDall, W. H., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 43, no. 6, 1908, pp. 436-437; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 38, 1910, p. 225; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 51, 1917, p. 578. 12 Hertlein, L. G., Nautilus, vol 46, no. 2, 1932, pp. 44-45; Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc, vol. 78, no. 2, 1937, pp. 303-312, 1 pi. 13 A few species have been cited from Cocos Island by Tomlin, J. R. le B., in Jour. Conch., vol. 18, no. 6, 1927, pp. 153-170; no. 7, 1928, pp. 187-198. i^Pfeiffer, L., Symb. ad Hist. Helic, sect. 3, 1846, p. 66. 15 von Martens, E. C, Sitz. Ges. Naturf. Freunde zu Berlin, Jahrg. 1898, no. 9, pp. 156-160; Jahrg. 1902, no. 3, pp. 59-62. 16 Kobelt, W., Nach. Deutsch. Malak. Ges., Jahrg. 31, 1899, pp. 26-28. 17 Dall, W. H., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 52, 1900, pp. 96-99. iSAncey, C. F., Journ. de Conchyl., vol. 51, no. 2, 1903, pp. 97-104. 19 Biolley, P., Mollusques de L'lsla del Coco. Mus. Nac. de Costa Rica, 1907, pp. 13-19. 20 Pilsbry, H. A., Manual Conch., sen 2, vol. 18, 1907, pp. 325-330. NO. 8 HANNA AND HERTLEIN : MOLLUSCA 125 references to these works are found under various species in the follow- ing pages. After reducing some of the names to synonymy we are able to recog- nize only five definitely endemic species of land snails from the island. Two others, an Opens and a Leptinaria, may have been introduced. The endemic forms belong to the genera Ochrodermella, Nesopupa, Succinea, and Guppya. The representatives of all except the last have their closest relatives in Polynesia. All of the species are rather inconspicuous and this makes the anomaly in distribution the more difficult to explain. It hardly seems possible that collectors would have missed getting some representatives of the rich Central American or Galapagan faunas if they were present. Therefore we are forced to admit, for the present, the Polynesian affinities of the land shells. This conclusion is in agree- ment with the opinion expressed by Kobelt, who explained the Poly- nesian affinities of the land snails as being due to the eastward direction of the equatorial countercurrent which flows past Cocos Island. It should be mentioned that all of the species of land snails recorded herein have been secured on the lower levels of the island. It seems possible from conditions found elsewhere that there may be others at higher elevations. The four brackish water species listed herein, belonging to Auricula and Melarnpus, wide-ranging tropical genera, are of no great value in deciphering the origin of insular faunas. They have been determined as forms which also inhabit the adjacent coast of the mainland, some 500 kilometers to the east. Siphonaria gigas Sowerby and its variety characteristica Reeve, and Neritina pilsbryi Tr\'on (referred to as N. latissima var. globosa Broderip, by von Martens, and Biolley) occur at Cocos Island, but these have been placed with the marine mollusks in the faunal lists of Cocos Island. Ochrodermella cumingiana (Pfeilifer) Tornatellina cumingiana Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, January- June, 1850, p. 134. "Real Llejos (H. Cuming)" [Nicaragua]. —Pfeiffer, Conchyl.-Cab., vol. 1, abt. 15, 1841-1855, Pupa, p. 148, pi. 18, figs. 6, 7.— Pfeiffer, IMonogr. Helic. Viv., vol. 3, 1853, p. 525. von Martens, Biol. Centrali-Americana, Moll., 1898, p. 324. von Martens, in Albers, Die Helic, ed. 2, 1860, p. 260. Kobelt, Nach. Deutsch. Malak. Ges., Jahrg. 31, 1899, p. 27. Cocos Island. 126 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 Leptinaria cumingiana (Pfeiffer), Clessen Ed., Nomen. Helic. Viv., 1878-1881, p. 336. Ochroderma cumingianum (Pfeiffer), Ancey, Journ. de Conchyl., vol. 51, no. 2, 1903, p. 102. Cocos Island. Ochroderma cumingiana (Pfeiffer), Pilsbry, Man. Conch., ser. 2, vol. 18, 1907, p. 327, pi. 47, f^g. 20. [Records repeated.] Tornatellina pittieri von Martens, Sitz. Ges. Naturf. Freunde zu Ber- lin, Jahrg. 1898, no. 9, p. 157. "Cocos-Insel bei Costa Rica." Kobelt, Nach. Deutsch. Malalc. Ges., Jahrg. 31, 1899, p. 26. von Martens, Biol. Centrali-Americana, Moll., 1901, p. 640, pi. 44, fig. 10. von Martens, Sitz. Ges. Naturf. Freunde zu Berlin, Jahrg. 1902, no. 3, p. 60. Cocos Island. Biolley, Mollusques de L'lsla del Coco. Mus. Nac. de Costa Rica, 1907, p. 15. Cocos Island. Leptinaria (Neosubulina) pittieri (von Martens), Dall, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 52, 1900, p. 96. Cocos Island. Ochroder?na pittieri (von Martens), Pilsbry, Man. Conch., ser. 2, vol. 18, 1907, p. 328, pi. 47, figs. 15, 16. Leptinaria (Neosubulina) martensi Dall, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- delphia, vol. 52, April 16, 1900, p. 97, pi. 8, fig. 10. "Cocos Island, under stones. Heller and Snodgrass." Tornatellina ?nartensi (Dall), von Martens, Biol. Centrali-Americana, Moll., 1901, p. 640. Type locality cited. Ochrodertna martensi (Dall), Pilsbry, Man. Conch., ser. 2, vol. 18 1907, p. 329, pi. 47, figs. 22, 23, 24. Cocos Island. [Previous records cited and nevi^ sect. Ochrodermella formed with mar- tensi as type.] Ancey, Journ. de Conchyl., vol. 51, no. 2, 1903, p. 102. Cocos Island. Many specimens of Ochrodermella are in the collection from Cocos Island. Those obtained by the Hancock Expedition were found among leaves and mosses along the creeks draining into Wafer and Chatham bays. Only sinistral shells were taken at the first locality and only dextral ones at the last, but except for being reversed the specimens seem indistinguishable. The description and figures of cumingiana fit dextral shells from Cocos Island almost exactly; it is therefore practi- cally certain that Cuming's Nicaragua locality record was an error. NO. 8 HANNA AND HERTLEIN : MOLLUSCA 127 This seems more plausible when it is noted that Pfeiffer had already- described Helix pacifica from Cocos Island when he described cumin- giana. O. /nariensi has nothing we can find to distinguish it from cumin- giana, and pittieri is an exact sinistral counterpart. Apparently the last is the dominant form and the identity has been recognized by von Martens (1902, p. 60), Dall (letter May 24, 1902, quoted by Biolley), and Biolley (1907, p. 15). Pilsbry segregated the Cocos Island species under a new section, Ochrodermella. The type of Ochroderma is gigas, a very much larger and heavier shell from the Caroline Islands. As genera are now consti- tuted, it seems rather difficult to reconcile the union so we have given the section generic standing. Ochrodermella biolleyi (von Martens) Text figure 1 Tornatellina biolleyi von Martens, Sitz. Ges. Naturf. Freunde zu Ber- lin, Jahrg. 1902, no. 3, p. 60. "Cocos-Island." Biolley, Mollusques de L'lsla del Coco. Mus. Nac. de Costa Rica, 1907, p. 16. Cocos Island. Tornatellina hopkinsi Sykes, Zool. Record, vol. 39, for 1902 [Issued 1903], Moll. p. 45. Costa Rica [No/nen nudum. See Biolley, 1907, p. 16, footnote 2.] Fig. 1. Ochrodermella biolleyi (von Martens). Length, 13 mm. 128 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 Shell much longer than O. cumingiana but with about the same coloration, olive brown, glossy, streaked with narrow axial lines of burnt umber; apex flatly obtuse, minutely and irregularly wrinkled; whorls seven with suture slightly impressed ; aperture entirely without teeth or plications of any kind ; outer margin thin, without callus ; columella, slightly twisted; base imperforate. Length, 13 mm., diameter, 4 mm. Hypotype, no. 524 (Calif. Acad. Sci. type coll.) from Cocos Island collected by W. H. Oschner, a member of the Expedition of the Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences to the Galapagos Islands in 1905-1906. The specimen figured is the largest available specimen in our col- lection and is 2^^ mm. longer than von Martens' type. Our other two measure 9.5 and 10 mm. in length. These specimens were found among a large series of O. cumingiana which passed through Dall's hands without detection. The nuclear whorls appear to be identical with cumingiana and the chief distinguishing features are the greater length and the lack of pli- cations in the aperture. Although the species has not been illustrated heretofore, von Martens' description seems to fit our shells so exactly that we have confidence in the correctness of the identification. Leptinaria biolleyi von Martens Leptinaria biolleyi von Martens, Biol. Centrali-Americana, Moll., June, 1898, p. 319, pi. 18, fig. 14. "Central Costa Rica: en- virons of San Jose, 1135 metres above the sea, among moss (Biolley)." "E. Costa Rica: Talamanca (Pittier, March, 1895)." von Martens, Sitz. Ges. Naturf. Freunde zu Ber- lin, Jahrg. 1902, no. 3, p. 61. "in der Nahe von Wohnungen an der Bucht von Wafer, und nicht zahlreich." Biolley, Mol- lusques de L'lsla del Coco. Mus. Nac. de Costa Rica, 1907, p. 16. Wafer Bay, Cocos Island. Pilsbry, Manual Conch., ser. 2, vol. 18, 1907, p. 316, pi. 41, fig. 18. Cocos Island. This species was described from Costa Rica by von Martens. Its presence on Cocos Island (not numerous and found in the vicinity of the habitation at Wafer Bay) led von Martens to suspect that the species may have been recently introduced on the island on vegetation or by some other method. NO. 8 HANNA AND HERTLEIN : MOLLUSCA 129 Nesopupa cocosensis (Dall) Vertigo cocosensis Dall, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 52, April 16, 1900, p. 98, pi. 8, fig. 13. "Cocos Island, on leaves, Heller and Snodgrass." Ancey, Journ. de Conchyl., vol. 51, no. 2, 1903, p. 103. Cocos Island. Biolley, Mollusques de L'lsla del Coco. Mus. Nac. de Costa Rica, 1907, p. 17. Chatham Bay, Cocos Island. Pupa cocosensis (Dall), von Martens, Biol. Centrali-Americana, Moll., 1901, p. 640. Type locality cited. Vertigo cocoensis Dall, von Martens, Sitz. Naturf. Freunde zu Berlin, Jahrg. 1902, no. 3, p. 61. Chatham Bay, Cocos Island. Nesopupa cocosensis (Dall), Pilsbry, Man. Conch., ser. 2, vol. 25, April, 1920, p. 232, pi. 30, figs. 10, 11. [Former records cited and much information given as to the relationship of this Poly- nesian group; a new section, Cocopupa Pilsbry and Cooke, is made for the species.] About 40 specimens of this species were found by L. G. Hertlein and J. T. Howell on leaves and mosses a short distance up the creek which drains into Wafer Bay, near the house erected by Gissler. An additional one was taken in a similar situation at Chatham Bay. Succinea globispira von Martens Succinea globispira von Martens, Sitz. Ges. Naturf. Freunde zu Berlin, Jahrg. 1898, no. 9, p. 158. Cocos Island. Kobelt, Nach. Deutsch. Malak. Ges., Jahrg. 31, 1899, p. 26. von Mar- tens, Biol. Centrali-Americana, Moll., 1901, p. 641, pi. 44, fig. 12. Dall, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 52, 1900, p. 99. "Cocos Island, on leaves. Heller and Snodgrass." Biolley, Mollusques de L'lsla del Coco. Mus. Nac. de Costa Rica, 1907, p. 17. Cocos Island. ? Succinea dalli Biolley, Mollusques de L'lsla del Coco. Mus. Nac. de Costa Rica, 1907, p. 18. Cocos Island. Seven specimens of Succinea globispira were collected on Cocos Island along the banks of the creek which empties into Wafer Bay. The thin shell, low spire, and very large, sloping body whorl seem to be the chief distinguishing features. Von Martens pointed out that the 130 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.2 species is "Aehnlich S. crocata A. Gould von den Samoa-Inseln und modesta A. Gould von den Samoa-und Tonga-Inseln, aber etwas schmaler und das Gewinde noch stumpfer, knopfformig." One of the specimens of Succinea submitted to Dall by Biolley was stated to have " 'a more depressed spire, much lighter color, smaller coil, proportionately wider aperture, and the surface quite regularly, minutely ribbed.' " Biolley listed this form as Succinea sp., but stated that if it is found to be new in the future, he would propose the name Succinea dalli. In view of the variability of members of this genus, we hesitate to recognize the species on the evidence available. Opeas gracile (Hutton) Bulimus gracile Hutton, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 3, 1834, pp. 84, 93. Bulimus junceus Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, Dec. 1846, p. 191. "Hab. Society and Sandwich Islands." U.S. Explor. Exped., vol. 12, 1852, p. 76, Atlas, Moll, k Shells, 1856, pi. 6, figs. 87, 87a. "Inhabits Tahiti and Eimeo." Opeas junceum (Gould), von Martens, Sitz. Ges. Naturf. Freunde zu Berlin, Jahrg. 1898, no. 9, p. 156. Cocos Island. Kobelt, Nach. Deutsch. Malalc. G^s., Jahrg. 31, 1899, p. 26. von Martens, Sitz. Ges. Naturf. Freunde zu Berlin, Jahrg. 1902, no. 3, p. 61. Ancey, Journ. de Conchyl., vol. 51, no. 2, 1903, p. 102. Cocos Island. Also Polynesia. Biolley, Mol- lusques de L'lsla del Coco. Mus. Nac. de Costa Rica. 1907, p. 17. Wafer Bay, Cocos Island. Opeas juncea (Gould), Dall, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 52, 1900, p. 96. Cocos Island. Opeas gracile (Hutton), Pilsbry, Man. Conch., ser. 2, vol. 18, 1906, pp. 125-132, 188, 198-200, pi. 18, figs. 3-6; pi. 22, fig. 6; pi. 28, figs. 70, 71. "India, type locality." Generally distributed throughout the tropics including America. Von Martens first listed O. junceum (Gould) from Cocos Island and was followed by Dall and Ancey. Pilsbiy (1906, p. 131) has shown that the name "was based upon the small Polynesian race of gracile." He also reduced many other names to synonomy and showed NO. 8 HANNA AND HERTLEIN : MOLLUSCA 131 that this tropical species has probably the widest geographic range of any land snail. We have two specimens from Cocos Island, one taken by the Hancock Expedition along the creek draining into Wafer Bay and the other by the Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences in 1906 without restricted locality. It must be abundant at favorable places on the Galapagos Islands because the 1906 Expedition obtained a very large series on Charles Island. According to von Martens (1902, p. 61) this species was found by Biolley only at Wafer Bay near the settlement where it occurred upon palm leaves and banana leaves, and may have been recently introduced on the Island. Guppya pacifica (Pfeififer) Helix pacifica Pfeiffer, Symb. ad Hist. Helic, sect. 3, 1846, p. 66. Cocos Island. Pfeiffer in Martini and Chemnitz, Conch.- Cab., Ed. 2, vol. 1, abt. 12, Helix, no. 549, pi. 88, figs. 3-5. Cocos Island. Pfeiffer, Monogr. Helic. Viv., vol. 1, 1847, p. 52. Cocos Island. Reeve, Conch. Icon., vol. 7, Helix, 1852, pi. 112, fig. 640. Cocos Island. Tryon, Manual Conch., ser. 2, vol. 3, 1887, p. 78, pi. 14, fig. 28. Cocos Island. Nanina (Nigritella) pacifica (Pfeiffer), Clessin Ed., Nom. Helic. Viv., 1878-1881, p. 80. Cocos Island. Guppya pacifica (Pfeiffer), Ancey, Journ. de Conchyl., vol. 51, no. 2, 1903, p. 101. Cocos Island. Biolley, Mollusques de L'lsla del Coco. Mus. Nac. de Costa Rica, 1907, p. 14. Cocos Island. Conulus sp., von Martens, Sitz. Ges. Naturf. Freunde zu Berlin, Jahrg. 1898, no. 9, p. 156. Cocos-Insel. Dall, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 52, 1900, p. 96. Guppya pacifica var. conulus von Martens, Sitz. Ges. Naturf. Freunde zu Berlin, Jahrg. 1902, no. 3, p. 59. Cocos Island. Guppya hopkinsii Dall, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 52, April 16, 1900, p. 97, pi. 8, figs. 5 and 6; Pilsbry, p. 105, 4 text figs. "Cocos Island, on leaves. Heller and Snodgrass." Guppya hopkinsi Dall, von Martens, Biol. Centrali-Americana, Moll., 1901, p. 620. Cocos Island. 132 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.2 Guppya fultoni Gude, Proc. Malacol. Soc. London, vol. 5, no. 4, April, 1903, p. 265, pi. 7, figs. 18, 19, 20. "Cocos Island, Pacific Ocean." Biolley, Mollusques de L'lsla del Coco. Mus. Nac. de Costa Rica, 1907, p. 14. Cocos Island. Pfeififer's description of pacifica fits almost exactly the large series of shells which we have available. The same is true of the figure repro- duced by Tryon. One of our sets was collected by the 1905-1906 Expe- dition of the Academy (19 specimens); these passed through Dall's hands and were identified as Guppya hopkinsi by him. They may there- fore be considered as authentic. In all of the specimens there is a definite tendency toward angulation of the body whorl at the periphery, a fea- ture not shown in Dall's drawings, which may have been made from a senile specimen. Numerous specimens were taken by Hertlein and Howell of the Hancock and Templeton Crocker Expeditions, respec- tively, on leaves and mosses along the creeks draining into Wafer and Chatham bays. According to a note by Dall (published by Biolley, 1907, p. 15) he agreed with von Martens that the keeled and smooth forms are not more than varietally distinct. Under the circumstances and in view of insular conditions in general, we do not believe that there are sufficient differences in the series of available Guppya from Cocos Island to war- rant the recognition of more than one name. Auricula stagnalis d'Orbigny Auricula stagnalis d'Orbigny, Mag. de Zool 1835, p. 23. d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., Moll., vol. 5, 1837, p. 325, pi. 42, figs. 7 and 8. Guayaquil, Ecuador. Reeve, Conch. Icon., vol. 20, 1878 (on title page), Auricula, sp. 3, pi. 2, fig. 3. "Hab. S. America." Dall, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 48, 1896, p. 452. Earlier records cited. von Martens, Sitz. Ges. Naturf. Freunde zu Berlin, Jahrg. 1902, no. 3, p. 62. Cocos Island. Biolley, Mollusques de L'lsla del Coco. Mus. Nac. de Costa Rica, 1907, p. 19 (as Auricula (?) stag- nalis Orb.) "En colonies nombreuses contre troncs d'arbres morts a demi submerges dans le lit de I'Arroyo del Genio, a peu de distance de son embouchure dans le Baie de Wafer." Dall and Ochsner, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., sen 4, vol. 17, no. 5, 1928, p. 178. Galapagos Islands, various localities. NO. 8 HANNA AND HERTLEIN : MOLLUSCA 133 Nine living specimens of Auricula were collected by Hertlein of the Hancock Expedition from beneath the bark of a fallen palm tree near the creek in Arroyo del Genio, which drains into Wafer Bay. They were found about 50 meters above the outlet of the creek. The water was apparently entirely fresh, at least during the ebb tide. The shells are uniform in size, about one half as long as those from the Galapagos Islands and the spire is much shorter. The series of spiral markings just below the suture is much stronger than in the specimens of stag- nalis which we have examined. The shape is very similar to the species pellucens from Florida and the West Indies and if it were not for the known great variation of stagnalis we would not hesitate to identify the Cocos Island shells with the east coast species. Melampus panamensis (C. B. Adams) Auricula panamensis C. B. Adams, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 5, July, 1852, pp. 433, 542. "Panama and Taboga. 600 spec." Reeve, Conch. Icon., vol. 20, 1878, Auricula, sp. 59, pi. 7, fig. 59. ''Hab. Jamaica." Alelampus panamensis (C. B. Adams), Pfeiffer, Monogr. Auric. Viv., 1856, p. 48. Dall, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 52, 1900, p. 97. Cocos Island. von Martens, Biol. Cen- trali-Americana, Moll., 1900, p. 561, pi. 43, figs. 10, \0a. Previ- ous records cited. Dall, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 43, no. 6, 1908, p. 436. Cocos Island. Tralia panamensis (C. B. Adams), Dall, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- delphia, vol. 48, 1896, p. 452. Cocos Island. This species is not represented in our collections from Cocos Island. It is a slender shell with a high, sharply pointed spire, apparently one of the most distinct of this genus on the west coast. The color is dark reddish brown and the spire has a few faint spiral striations. For diag- nostic characters, reliance must be placed almost entirely upon Adams' description and von Martens' excellent figure. Its presence on Cocos Island rests upon the authority of Dr. Dall. Melampus tabogensis (C. B. Adams) Auricula tabogensis C. B. Adams, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 5, July, 1852, pp. 435, 542. "Taboga and Panama. 800 134 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 spec." Reeve, Conch. Icon., vol. 20, 1878 (on title page), Auricula, sp. 47, pi. 6, fig. 47. "Hab. Jamaica." Melampus tabogensis (C. B. Adams), Pfeiffer, Monogr. Auric. Viv., 1856, p. 47. von Martens, Biol. Centrali-Americana, Moll., 1900, p. 560, pi. 43, fig. 8. Panama. von Martens, Sitz. Ges. Naturf. Freunde zu Berlin, Jahrg., 1902, no. 6, p. 137. Cocos Island. Biolley, Mollusques de L'lsla del Coco. Mus. Nac. de Costa Rica, 1907, p. 24. "Est abondant sur les plages sablonneuses de la Baie de Wafer et a rembouchure de r Arroyo del Genio." The members of the 1905-1906 Expedition (Calif. Acad. Sci.) ob- tained about 100 specimens of this dark reddish brown species. It is a much heavier and slightly larger species than trilineatus and is usually more highly polished. The columella usually bears not more than three teeth, the lovrermost of w^hich is very thick and heavy. Melampus trilineatus (C. B. Adams) Auricula trilineata C. B. Adams, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, vol, 5, July, 1852, pp. 436, 543. "Panama, 1 spec." Carpenter, Rept. British Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1856 (issued 1857), p. 275. Melampus trilineatus (C. B. Adams), Pfeiffer, Monog. Auric. Viv., 1856, p. 44. von Martens, Biol. Centrali-Americana, Moll., 1900, p. 559, pi. 43, fig. 7. Panama. The members of the California Academy of Sciences Expedition of 1905-1906 secured a number of specimens of this species estimated at 5,000. All of these are rather smaller than the dimensions which Adams gave for his single specimen but they do not differ greatly from the one figured by von Martens. Naturally very great variation is displayed in so large a series. Light color bands vary from none to as many as five; there are usually four or five teeth on the columella, the lowermost one being the largest. One of the most constant characters in the lot is the presence of a series of spiral threads on the spire above the periphery. These are not present on the dark reddish brown species which we refer herein to tabogensis, and do not seem to be present on a spirally banded beach-worn shell from Panama which Mr. A. M. Strong has identified for us as trilineatus. A considerable number of the Cocos NO. 8 HANNA AND HERTLEIN : MOLLUSCA 135 Island shells have a series of longitudinal, light-yellowish stripes, similar to those described and illustrated by von Martens on the species which he named strigosus,-'^ the arrangement of the teeth on the columella, however, differs greatly from that species. 21 von Martens, C. E., Biol. Centrali-Americana, Moll., 1900, p. 560, pi. 43, fig. 9. "W. Costa Rica; in a small tributary of the Rio Boto, Golfo Dulce, on dead leaves (Pittier, March 1896)." REPORTS ON THE COLLECTIONS OBTAINED BY ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS OF VELERO III OFF THE COAST OF MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, SOUTH AMERICA, AND GALA- PAGOS ISLANDS IN 1932, IN 1933, IN 1934, IN 1935, in 1936, in 1937, AND in 1938. NEMATODE PARASITES OF THE GALAPAGOS LAND IGUANA By ASHTON C. CUCKLER The University of Southern California Publications Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions Volume 2, Number 9 Issued November 10, 1938 The University of Southern California Press Los Angeles, California NEMATODE PARASITES OF THE GALAPAGOS LAND IGUANA* (With Three Plates) ASHTON C. CUCKLER University of Nebraska The nematode parasites which are the basis of this study were col- lected by Dr. H. W. Manter from the intestine of the Galapagos land iguana, Conolophus subcristatus Gray, during the 1934 Allan Hancock Pacific Expedition. All parasites were from a single host taken on South Seymour Island, Galapagos. The writer wishes to express his indebtedness to Dr. Manter for the opportunity to study this material and for aid and advice during the work. The parasites had been fixed in hot 70 per cent alcohol. They were cleared with glycerine and mounted in this fluid for study. The prepa- ration and examination of the en face views of the lips were by the method suggested by Chitwood and Wehr (1935). The nematodes occurred in very large numbers in the intestine of the iguana. Nearly 4,000 specimens were collected and these repre- sented but a small part of the entire infection of a single host. It was found that five species of nematodes, all of the family Oxyuridae, subfamily Syphaciinae, were represented in this single col- lection. All of these 5 species are considered to be new. They can be referred to two genera, one of which is described as new. Five genera of Syphaciinae occur in reptiles. Two of these, Alaeuris Thapar, 1925 and Thaparia Ortlepp, 1933, are characterized in part by the presence of caudal alae in the males, which is also a characteristic of the species from the Galapagos land iguana. These species further resemble Thaparia in the absence of lateral alae, the presence of two uteri and two ovaries, usually four genital papillae, and a single spicule and an accessory piece. However, the short esophagus of three regions, * Studies from the Zoological Laboratories, University of Nebraska, No. 199. [137] 138 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 the position of the vulva near the anus, and the length of the spicule in Thaparia seem sufficient to exclude the Galapagos species from this genus. The genus Alaeuris is characterized by Thapar (1925) as follows: "Oxyurids of small or medium size; simple lips; both lateral and caudal alae present, the latter very prominent; vulva behind the middle of the body; ovejector present terminating in a bulb; uteri two; spicule single; accessory piece present; only pre-anal papillae pedunculated, others sessile." Four of the five species of nematodes from the Galapagos land iguana are apparently of the genus Alaeuris. These four species agree with the generic diagnosis as given by Thapar except for one character- istic, namely, the lateral alae do not seem to be present. However, Sand- ground (1929) has assigned to this genus a species, A. hirsutus Sand- ground, 1929 (from a Central American iguana. Iguana rhinolopha), which apparently does not have lateral alae. The type species of Alaeuris, A. alaeuris Thapar, 1925, has lateral alae only at the posterior end of the male. The second species, A. iguanae Thapar, 1925, apparently possesses lateral alae, but no mention is made of them in the specific diagnosis, and no figures show them. Until 1933, then, only one of the three species of Alaeuris has well- defined lateral alae, one is doubtful, and the third apparently lacks them. A nematode from Testudo verreauxi of South Africa was assigned to the genus Alaeuris by Ortlepp in 1933. This species, A. conspicua Ort- lepp, 1933, possesses well-developed lateral alae in both sexes. The species from the Galapagos land iguana are like A. hirsutus in respect to the absence of lateral alae. Since this is the only important character- istic in which the Galapagos forms differ from the diagnosis of Alaeuris, and it is evident that there are various degrees of development of this characteristic within the known members of the genus, this characteristic does not seem to be of sufficient importance to exclude the four Gala- pagos species from the genus Alaeuris. Consequently, four of the five species of nematodes from the Galapagos land iguana are assigned to the genus Alaeuris Thapar, 1925. The fifth species in the collection is con- sidered to represent a new, but rather closely related genus. Its relation- ship will be pointed out with its description. Type specimens are deposited in the United States National Museum and in the Allan Hancock Foundation at The University of Southern California. NO. 9 cuckler: nematode parasites 139 Alaeuris galapagensis, new species (Plate 13, figs. 1-7) This species was the most abundant in the collection. An identifica- tion and count of the entire collection revealed 668 males and 2,045 females of this species. These are medium-sized oxyurids with slender, spindle-shaped bodies. The anterior end is truncated, but the posterior end of the female is extended as a long, straight, pointed tail. The male tail is short and rounded. The females (fig. 1) range from 4.52 mm. to 6.49 mm. in length by 0.39 mm. to 0.48 mm. in width. The length of the male (fig. 2) ranges from 2.75 mm. to 3.80 mm. and the width from 0.20 mm. to 0.30 mm. The body is covered with a clear, thin cuticula, which has indistinct transverse striations about 0.005 mm. apart. There are no cervical or lateral cuticular alae in either sex. The males have well-developed caudal alae. The cephalic region is distinct and truncate terminally (fig. 3). The terminal, triangular-shaped mouth (fig. 4) is formed by three simple lips which are distinctly separated from one another by small grooves. The dorsal lip is slightly taller than the ventrolateral lips. There are ten cephalic papillae and two amphids. The papillae are arranged in two circles. In the external circle are four papillae, two of which are situated near the posterior margin of each of the ventrolateral lips. There are no corresponding papillae on the dorsal lip. In the internal circle there are six papillae (fig. 4) ; two papillae are near the anterior margin of each of the lips. The amphids terminate slightly pos- terior to the level of the internal circle of papillae. Two uncertain papilla-like structures could usually be seen in the en face view of the lips but could not be distinguished in the lateral or dorsal views of the cephalic region. The lips bound a triangular-shaped mouth. The buccal cavity, about 0.025 mm. in depth, has six toothlike projections extending into it from the esophageal wall. Three of the projections are continuous with the external surface of the esophagus, and three smaller, sharp projections arise from the inner surface of the esophagus. A small projection is found on the median anterior margin of the dorsal lip ; no similar struc- tures were observed on the other lips. The conspicuous nerve ring encircles the anterior end of the esopha- 140 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 gus about 0.22 mm. in the male and 0.26 mm. in the female from the anterior end of the body. The excretory pore is ventral and prebulbar in both sexes. In the male it ranges from 0.96 to 1.45 (average 1.03) mm. and in the female from 1.38 to 1.99 (average 1.63) mm. from the anterior end of the body. The excretory pore is minute; it communicates with an oval- shaped vesicle into which the excretory canals enter. The vesicle is about 0.09 mm. in the male and 0.14 mm. in the female in length. There are four excretory canals which emerge from the lateral line areas in such a manner as to form an "X" with the vesicle at the junction. The posterior canals are wider than the anterior. The esophagus is of the usual oxyurid type. It is of the same muscu- lar structure throughout its length, except for the anterior cuticularized end which projects into the buccal cavity. There is a slight bulge in the esophagus about 0.05 mm. from its anterior end; from this point the width remains the same, 0.043 mm. in the female and 0.036 mm. in the male, to the slight constriction which marks the junction between the esophagus and the esophageal bulb. The bulb averages 0.165 mm. in the female and 0.125 mm. in the male in diameter. It contains a valvu- lar apparatus, consisting in part of three cuticularized blade-like struc- tures. The length of the esophagus, bulb included, ranges from 1.66 to 2.08 (average 1.84) mm. in the female and from 1.02 to 1.70 (average 1.43) mm. in the male. Thus it is nearly one half the body length of the male and one third the body length of the female. Anteriorly the intestine is enlarged to a diameter greater than that of the esophageal bulb. The diameter of the flask-shaped enlargement is about 0.254 mm. in the female and 0.153 mm. in the male. From this maximum size the diameter of the intestine gradually decreases to ap- proximately 0.10 mm. in the female, slightly less in the male, which is the size maintained throughout the remainder of its length. Male: The male reproductive system is composed of a single, coiled testis which has a diameter of about 0.036 mm. The testis extends an- teriorly to about the level of the intestinal bulb. An expanded region of the testis connects with the seminal vesicle through an attenuated neck- like portion. The seminal vesicle is about 0.40 mm. in length and has a maximum diameter of 0.095 mm. The accessory reproductive structures (figs. 5 and 6) consist of the spicule, accessory piece, and the genital papillae. There is a single spicule, which ranges from 0.415 to 0.589 (average 0.496) mm. in length. The NO. 9 cuckler: nematode parasites 141 proximal end of the spicule is slightly expanded at the point of attach- ment of the spicular muscles. The spicule width at this point is about 0.042 mm. ; from this region the spicule gradually tapers to end in a fine sharp point. The accessory piece is well developed, V-shaped, and has a maximum width of 0.046 mm, and a length of about 0.076 mm. Posteriorly it tapers to a bluntly rounded, ventrally directed, hooked tip. There are four pairs of genital papillae located at the ventral body cleft (fig. 6). Three pairs are circumcloacal and one pair is caudal in position. Two of the pairs of circumcloacal papillae are precloacal in position. The most anterior and ventral pair of this group is well de- veloped and situated on projections from the body. These papillae, as well as the second pair of precloacal papillae, are considered to be sessile. The second pair of precloacal papillae can not be seen in the ventral view of the caudal region because they are small and dorsal to the large precloacal pair. The third pair of circumcloacal papillae is pedunculated and is adcloacal in position. These papillae are situated on stalks which extend nearly to the posterior extremity of the accessory piece. The fourth or caudal pair of papillae arises from the caudal stalk at about the junction of its fourth and last fifths. These papillae are well de- veloped and pedunculated. Summarizing, there are two pairs of pre- cloacal sessile papillae, one pair of adcloacal pedunculated papillae, and one pair of pedunculated caudal papillae. The caudal alae are wide and deep, and extend from the base of the tail to the base of the caudal papillae. The deepest point of the ala is at about its mid-region, where it extends ventrally to the level of the ventral precloacal papillae. The alae extend laterally to about the body width at the anterior end of the tail, but taper slightly at their posterior limits. Female: The vulva is situated posterior to the middle of the body; it ranges from 2.6 to 3.4 (average 2.9) mm. from the anterior end. In the mature animals the vulva is surrounded anteriorly by a promi- nent cuticular expansion. The vagina is a well-developed muscular or- gan, which meets the body wall at an oblique angle. A common uterine stem connects the divergent uteri to the ovejector and vagina. The va- gina varies in length from 0.49 to 0.56 mm., and its width is about 0.08 mm. Between the vagina and the common stem of the uteri there is a less muscular structure, the ovejector. This structure is about 0.20 mm. in length by 0.07 mm. in width. At both ends it is equipped with valvu- lar, bulblike structures. 142 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 The uteri are divergent. The ovaries are large and club-shaped in the adult. Their average diameter is 0.070 mm. The eggs are segmented in utero and the uteri may contain many or few eggs, depending upon the degree of maturity. The eggs (fig. 7) are large, with thin clear shells, ellipsoidal, and with an asymmetrically flattened surface on one side. The eggs range from 0.182 to 0.210 mm. in length by 0.077 to 0.098 mm. in width. The average size is 0.192 mm. by 0.089 mm. SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS OF ALAEURIS GALAPAGENSIS Principal characters of genus. Oxyurids of medium size; males from 2.75 to 3.80 mm. by 0.20 to 0.30 mm. ; females from 4.52 to 6.49 mm. by 0.39 to 0.47 mm. Thin cuticula, striations 0.005 mm. apart. No cervical or lateral alae; caudal alae in male. Cephalic region distinct and truncate; mouth surrounded by three simple lips. Ten cephalic papillae and two amphids present; papillae in two circles; ventrolateral lips each with four papillae and an amphid ; dorsal lip with two papillae, and a median anterior toothlike projection. Buccal cavity present con- taining six toothlike projections from anterior end of esophagus. Nerve ring about 0.22 mm. in male and 0.26 mm. in female from anterior end. Excretory pore prebulbar, about 1.03 mm. in male and 1.69 mm. in female from anterior end. Esophagus long and slender, about one half body length in male and one third body length in female. Intestine rectilinear, enlarged anteriorly into a bulb. Male: Bluntly rounded tail, 0.11 mm. long; wide caudal alae from base to distal fourth of tail. Spicule from 0.415 to 0.589 mm. in length, sharply pointed. Accessoiy piece well developed, 0.046 mm. by 0.076 mm. Four pairs of genital papillae; three pairs circumcloacal, of which two pairs are sessile, one pair pedunculated; one pair pedunculated caudal papillae at point alae join tail. Female: Straight pointed tail 0.57 mm. long. Vulva posterior to mid-body, 2.97 mm. from anterior end. Vagina very muscular, ovejector less muscular, connected to divergent uteri by a common uterine stem. Short oviducts connect large club-shaped ovaries to uteri. Eggs large, ellipsoidal, flattened on one side; measure 0.192 mm. by 0.089 mm.; segmented in utero. This species is named for Its geographic location, the Galapagos Islands. NO. 9 cuckler: nematode parasites 143 Affinities : This species conforms to Thapar's diagnosis of the genus Alaeuris except that no lateral alae are present, and there is a difference in the character and disposition of the genital papillae. This species may be distinguished from A. alaeuris on the basis of the prebulbar excretory pore, the number of cephalic papillae, the pe- dunculated adcloacal papillae, and the difference in the length of the spicule and accessoiy piece. The characters which distinguish this species from A. igiianae are: its larger size, the distinct cephalic region, the distinct lips, the presence of a common uterine stem, unstriated caudal alae, the character of the genital papillae, and the longer spicule and accessory piece. This species may be distinguished from A. hirsutus by its smaller size, longer relative length of esophagus, shorter spicule, longer accessory piece, difference in number of cephalic papillae, the character of the genital papillae, and the male tail which extends posterior to the border of the caudal alae. The following characters distinguish this species from A. conspicua: the absence of lateral alae, the size and shape of the spicule, the pre- bulbar position of the excretory pore, the absence of a spike on the male tail, and the character and number of genital papillae. Alaeuris longispicula, new species (Plates 13 & 14, figs. 8-14) This species was less numerous in the collection than A. galapa- ffensis. Approximately 8 per cent of the specimens from the heavily infected host are of this species. These are medium-sized ox-yurids with relatively slender bodies. The length of the male (fig. 12) is from 3.01 to 4.27 (average 3.58) mm., and the greatest body width is from 0.25 to 0.32 mm. The body grad- ually tapers from about mid-body to the extremities. The females (fig. 8) range in length from 5.28 to 7.77 (average 6.16) mm. and in maxi- mum body width from 0.44 to 0.56 mm. The cuticula is thin and has striations about 0.010 mm. apart. There are no lateral or cervical cuticular alae. Caudal alae are present in the male. The cephalic region is distinct (fig. 10) and terminates anteriorly in the rounded lips. The three lips are separated from one another by distinct grooves. The lips bound a Y-shaped mouth (fig. 11) which 144 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.2 communicates with the shallow buccal cavity. The anterior end of the esophagus is rounded and extends into the buccal cavity. There are two papillae near the anterolateral margin of each of the lips. Each of the ventrolateral lips has two additional papillae situated near the median anterior margin; these papillae could be seen distinctly in the lateral view but were not apparent in the en face view. There is thus a total of 10 papillae on the lips. The well-developed amphids terminate near the median anterior margins of the ventrolateral lips. The excretory pore is ventral and prebulbar in both sexes, being 1.48 mm. in the male and 1.73 mm. in the female from the anterior end. The pore communicates with an excretory vesicle which connects with the excretory canals. The canals form an "X" where they lead to the vesi- cle. The nerve ring is 0.258 mm. in the male and 0.263 mm. in the female from the anterior end. The position of the nerve ring seems to be quite constant, varying little in the specimens of different sizes. The esophagus varies in length from 1.43 to 1.69 (average 1.55) mm. in the male and from 2.01 to 2.13 (average 2.08) mm. in the female. Its posterior end terminates in the subspherical bulb, which is equipped with cuticularized valvular structures. There is a constriction, the isth- mus, between the bulb and the anterior portion, or the corpus of the esophagus. The rectilinear intestine is enlarged into a bulblike region at its anterior end. Male: The body of the male ends in a ventrally directed, bluntly rounded tail, which varies in length from 0.11 to 0.20 mm. Laterally the tail is provided with wide caudal alae (fig. 14), extending from the base of the tail to the base of the caudal papillae. There are two pairs of precloacal genital papillae (figs. 13 and 14), one pair of adcloacal papillae, and one pair of caudal papillae located at the posterior end of the alae. The precloacal pairs seem to arise from the same base on each side, and thus are interpreted as double papillae. Each has a separate nei-ve ending and the nerve fibers could be seen to branch from a common stem to each of the papillae. These papillae are considered sessile. Adjacent to these papillae are two fingerlike projec- tions, the cloacal lips. The adcloacal papillae are situated on long slender stalks which arise from the body anterior to the cloacal aperture. These two papillae are well developed and are between the cloacal lips and accessory piece. The pedunculated caudal papillae are situated at the anterior of the distal quarter of the tail. Thus there are four pairs of genital papillae, two of which are sessile and two are pedunculated. NO. 9 cuckler: nematode parasites 145 There is a single spicule (fig. 12). The length varies from 1.36 to 1.58 (average 1.47) mm., about two fifths of the body length. The proximal end of the spicule is dilated to form a head where the muscles are attached. The distal end of the spicule is sharply pointed. A short distance from the distal end the spicule is enlarged laterally and at this point possesses a curve which is ventrally directed. There is a well-developed, V-shaped accessory piece (fig. 14), which measures 0.084 mm. in width by 0.080 mm. in length. The distal point of the accessoiy piece is directed ventrally, forming a conspicuous hooked tip. At the base of the accessoiy piece on each side there is a tubular cavity which seems to open to the outside at the base of the tail. The significance of this structure was not determined. Female: The vulva is situated on the ventral surface 0.35 mm. posterior to the middle of the body. It varies from 2.83 to 3.96 (aver- age 3.40) mm. from the anterior end. In the fully mature specimens there is a cuticular flap around the anterior margin of the vulva. Sur- rounding the distal end of the vagina and near the body wall, large gland cells can be distinguished in the immature specimens, but they are not apparent in the fully mature individuals. It seems probable that these gland cells are concerned with the development of the flap around the vulva. The vulva communicates with the muscular vagina which is directed anteriorly and then curves posteriorly where it is continued as a less muscular region, the ovejector. Following this region is the egg reservoir or common uterine stem. In the mature specimens the lengths of the parts of the genitalia average as follows: the vagina 0.90 mm., the ovejector 0.90 mm., and the common uterine stem 0.96 mm. The uteri are divergent, thin-walled tubes continuous with the ovaries. The ovaries are about 0.08 mm. in diameter near their mid-regions. The number of eggs in the uteri is variable ; some specimens have nearly the whole body filled with them, while others have very few eggs. The eggs (fig. 9) are large and possess a relatively thin shell. The eggs vary from 0.077 to 0.098 mm. in width by 0.175 to 0.196 mm. in length, with an average size of 0.086 by 0.185 mm. The eggs are segmented in utero. SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS OF ALAEURIS LONGISPICULA Principal characters of genus. Mature females 5.28 to 7.77 mm. by 0.47 mm.; males 3.01 to 4.27 mm. by 0.28 mm. Cephalic region dis- tinct; three conspicuous lips; lateroventral lips each with four papillae and an amphid ; dorsal lip with two papillae. Lateral cuticular alae ab- 146 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 sent; caudal alae in male. Nerve ring about 0.26 mm. from anterior end. Excretory pore ventral and prebulbar, 1.48 mm. in male and 1.73 mm. in female from anterior end. Esophagus typical and about one- third body length in female and about three-sevenths body length in male. Male: Tail 0.14 mm. long. Spicule 1.36 to 1.58 mm. long. Acces- sory piece well developed, V-shaped, 0.084 by 0.080 mm. Four pairs genital papillae. Two precioacal pairs sessile, adcloacal pair on long stalks, and caudal pair stout and pedunculated. Ventral cloacal lips prominent. Caudal alae wide but only slightly extended ventrally; pos- teriorly extend from body to caudal papillae. Female: Vulva slightly posterior to middle of body. Prominent an- terior vulvar flap. Uteri divergent; connected to ovejector by a common uterine stem. Eggs ellipsoidal, asymmetrically flattened, 0.086 by 0.185 mm. Tail long and pointed, measuring 0.76 mm. The species name refers to the long spicule. Affinities: A. longispicula may be distinguished from A. alaeuris on the basis of the prebulbar position of the excretory pore, the greater number of cephalic papillae, the character of the precioacal papillae, the well-developed, pedunculated caudal papillae, the much longer spicule, and the larger accessory piece. A. longispicula may be distinguished from A. iguanae on the basis of its larger size, the prebulbar position of the excretory pore, the dis- tinct cephalic region, the presence of the common uterine stem, the unstriated alae, the precioacal sessile papillae, and the longer spicule and accessory piece. The characteristics which distinguish this species from A. hirsutus are its smaller size, the relatively greater length of the esophagus, the larger number of cephalic papillae, the character of the genital papillae, the fact that the caudal alae extend to the anterior of the distal fourth of the tail, and the slightly longer spicule. A. longispicula may be differentiated from A. conspicua on the basis of the absence of lateral alae, the prebulbar position of the excretory pore, the greater length and different shape of the spicule, the absence of the spike on the male tail, and the character and number of genital papillae. The characteristics which distinguish A. longispicula from A. gala- pagensis are the following: the stouter and longer body, the relatively more posterior vulva, the more distinctly separated lips, and bluntly NO. 9 cuckler: nematode parasites 147 rounded rather than truncate cephalic region, the absence of cuticular- ized structures on the anterior end of the esophagus, the differences in the genital papillae, and the longer spicule. Alaeuris labicula, new species (Plate 14, figs. 15-21) This species of Alaeuris composed about 10 per cent of the entire collection. These are medium-sized oxyurids. The length of the male (fig. 15) varies from 3.11 to 3.45 mm., with an average of 3.28 mm. The maxi- mum body width is from 0.19 to 0.26 (average 0.24) mm. The size of the mature female (fig. 16) ranges from 5.51 to 6.08 (average 5.34) mm. in length by 0.44 to 0.53 (average 0.47) mm. in wndth. The cuticula is thick and has distinct transverse striations about 0.005 mm. apart. There are no lateral or cervical alae, although the male has wide caudal alae. The anterior end of this species is bluntly rounded, and the cephalic region (fig. 17) is indistinct. The lips are inconspicuous. The mouth is terminal and triangular in shape; it is surrounded by three lips which are best seen en face view. In some specimens examined a slight inden- tation about mid-way between the corners of the mouth could be seen on the anterior margin of each lip. It was considered at first that this perhaps indicated a slightly bilobed condition of the lips, but when other specimens were examined the same condition was not found. There is apparently a slight variation in the lip margins but the lips are never distinctly bilobed. There are eight cephalic papillae and two amphids. The amphids are conspicuous. They terminate near the posterior margins of the ventrolateral lips. The papillae are arranged in two circles, each con- taining four papillae. The papillae in the outer circle are larger than those of the inner circle. Two of the outer circle papillae are arranged on the dorsal lip, opposite the dorsal corners of the mouth. The other two external circle papillae are on the ventrolateral lips, and are located lateral to the ventral corner of the mouth. The internal circle papillae are situated on the ventrolateral lips. The papillae are arranged in an unusual manner, as they seem to show bilateral symmetry, rather than radial symmetry, as might be expected from the radial arrangement of the lips. 148 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 There is a shallow buccal cavity which is followed by the esophagus. The anterior end of the esophagus is cuticularized, and the inner mar- gins of the esophageal walls are extended anteriorly and outward to form a buccal cavity rim. In an optical section of the lateral surface of the cephalic region, the buccal cavity rim may be seen as a toothlike projection arising from the wall of the esophagus. The nerve ring encircles the anterior end of the esophagus from 0.175 to 0.210 (average 0.186) mm. in the male and from 0.196 to 0.224 (average 0.200) mm. in the female from the anterior end of the body. The excretory pore is slightly prebulbar in both sexes. The dis- tance the pore is located from the anterior end of the body varies from 1.08 to 1.51 mm. in the male and from 1.28 to 1.70 mm. in the female. The excretory pore and canals are similar to those described for the other species of Alaeuris. The esophagus is elongated, slender and mus- cular throughout its length. It terminates posteriorly in a subspherical bulb. The entire esophagus varies in length from 1.12 to 1.37 (average 1.26) mm. The ratio of esophagus to body length is about two fifths in the male and one fourth in the female. The anterior part of the esopha- gus which is in contact with the buccal cavity is bluntly rounded and heavily cuticularized. Posteriorly the esophagus connects with the en- larged bulblike region of the intestine. Male: The reproductive organs are similar to those described for the other species of Alaeuris. There are three pairs of genital papillae (figs. 19 and 20). Two of the pairs are circumcloacal and the third is caudal in position. The precloacal papillae are sessile, but situated on prominent body eminences. Dorsal and slightly lateral to these papillae are two stalks which project posteriorly beyond the limits of the pa- pillae. These structures are the cloacal lips which are similar in appear- ance to the papillae-bearing stalks, but a careful examination of all of the specimens studied was made and no papillae were distinguished. The second pair of circumcloacal papillae is located on long peduncles which arise from the posterior body wall. They are lateral to the accessory piece. The third pair of papillae is situated on relatively stout peduncles which arise from the tail. The caudal alae (fig. 20) are smooth. They extend laterally almost the body width, but ventrally only a short distance, almost to the dorsal side of the accessory piece. There is a single sharply pointed spicule (fig. 15). The length varies from 0.689 to 0.792 mm., with an average of 0.739 mm. Near the NO. 9 cuckler: nematode parasites 149 anterior of the distal quarter the spicule is dorsoventrally thickened. There is a well-developed, V-shaped accessory piece, measuring 0.052 mm. in width by 0.075 mm. in length. The tip of the accessory piece is directed posteriorly and laterally, usually to the right. In no instance was the tip ventrally directed or hooked. Female: The reproductive system is typical. The vulva is slightly anterior to the middle of the body. The average distance from the an- terior of the body to the vulva is 2.96 mm., which is about 0.01 mm. less than half the body length. The anterior margin of the vulva is sur- rounded by a cuticular expansion. The vagina is large and muscular, being 0.80 mm. in length by 0.09 mm. in width. The internal end of the vagina is swollen into a bulb-shaped enlargement; connected with this structure is a less muscular region, the ovejector, about 0.56 mm. in length. The uteri are joined to this by a common stem which has an average length of 0.41 mm. and a width of 0.05 mm. The eggs (fig. 21) are segmented in utero. The eggs are large, thin- shelled, asymmetrically flattened, and have an average size of 0.087 by 0.192 mm. SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS OF ALAEURIS LABICULA Principal characters of genus. Medium-sized oxyurids, the males ranging from 3.11 to 3.46 mm. by 0.19 to 0.26 mm. and the females from 5.57 to 6.80 mm. by 0.44 to 0.53 mm. Posterior extremity of fe- male has a pointed tail about 0.72 mm, long; male with a short bluntly rounded tail about 0.12 mm. long. No lateral or cervical alae; wide caudal alae in male. Cephalic region indistinct ; three inconspicuous lips. Mouth triangular. Eight cephalic papillae and two amphids. Papillae arranged lateral to mouth, exhibiting bilateral symmetry, rather than radial. Nerve ring encircles esophagus 0.18 mm. in male and 0.20 mm. in female from anterior end. Excretory pore slightly prebulbar in both sexes, varying from 1.08 to 1.31 mm. in the male and from 1.28 to 1.70 mm. in the female from anterior extremity. Esophagus ranges from 1.12 to 1.37 mm. in the male and from 1.34 to 1.42 mm. in the female in length. Male: Three pairs genital papillae; precloacal papillae sessile and on body eminences; adcloacal papillae on long peduncles; caudal pa- pillae on short, stout peduncles, anterior to tip of tail. Cloacal lips con- spicuous, resemble papillae-bearing stalks. Caudal alae wide. Spicule sharply pointed, about 0.73 mm. long. Accessory piece well developed. 150 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.2 V-shaped, 0.052 mm. wide by 0.075 mm. long; its tip is directed later- ally, never ventrally. Female: Vulva slightly anterior mid-body. Muscular vagina and ovejector; divergent uteri connected to ovejector by a common uterine stem. Eggs thin-shelled, asymmetrically flattened ; average size 0.087 by 0.192 mm.; segmented in utero. The species name refers to the small lips. Affinities: The structures which distinguish this species from A. alaeuris are: the prebulbar position of the excretory pore, the longer (0.030 mm.) eggs, the much longer spicule, an accessory piece nearly twice as long, the indistinct cephalic region, the inconspicuous lips, two pairs of circumcloacal papillae instead of three, and the character of the cloacal lips. It may be distinguished from A. iguanae on the basis of its larger size, the prebulbar excretory pore, the absence of tooth-like processes along the inner edge of the lips, the presence of the common uterine stem, the character of the circumcloacal papillae, the longer spicule, and the longer accessory piece. The characters which differentiate this species from A. hirsutus are its smaller size, the indistinct cephalic region, the inconspicuous lips, the greater number of cephalic papillae, the extension of the tail pos- terior to the caudal alae, the character and disposition of the circum- cloacal papillae, the shorter spicule, and the longer accessory piece. This species may be distinguished from A. conspicua by the absence of lateral alae, the inconspicuous lips, the greater number of cephalic papillae, the structure of the esophagus, the prebulbar position of the excretory pore, the more anteriorly situated vulva, the absence of the spike on the male tail, and the shorter spicule. The characters which distinguish this species from A. galapagensis are the following: the indistinct cephalic region, the inconspicuous lips, the number of cephalic papillae, the absence of cuticularized projec- tions on the anterior end of the esophagus, the more anterior position of the vulva, the differences in the genital papillae, the greater length of the spicule, and the laterally directed tip of the accessory piece. This species may be distinguished from A. longispicula on the basis of the indistinct cephalic region, the inconspicuous lips, the number and position of the cephalic papillae, the much shorter spicule, the shape and direction of the tip of the accessoiy piece, the number of genital papillae, and the differences in the cloacal lips. NO. 9 cuckler: nematode parasites 151 Alaeuris conolophi, new species (Plate 15, figs. 22-27) The following description is based upon a study of the least num- erous animals in the collection. There were 40 males and 90 females of this species, approximately 3 per cent of the entire collection. The females that are assigned to this species are all immature, but they possess certain resemblances to the males, especially in the structure of the lips and the anterior end of the esophagus. There is a slight differ- ence in the relative position of the excretoi-j' pore, which is postbulbar, but this difference may be due to the immaturity of the specimens. The animals are slender and spindle-shaped. From the mid-body region the body gradually tapers anteriorly to the rounded cephalic region and posteriorly to the short, blunt tail of the male, or to the slender, long pointed tail of the female. The length of the male (fig. 22) ranges from 3.10 to 3.91 (average 3.42) mm. The females (fig. 23) range from 2.81 to 3.26 (average 2.98) mm. in length by 0.18 to 0.24 (average 0.21) mm. in maximum width. There is a thin, clear cuticula which has striations about 0.008 mm. apart. The females have no cervical or lateral alae, but the males pos- sess a thickened cuticula in the lateral line region of the posterior ex- tremity of the body. This region extends anteriorly from the cloacal region for about 0.144 mm. and at this point the cuticula becomes the same thickness as that which covers the rest of the body. AVhether or not these thickened regions of the cuticula are evidences of lateral alae would be a matter of individual interpretation. It is interesting to note, however, that this is the only indication of possible lateral alae en- countered in this study of four species of Alaeuris. The cephalic region (fig. 24) is evident in the female, but slightly less evident in the male. The lips are slightly lobed. The mouth is termi- nal and is surrounded by three simple lips. The cephalic papillae (fig. 25) are located on the anterior margins of the lips. There are six cephalic papillae and two amphids. Each of the lips has two papillae near the median anterior margin; amphids are present on the ventro- lateral lips. The number and arrangement of the papillae are the same in the male and the immature female. There is a very shallow buccal cavity. The anterior end of the esophagus is bluntly rounded and cuticularized. No projections arise from the esophageal wall. The nerve ring encircles the anterior end 152 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 of the esophagus 0.189 to 0.210 mm. in the male and 0.175 to 0.182 mm. in the female from the anterior end of the body. The excretory pore is ventral. In the male the pore is located from 1.01 to 1.19 mm. from the anterior end, and in the female it is located 0.86 to 0.99 mm. from the anterior end. The esophagus is of the same muscular structure throughout its length, except the anterior end which is cuticularized for a short distance. The posterior end of the esophagus has a subspherical bulb which averages 0.140 mm. in diameter in the males and 0.082 mm. in the females. The esophageal bulb is equipped with valvular struc- tures. The length of the esophagus, including the bulb, is from 1.21 to 1.35 mm. in the male and 0.70 to 0.79 in the female; the width of the anterior portion of the esophagus is about 0.035 mm. The esophagus in the male is about one third the body length, and one fourth the body length in the female. The anterior end of the intestine is enlarged into a flask-shaped region 0.187 mm. in the male and 0.129 mm. in the female in diameter. The diameter of the intestine gradually diminishes from this point to the mid-region where it continues uniformly to the posterior. Male: The posterior end of the body has a ventrally directed, bluntly rounded tail, vaiying from 0.096 to 0.115 mm. in length. The tail has wide alae which extend from the ventral body cleft to the anterior of the distal fourth of the tail. The seminal vesicle has a length of about 0.5 mm. and a width of about 0.15 mm. The acicular spicule varies in length from 0.384 to 0.480 (average 0.437) mm. The acces- sory piece is 0.048 mm. wide by 0.056 mm. long. It is straight and widely V-shaped. Three pairs of genital papillae (figs. 26 and 27) are situated around the cloaca at the ventral body cleft and on the ventral side of the tail. One pair is precloacal and sessile, although situated on prominent projec- tions from the body. The adcloacal papillae are on long peduncles. The third pair of papillae is located at the anterior of the distal fourth of the tail. These papillae are situated on prominent, stout peduncles. Female: The tail averages 0.49 mm. in length and is finely pointed. The vulva ranges from 1.40 to 1.59 (average 1.44) mm. from the an- terior end. None of the reproductive organs are fully developed. SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS OF ALAEURIS CONOLOPHI Principal characters of genus. Medium-sized oxyurids; mature males average 3.42 mm. in length by 0.23 mm. in width; immature females NO. 9 cuckler: nematode parasites 153 average 2.98 mm. in length by 0.21 mm. in width. No lateral alae in female; thickened cuticular regions along posterior end of male may indicate lateral alae; wide caudal alae in male. Cephalic region evi- dent; three simple lips each with two papillae; ventrolateral lips each with an amphid. Esophagus typical, about one third body length in mature male, and about one fourth body length in immature female. Excretory pore slightly prebulbar in male, and slightly postbulbar in irnmature female. Male: Single acicular spicule, 0.437 mm. long. Straight accessory piece 0.048 mm. wide by 0.056 mm. long. Three pairs genital papillae. One precloacal pair of sessile papillae; one pair of adcloacal peduncu- lated papillae; one pair of stout, pedunculated caudal papillae. Caudal alae wide, extend posteriorly to caudal papillae. Female: Immature specimens only available. Vulva slightly pos- terior to mid-body. Tail 0.49 mm. in length. This species is named after the genus of its host, Conolophus. Affinities : This species may be distinguished from A. alaeuris by the absence of conspicuous lateral alae in the male, the relatively longer female tail, the character and disposition of the genital papillae, and the length of the spicule. It differs from A. iguanae in the absence of toothlike processes on the inner edges of the lips, the relative length of the female tail, the unstriated caudal alae, the number and disposition of the genital papillae, and the length of the spicule. Its differences from A. hirsutus are the size, the character and num- ber of the genital papillae, the extent of the male tail beyond the caudal alae, and the much shorter spicule. The distinguishing differences between this species and A. conspicua are the absence of conspicuous lateral alae, the absence of the spike on the male tail, the number and position of the genital papillae, and the length of the spicule. It differs from A. galapagensis in the number of cephalic papillae, the absence of toothlike processes arising from the anterior end of the esophagus, the character of the genital papillae, the shape of the tail of the male and the shape of the caudal alae, the slight difference in the size of the spicule, and the size and shape of the accessory piece. This species may be distinguished from A. longispicula on the basis of the form of the lips and the number of cephalic papillae, the length and shape of the tail of the male, the great difference in the length of 154 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.2 the spicule, the size and shape of the accessory piece, the fewer genital papillae, and the shape of the caudal alae. The following characters distinguish this species from A. labicula: the number of cephalic papillae, the shape of the mouth, the more distinct lips, the nature of the genital papillae, the absence of distinct cloacal lips, the size of the spicule, the size and shape of the caudal alae, and the size and form of the male tail. Paralaeuris dorochila, new genus, new species (Plate IS, figs. 28-33) The following description is based on the study of the smallest worms in the collection. About 8 per cent of the collection consisted of animals of this species. The body is spindle-shaped, tapering from about mid-body region to the bluntly rounded cephalic region, and posteriorly more abruptly to the long, finely pointed tail. The length of the male (fig. 28) varies from 1.12 to 1.81 (average 1.41) mm. and the width varies from 0.084 to 0.147 (average 0.110) mm. The length of the female (fig. 29) varies from 2.17 to 3.80 (average 2.79) mm. and the width varies from 0.161 to 0.245 (average 0.188) mm. The body is covered v/ith a clear cuticula which has distinct stria- tions about 0.008 mm. apart. There are no lateral or cervical alae in either sex. The male has well-developed caudal alae. The cephalic region (fig. 30) is indistinct. The diameter of the cephalic region at the base of the lips is about 0.030 mm. There are three simple lips which are bluntly rounded and slightly separated from each other, and difficult to distinguish. The shape of the mouth and the relation of the lips to the mouth were not determined as no satisfac- tory en face views of the lips were secured. There are six cephalic papillae; two papillae are situated near the anterior margin of each of the lips. Amphids were not observed. Each of the ventrolateral lips has a small, sharply pointed, cuticularized an- teriorly projecting structure which arises from the inner margin of the lip. The esophagus is of the tj'pical oxyurid structure. It is muscular throughout its length and is terminated posteriorly by a subspherical bulb. The anterior end of the esophagus is bluntly rounded and slightly larger than the mid-region. There is no constriction or isthmus between NO. 9 cuckler: nematode parasites 155 the bulb and the corpus of the esophagus. The bulb possesses the usual valvular structures. The length of the esophagus including the bulb varies from 0.252 to 0.371 (average 0.315) mm. in the male, by 0.011 to 0.019 mm. in width; the esophagus length in the female varies from 0.280 to 0.601 (average 0.375) mm. by 0.017 to 0.024 mm. in width. The anterior end of the intestine is slightly enlarged where it joins the esophageal bulb. The diameter of this region is about 0.044 mm. in the male and 0.065 mm. in the female. The excretory pore is ventral and postbulbar, averaging 0.408 mm. in the male and 0.522 mm. in the female from the anterior end. The excretory pore is situated near the center of the excretory vesicle, which is oval in shape and 0.034 mm. in length. The excretory canals may be traced from the lateral line areas to the vesicle. The nerve ring encircles the esophagus at a point 0.106 mm. in the male and 0.116 mm. in the female from the anterior end. Male: The tail is 0.202 mm. long, about one seventh of the body length. The male reproductive organs consist of a single testis, the an- terior end of which is coiled on itself at the anterior of the intestine, and a slightly enlarged seminal vesicle which communicates with the cloaca. There is a single sharply pointed spicule (fig. 32) varying from 0.056 to 0.075 (average 0.065) mm. in length. A V-shaped accessory piece is present, which measures 0.018 mm. in length. There are four pairs of genital papillae (figs. 32 and 33). Three pairs of the papillae are precloacal and pedunculated ; two pairs of these seem to arise from common stalks, forming a double papilla on each side. The other pair of precloacal papillae arises from independent, elongated peduncles which are lateral and dorsal to the double papillae. The fourth pair of papillae is caudal in position, arising 0.040 mm. posterior to the cloacal aperture, and their long stalks support the caudal alae. The caudal alae are wide and well developed. Anteriorly the alae arise from the cloacal region and extend posterior to the caudal papillae. There are cuticular bands in the cloacal region, both ventrally and dorsally, extending from one side of the body to the other. Female: The tail is relatively long, measuring 0.723 mm., about one fourth of the entire body length. The vulva is anterior to the middle of the body, varying from 0.805 to 1.701 (average 1.160) mm. from the anterior end. The vagina, about 0.372 mm. long, connects with the vulva obliquely; it is directed anteriorly and then curves posteriorly to connect with the ovejector which terminates in a bulb. The ovejector 1 56 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 is about 0.35 mm. in length, and joins the divergent uteri. The thin- shelled, asymmetrically flattened eggs are segmented in utero. The eggs vary in size from 0.038 to 0.049 mm. wide by 0.075 to 0.105 mm. long, with an average size of 0.042 by 0.092 mm. GENERIC DIAGNOSIS OF PARALAEURIS Small slender oxyurids; tail long in both sexes, about one seventh body length in male and about one fourth body length in female. Male tail with wide caudal alae. No lateral alae in either sex. Cephalic region indistinct ; three simple lips, each with two papillae ; ventrolateral lips each with a small anteriorly directed cuticular process. Esophagus rela- tively short, muscular throughout its length. Excretoiy pore postbulbar. Vulva slightly anterior to mid-body; ovejector present; two uteri and two ovaries present. Eggs small, elongated. Male with single, short, stout, and sharply pointed spicule. V-shaped accessory piece present. Four pairs pedunculated papillae, three of which are precloacal, and the fourth pair support wide caudal alae. Type species: Paralaeuris dorochila from the intestine of Conolo- phus subcristatus Gray. Affinities: The presence of a single spicule and an accessory piece places this genus in the subfamily Syphaciinae Railliet, 1916. There are five genera in this subfamily all of which are parasites of reptiles. Only two of the genera, Alaeuris Thapar, 1925 and Thaparia Ortlepp, 1933 have caudal alae in the males. This genus resembles Alaeuris and Thaparia in the presence of caudal alae. However, the smaller size, the relative length of the esophagus to the body, the shape and length of the spicule, the position of the vulva, the position of the excretory pore, the relative length of the tail, the character of the genital papillae, and the structure of the caudal alae are characters in which this genus differs from Alaeuris and Thaparia. This genus has a superficial resemblance to Pharyngodon Diesing, 1861 of the subfamily Oxyurinae Hall, 1916. It differs from it in the presence of the accessory piece, the absence of lateral alae, the relative position of the vulva to the excretory pore, and the presence of an ovejector. The closest resemblance between this genus and the known genera of reptilian oxyurids is with the genus Alaeuris Thapar, 1925. Thus the name Paralaeuris is proposed for this genus. NO. 9 cuckler: nematode parasites 157 SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS OF PARALAEURIS DOROCHILA Characters of the genus. Males from 1.11 to 1.80 mm. in length by 0.08 to 0.14 mm. in width; females from 2.17 to 3.80 mm. in length by 0.16 to 0.24 mm. in width. Thick cuticula, striations about 0.008 mm. apart. No cervical or lateral alae; caudal alae in male. Cephalic region indistinct; three simple lips, slightly lobed ; each lip with two papillae; each ventrolateral lip with a short, anteriorly directed, pointed process. Esophagus 0.31 mm. long, about one fourth body length, in male and 0.37 mm., about one seventh body length, in female. Nerve ring 0.108 mm. in the male and 0.116 mm. in female from anterior end. Excretory pore postbulbar, 0.40 mm. in male and 0.52 mm. in female from an- terior end. Male: Alate tail 0.20 mm. long, about one seventh body length. Single short, pointed spicule, 0.065 mm. in length. V-shaped accessory piece 0.018 mm. long. Four pairs of pedunculated genital papillae. Three pairs precloacal, one pair caudal in position. Two pairs arise from com- mon stalks, forming double papillae; third pair on long peduncles, lateral and dorsal to double papillae; fourth pair on long ray-like peduncles supporting caudal alae. Wide caudal alae extend slightly posterior to caudal papillae. Female: Long finely pointed tail 0.723 mm. in length, about one fourth body length. Vulva anterior to mid-body, averaging 1.16 mm. from anterior end. Vagina about 0.37 mm. long, and ovejector about 0.035 mm. in length. Eggs average 0.042 mm. by 0.092 mm. ; segmented in utero. The species name refers to the cuticular projections on the lips. Summary 1. Five species of nematode parasites are reported from the Gala- pagos land iguana, Conolophus subcristatus Gray. Apparently, these are the first nematode parasites reported from this iguana. 2. Of the five species of parasites reported, four are assigned to the genus Alaeuris Thapar, 1925. Each of these species is new. The new species described are: A. galapagensis, A. longispicula, A. labicula, and A. conolophi. 3. The other species reported is assigned to a new genus. The name Paralaeuris is proposed for this genus. A new species, P. dorochila, is described in this genus. /C5v>^0- 158 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.2 LITERATURE CITED Baylis, H. a. and R. Daubney 1926. A synopsis of the families and genera of Nematoda. Chitwood, B. G. and Everett E. Wehr 1935. The value of cephalic structures in nematode classification, with special reference to the superfamily SPIRUROIDEA. Zeit. Parasit., 7:273-335. Ortlepp, R. J. 1935. On some South African reptilian oxyurids. Onderstepoort Journ. Vet. Sci. Animal Ind., 1:99-114. Sandground, J. H. 1929. Some new parasitic nematodes from Yucatan (Mexico), including a new genus of strongyle from cattle. Bui. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, 69:523-524. Thapar, G. S. 1925. Studies on the Oxyurid parasites of reptiles. Jour. Helmin., 3:83-150. YoRKE, W., and P. A. Maplestone 1926. The nematode parasites of vertebrates. xo. 9 cuckler: nematode parasites 159 EXPLANATION OF PLATES All figures were drawn with the aid of a microprojector or camera lucida. The value of the projected scale is indicated in millimeters beside each figure. The following abbreviations are used: a ala ep excretory pore gc accessory piece Ic cloacal lip nr nerve ring oe ovejector ov ovarj- p and number genital papilla sp spicule J^' seminal vesicle Is testis V vagina 'vl vulva 160 ALLAX HAXCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 PLATE 13 Fig. 1. .llacuris //alapat/rfisis, female, lateral view. Fig. 2. ./. i/(iliipiu/rnsis, male, lateral view. Fig. 3. ./. t/alapat/rnsis, cephalic region, female, lateral view. Fig. 4. ./. {/alapat/f/isis, en face ^•iew lips, female. Fig. 5. .1 . (/alapa(jensis, posterior extremit\" male, ventral view. Fig. 6. .1 . (/alapai/ensis, posterior extremity male, lateral view. Fig. 7. ./. t/alapa//ensis, egg. Fig. 8. -/. lotujispicula, female, lateral view. Fig. 9. ./. IniK/ispieula, egg. NO. 9 cuckler: xematode parasites PL. 13 ,ep _vl 162 ALLAN' HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIOXS VOL. 2 PLATE 14 Fig. 10. A I Fig. 11. Fig. 12. Fig. 13. Fig. U. Fig. 15. Fig. 16. Fig. 17. Fig. 18. Fig. 19. Fig. 20. A. Fig. 21. A. llaciiris lotitjispicula, cephalic region, female, lateral view. /. longispicida, en face view lips, male. 1 . loiiijispirula, male, lateral view. 7. loiu/ispicitla, posterior extremity male, ventral view. /. loiu/ispieula, posterior extremity male, lateral view. l . lahuula, male, lateral view. /. labicula, female, lateral view. /. labicula, cephalic region female, lateral vie^v. 1 . labicula, en face view lips, female. . labicula, posterior extremity male, lateral view. . labicula, posterior extremity male, ventral view. . labicula, egg. xo. 9 cuckler: xematode parasites PL. 14 0.0 5 164 ALLAN HANXOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIOXS VOL. 2 PLATE 15 Fig. 22. .llacuris conolophi, male, lateral view. Fig. 23. ./. conolophi, female, lateral view. Fig. 24. ,7. conolophi, cephalic region female, lateral vie\v. Fig. 25. ./. conolophi, en face view lips, female. Fig. 26. ./. conolophi, posterior extremity male, lateral view. Fig. 27. .7. conolophi, posterior extremity male, ventral view. Fig. 28. Paralaeiiris Jorochila, male, lateral vie\v. Fig. 29. P. dorochila, female, lateral view. Fig. 30. P. dorochila, cephalic region female, lateral view. Fig. 31. P. dorochila, egg. Fig. 32. P. dorochila, posterior extremit\- male, lateral view. Fig. 33. P. dorochila posterior extremit}' male, ventral view. NO. 9 cuckler: nematode parasites PL. 15 REPORTS ON THE COLLECTIONS OBTAINED BY ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS OF VELERO III OFF THE COAST OF MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, SOUTH AMERICA, AND GALA- PAGOS ISLANDS IN 1932, IN 1933, IN 1934, IN 1935, in 1936, in 1937, and in 1938. A NEW SPECIES OF NYCTERIBIIDAE (DIPTERA PUPIPARA) FROM ISLANDS IN THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA (Plate 16) By HUGH SCOTT, Sc.D., F.L.S. The University of Southern California Publications Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions Volume 2, Number 10 Issued February 20, 1939 The University of Southern California Press Los Angeles, California I A NEW SPECIES OF NYCTERIBIIDAE (Diptera Pupipara) FROM ISLANDS IN THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA (Plate 16) /^\ La By I5 Hugh Scott, Sc.D., F.L.S. ^^\. Department of Entomology, British Museum (Natural History) The specimens on which the following description is based form part of the collections of the Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, under the leadership of Captain G. Allan Hancock, master-owner of the vessel Velero III. They were collected during a voyage made early in 1937, and were submitted to me in August, 1937, by Commander C. M. Dammers, R.N. (retd.), of Riverside, California, through Dr. K. Jordan, F.R.S., of the Zoological Museum, Tring, Hertfordshire. I was then on the point of leaving for an expedition in southwestern Arabia, and could do no more than report, in a letter to Dr. Jordan, that the material belongs to a new species of Basilia. The comparatively small number of Nycteribiidae recorded from North, Central, and South America consists of species of Basilia. The genus closely resembles Penicillidia, but is distinguished principally by the eyes, which consist of tw^o facets instead of a single facet. Basilia is represented in the Old World, up till now, by only one European and one Oriental species; but in a paper published early in 1936, entitled "Descriptions and records of Nycteribiidae, with a discussion of the genus Basilia/'* I enumerated thirteen American species. The species described below must now be added, and the present paper may be regarded as supplementary to that cited. Had the latter not appeared shortly before, I should have hesitated to publish an isolated description of the form under review. In my paper just cited, I redescribed as well as possible Basilia mexicana [Bigot] and explained that this species is represented only by the unique type, with the bare record "Mexico" and no record of its host. The type is in such condition that B. mexicana cannot be fully described, even in the female sex, but certain of the characters are so *Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., xxxix, pp. 479-505, April, 1936; general remarks on Basilia, pp. 495-98. [ 167 ] 168 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 distinct that the species must be maintained. I hoped that the specimens from the Gulf of California islands, also part of Mexico, would prove to belong to B. tnexicana, so that the latter could be fully described and figured in both sexes. But such is not the case; they represent a new and distinct species, not (as far as I can make out) very close to any of those previously known, but best compared with a species from Costa Rica. The bat on which the parasites were found is the first representative of the genus Pizonyx from which any Nycteribiid has been recorded. Pizonyx is, however, closely related to Myotis, several species of which are hosts of species of Basilia (though the latter also infest bats of other genera*). I am told that the only representative of Pizonyx is the species mentioned below, and that this bat is very localized, being known only from northwestern Mexico. If the host is really as restricted in distri- bution as appears, the parasite may also prove to be localized and taxo- nomically somewhat isolated. The description has been drawn up, and the drawings made, from specimens in alcohol. Pencil sketches were made by myself with the aid of a Zeiss drawing apparatus, and the finished drawings were done by Miss D. Fitchew from these sketches, checked by viewing the actual specimens. Basilia pizonychus, new species Length about 2.25-2.50 mm. The general form is shown sufficiently in the figures. The eyes are distinctly two-faceted, conforming to the characters of the genus. The rnesonotum is not raised behind into any erection (neither a chitinous erection, as in B. 7nexicana [Bigot] nor a finger-like process, as in B. boardmani Rozeboom). The ctenidium on the hind margin of the basal abdominal sternite consists, in both sexes, of about 52 teeth. The species is most nearly comparable to B. ferrisi Scott (B. speiseri Ferris, nee Ribeiro),t from Costa Rica. The external distinguishing characters lie mainly in the abdomen of the female: B. pizonychus has the basal tergite much shorter, with fewer setae on its surface, shorter * See the table of American species of Basilia and their hosts in my 1936 paper cited above, p. 497. t B. ferrisi was described and figured, under the name B. speiseri, by Ferris, Ent. News, xxxv, pp. 198-9, pi. iii, 1924. I made it a distinct species in 1936 (op. cit., p. 502), thereby confirming the opinion of Curran, who had recog- nized the distinction betvYeen it and the true B. speiseri (Ribeiro). NO. 10 SCOTT: A NEW SPECIES OF NYCTERIBIIDAE 169 setae on its lateral edges, and only two groups of about 3 or 4 short setae at either angle of the hind margin, instead of an almost unbroken series of 12 or more very long setae across this margin (the side margins and hind margin of this tergite in B. pizonychus are slightly sinuate). The divided second tergite is also much shorter, has rather numerous short setae on the lateral parts of its surface, while the marginal setae on either lobe are much more numerous, longer and stronger, hence the 2 or 3 very long ones at the inner angle of either lobe contrast less with the rest of the marginal series than do the two very long setae near the inner angle of either lobe in B. ferrisi. The third tergite consists of two rather widely separated chitinous lobes, each having two long and sev- eral short setae at the inner hind angle, and several other short setae along the arcuate lateral margin. The anal prominence is the hindmost part of the abdomen when seen from above. It has three setae of medium length at either hind angle and several short setae on either lateral mar- gin. The posterior part of the abdomen, therefore, also differs from that of B. ferrisi, in which there is no counterpart to the divided third tergite, and the anal prominence is posterodorsal in position. (In the female specimen of B. pizonychus figured, and in several others, the posterior dorsal part of the abdomen is occupied by a large dark patch rounded in front, with several lighter spots, and extending into the anal prominence; it is uncertain to what this condition is due, but it is apparently not due to the presence of a larva seen through the trans- lucent outer wall of the body.) Ventrally, the basal sternite in B. pizonychus is short ; the whitish connexivum behind this has two trans- verse rows of longer setae marking the hind margins of segments, the surface of the anterior is covered with shorter setae, while the posterior of the two has shorter setae in a single series near the hind margin in the middle, and covering most of the surface at the sides. Behind this, three segments, more or less chitinized, can be traced ; the front of these three consists of a single series of longer setae, and has a very short transverse chitinized strip at either side; the next is bluntly produced in the middle behind, chitinized except for a narrow median strip, with short setae on its surface and longer ones on the margin ; the hindmost {i.e., the subgenital plate) has an arcuate hind margin, a chitinized area on either side, with shorter and longer setae on the surface of the chitinized parts, and along the margin. (In B. ferrisi the basal sternite is long, and the remainder of the ventral surface almost entirely mem- branous and less setose.) 170 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 Abdomen of male: the characters are shown in the figures. The basal tergite is very small and has short, erect bristles at the corners. The second, third, and fourth tergites have a veiy few short setae on the surface in the middle; otherwise, the surfaces of these tergites are bare, as are those of the fifth and sixth. Ventrally, the second sternite has rather numerous short setae on its surface; the third has a verj'^ few setae on its surface, a little in front of the marginal series, but rather more setae at the sides; the surface of the fourth is bare except for a submarginal scries (some of which, especially the outer ones, are very long) across the middle part; the stout blackish teeth on the middle of its hind margin are about 26, in two rather irregular series, with a single long one at either extremity. The claspers are not very darkly pigmented except at the apex; lying nearly parallel, but tapering and curving a little upward and inward at the apex. MEXICO: Gulf of California, Angel de la Guardia Island, 20. iii. 1937, 6 d", 4?, and Patos Island, 26. iii. 1937, 2 d', 5 ? (/. Garth coll.). The collecting-stations are, respectively, nos. 707-1937 and 727- 1937. Host-bat, in both cases, Pizonyx vivesi Menegaux. One of the female parasites from Angel de la Guardia Island carries a partly extruded larva. TYPES (cf, ?) and paratj^pes in the collections of the Allan Han- cock Foundation, The University of Southern California; other para- types in the British Museum (Natural History). The specific name is a transliteration of the genitive of the generic name of the host-bat. The genus Pizonyx is characterized by the com- pression of its long claws, from which character the generic name was apparently taken. Plate 16 LEGENDS OF FIGURES Fig. 1. Basilia pizonychus, new species, 9 , dorsal view ; on left, the left thoracic ctenidium and base of middle leg, more highly magnified. Fig. 2. Basilia pizonychus, $, ventral view of thorax and abdomen. Fig. 3. Basilia pizonychus: left, 9, ventral view of abdomen; right, $ , dorsal view of abdomen. NO. 10 SCOTT: A NEW SPECIES OF NYCTERIBIIDAE PL. 16 REPORTS ON THE COLLECTIONS OBTAINED BY ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS OF VELERO III OFF THE COAST OF MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, SOUTH AMERICA, AND GALA- PAGOS ISLANDS IN 1932, IN 1933, IN 1934, IN 1935, in 1936, IN 1937, AND IN 1938. A REMARKABLE NEW GENUS OF SEA-URCHIN (Spatangidae) (Plate 17) By HUBERT LYMAN CLARK The University of Southern California Publications Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions Volume 2, Number 11 Issued May 15, 1939 The University of Southern California Press Los Angeles, California A REMARKABLE NEW GENUS OF SEA-URCHIN ( Spatangidae ) (Plate 17) Hubert Lyman Clark Museum of Comparative Zoology On January 16, 1938, while the Velero III was at Darwin Bay, Tower Island, Galapagos, two specimens of a small spatangoid were dredged which proved to be of exceptional interest. They were taken at Station 783-38 on a bottom of white sand and rock, in 40-70 fms. The small size and the complete absence of genital pores indicate that they are very young but their conspicuous peculiarities leave no doubt that they represent a hitherto unknown genus for which I have selected the name Idiobryssus {\hio^=^ peculiar , distinct -\-^QV(5(50z,=^th.t name of an Aristotelian sea-urchin almost universally transliterated incorrectly as brissus). For the species name coelus (xodo;= hollowed) is chosen in reference to the concave dorsal surface. The holotype of Idiobryssus coelus is 12 mm. long, 10 mm. wide, just back of petals II and IV, 4 mm. high at center of abactinal system, about 4.5 mm. anteriorly and 5 mm. posteriorly; these high points are midway between the abactinal system and the anterior and posterior ends of the test. The upper surface (figure 1) is thus very definitely concave and the lower surface is cor- respondingly convex. This unusual and very noticeable form is clearly shown in figure 2. Abactinal system (it can scarcely be called "apical" since it is at the bottom of a notable depression!) at the approximate center of the upper concave surface but anterior to the actual middle of the test which projects considerably below and beyond the periproct; no distinct sutures can be made out between the plates ; there are no genital pores but what are apparently ocular pores seem to be present and there are 5 or 6 madreporic pores in a small indistinct group. Ambulacrum III not at all depressed and so ill-defined its exact limits cannot easily be made out. Petals I and V somewhat elliptical, [ 173 ] 174 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.2 distinctly but very slightly depressed, about 2 mm. long by 1 mm. wide; there are 9 or 10 pore-pairs on each side with an insignificant interporiferous area. Petals II and IV, not quite so depressed as I and V but much larger, nearly 4 mm. long and more than a millimeter wide; they extend outward at almost right angles to the long axis of the test. Peripetalous fasciole rather wide but not very conspicuous on the bare test as the minute spinelets which compose it are not very densely crowded. Periproct on the sloping upper end of the test, rela- tively large and entirely visible from above. It is a broad, pointed oval, nearly as wide as long, with the largest covering plates in the upper angle, the smallest around the anus near the lower margin of the area. Subanal plastron large, about 6 mm. across, nearly circular but some- what pointed where in contact with the sternum; the enclosing fasciole is evident but not at all densely spinulose ; near the periproct the fasciole is somewhat diffuse but there are no definite anal branches. Sternum very small, triangular, about 5 mm. long by 3 wide, almost completely covered with tubercles. Peristome approximately circular, 2 mm. across, with the mouth at center, covered with delicate but relatively large, angular plates; most of these plates cany each, a single spine; on the plates close to the mouth these spines are short and thick, elsewhere they are long and slender, similar to those of the test but much smaller ; the mouth itself is not quite 5 mm. from the anterior end of the test. Under a magnification of 95 diameters, several sphaeridia are notice- able on the oral portion of each ambulacrum, except III which appar- ently lacks them. Spines cover practically all parts of the test but are smallest and most scattered on the ventral ambulacra. They are largest and longest on the most elevated parts of the interambulacra 2 and 3, on the sternum and especially on the posterior portion of the test where many are 3-5 mm. long. They are delicate, more or less curved and usually somewhat tapering and pointed, but not a few are distinctly thickened at the tip. No pedicellariae were detected with a hand lens but prolonged search with a magnification of 95 diameters revealed 4 thick-headed tridentate pedicellariae in ambulacrum V. These are not essentially different from those of Hemiaster; the heads are .25 mm. NO. 1 1 CLARK: A NEW GENUS OF SEA-URCHIN 175 long and .12 mm. in diameter through the stout basal half. The stalks are .10 to .18 mm. long. The valves become narrower abruptly, just beyond the middle. In life, Idiobryssus was white, very similar to the color of the sand in which it was living. In preservation and ultimate drying, the spines have taken on a slight tint of cream-color and at the base are often quite brownish. The minute spines of the fascioles are very distinctly brownish. The dried muscular tissue at the base of the larger spines, and the heads of the pedicellariae are quite brown, and the dorsal side of the test has a faintly brownish tinge. The paratype is distinctly smaller than the holotype, about 11 mm. long, rather more than 8 mm. wide and fully 4 mm. high. The fascioles are very distinct and the peripetalous seems to be relatively a little larger. But in all essentials, this smaller specimen is like the larger one and is convincing evidence that the unusual form of the test is not accidental but is a distinctive character of this odd spatangid. As for the relationships of Idiobryssus, there can be no doubt that it is rather sharply set off from the other Spatangidae by the nearly circular, scarcely depressed peristome. This suggests at once the juvenal condition of Abatus as figured by Mortensen (1910, Echinoidea of Swedish South Polar Expedition, pi. 9, fig. 19) but when Abatus is 12 mm. long, the peristome has assumed its short, wide, curved form. There is no indication whatever in Idiobryssus that the peristome might ultimately assume such a shape. In spite of this remarkable oral area, the new genus is best referred to the Spatangidae and is apparently as near Rhynobrissus as it is to any Recent genus. It may be diagnosed thus: Spatangidae with concave abactinal surface, a dorsally exposed periproct, no anal branches to the siibanal fasciole and a nearly circular, scarcely depressed peristome. It is of course greatly to be hoped that additional and adult material will soon be secured, for this spatangoid is one of the most noteworthy echinoderms that the current explorations of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean have brought to light. I am very grateful to Captain Hancock and to Professor Irene McCulloch for the privilege of describing it without further delay. i 176 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS PL. 17 V {'■■ \ . ' . * .•■• c» ♦•'•■■■»■ • . '.• * • * ^ *-- . • • V ■| •J, Idiobryssus coelus, new species. Spines and tuberculation are largely omitted in order to bring out clearly the characteristic concave petaloid area, sur- rounding fascicle and elevated periproct. X6+- Fig. 1. Seen from above. Fig. 2. Seen from right-hand side. REPORTS ON THE COLLECTIONS OBTAINED BY ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS OF VELERO III OFF THE COAST OF MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, SOUTH AMERICA, AND GALA- PAGOS ISLANDS IN 1932, IN 1933, IN 1934, IN 1935, in 1936, in 1937, and in 1938. MARINE MOLLUSKS FROM PANAMA COLLECTED BY THE ALLAN HANCOCK EXPEDITION TO THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS, 1931-1932 By A. M. STRONG and LEO GEORGE HERTLEIN ^ The University of Southern California Publications Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions Volume 2, Number 12 Issued August 21, 1939 The University of Southern California Press Los Angeles, California MARINE MOLLUSKS FROM PANAMA COLLECTED BY THE ALLAN HANCOCK EXPEDITION TO THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS, 1931-1932 A. M. Strong and Leo George Hertlein Introduction During the course of an expedition to the Galapagos Islands on Captain Allan Hancock's motor cruiser Velero III, the junior author had the opportunity to collect marine mollusks on shore and by dredging at four localities along western Panama. This occasion is taken to thank Captain Hancock, whose generosity made the collection of the material for this report possible. Acknowledgment is also due to Mr. Charles Swett, chief officer on the Velero III, as well as members of the crew; also Mr. Karl Koch and Mr. C. B. Perkins, of the Zoological Society of San Diego, and Mr. John Garth of Long Beach, and other members of the party who accompanied the expedition, all of whose genial co- operation made collecting a pleasure. Acknowledgment is due the late Mr. Herbert N. Lowe of Long Beach, California, for assistance in the determination of certain of the species; also to Dr. G. Dallas Hanna of the California Academy of Sciences, for criticism of the manuscript and for many helpful suggestions during the course of the work. Mr. Allyn G. Smith gave helpful suggestions regarding the arrangement of some of the plates. The photographs illustrating the species in this paper were made by Mr. Frank L. Rogers. These photographs are the result of work accomplished during a government Works Progress Adminis- tration project. Only the more important papers on Panama mollusks will be men- tioned here. The first comprehensive report on the marine mollusks of Panama was made by C. B. Adams^ in 1852. A few years later, Car- 1 Adams, C. B., Catalogue of Shells collected at Panama, with Notes on Synonymy, Station, and Habitat. Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 5, 1852, pp. 229-548 [also unnumbered page "Concluding Remarks"]. [Also separate of the same.] See also Carpenter's review of this work in the Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1863, pp. 339-369. Reprinted in Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, No. 252, 1872, pp. 173-205. — See also, Presbrey, E. W., Collecting in Panama. Nautilus, vol. 26, no. 11, 1913, pp. 121-125. [177] 178 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.2 penter^ in several papers added many species to the known fauna of Panamanian mollusks. De Folin^ published three volumes, now rather rare, which included descriptions of a number of species, mostly small gastropods, from Panama. Dall^ in 1908 published a report describing the mollusks dredged by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross. In this paper he described many new species from Panama and also cited many other species from that region. The following year the same author published an excellent paper on the marine mollusks of Peru^ in which he cited and gave references to many species known to occur at Panama. Dall and Bartsch*^ in 1909 described and figured many species of the Pyramidellid mollusks from western North America, including those known to them from Panama. Zetek^ in 1918 published a paper listing the marine mollusks of Panama and mentioned their distribution and synonymy. Olsson^ in 1924 cited a number of marine mollusks from Peru and Ecuador, many of which also occur in Panamanian waters. Tomlin^ in 1928 cited a number of species from Panama which were 2 Carpenter, P. P., Report on the Present State of our Knowledge with Regard to the Mollusca of the West Coast of North America. Rept. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., for 1856 (issued in 1857), pp. 159-368.— Supplementary Report on the Present State of our Knowledge with Regard to the Mollusca of the West Coast of North America. Rept. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., for 1863 (issued August, 1864), pp. 517-686. — Catalogue of the Collection of Mazatlan Shells in the British Museum collected by Frederick Reigen. [July, 1855-] June, 1857, 552 pp. — See also reprints of many of Carpenter's papers in Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, No. 252, 1872, pp. 1-325. SDe FoHn, A. G. L., Les Meleagrinicoles (Havre), 1867, 74 pp., 6 pis. A critical review of this paper is given by H. Crosse, Journ. de Conchyl., vol. 16 (sen 3, vol. 8), no. 2, April 1, 1868, pp. 217-219.— Les Fonds de la Mer. (Paris), vol. 1, 1867-71, 316 pp., 22 pis.; vol. 2, 1875, 362 pp., 11 pis. 4 Dall, W. H., Reports on the Dredging operations off the west coast of Central America. . . . U. S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross, during 1891. . . . XVII. Reports on the Scientific Results of the Expedition to the eastern tropical Pacific. . . . XIV. The Mollusca and the Brachiopoda. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 43, no. 6, October, 1908, pp. 205-487, pis. 1-22. 5 Dall, W. H., Report on a collection of Shells from Peru, with a summary of the Littoral Marine Mollusca of the Peruvian Zoological Province. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 37, November 24, 1909, pp. 147-294, pis. 20-28. 6 Dall, W. H., and Bartsch, P., A Monograph of West American Pyra- midellid Mollusks. U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 68, December 13, 1909, pp. i-xii, 1-258, 30 pis. For a critical review of this work, see "Some Notes on Pyramidellid Nomenclature," by Tom Iredale. Nautilus, vol. 24, no. 5, September, 1910, pp. 52-58. '^ Zetek, J., Los Moluscos de la Republica de Panama. Revista Nueva, nos. 1 and 2, July and August, 1918, 69 pp. 8 Olsson, A. A., Notes on Marine Mollusks from Peru and Ecuador. Nautilus, vol. 37, no. 4, April, 1924, pp. 120-130. ^Tomlin, J. R. le B., The Mollusca of the St. George Expedition. Jour. Conch., vol. 18, no. 6, December, 1927, pp. 153-170; vol. 18, no. 7, May, 1928, pp. 187-198. NO. 12 STRONG AND HERTLEIN : MARINE MOLLUSKS 179 collected during the voyage of the St. George. In 1930 Li^^ published a paper in which he described several new species from a mixture of Miocene and Recent shells dredged in Panama Bay. Pilsbry^i reviewed Li's paper and from a study of the collection concluded that only 8 of the species cited by Li were Miocene forms and the remainder were Recent shells from Panama Bay. In this paper Pilsbry described several new species. The following year Pilsbry and Lowe^^ published a paper dealing chiefly with west Mexican and Central American mollusks. In this paper many species were cited from Panama and several new species were described from there. In a recent paper several new species from the Panamic Province were described by Pilsbry and Olsson.^^ Mollusks from Cocos Island some 300 miles northwest of Panama City have been listed by Biolley,!^ Pilsbry and Vanatta,i^ Da.11,^^ and Hertlein.^''' The Recent Pectinidae in the collections secured by the Templeton Crocker Expedition to the Galapagos Islands were described by Hert- lein.^^ These included 3 species of Pecten collected by Hertlein at Panama during the Allan Hancock Expedition to the Galapagos Islands. The Gulf of Panama lies well within the tropics in 7° to 8° north latitude and contains a tropical marine fauna. In it dwell such tropical 10 Li, C. C, The Miocene and Recent MoIIusca of Panama Bay. Bull. Geol. See. China, vol. 9, no. 3, 1930 [received at the library of the California Academy of Sciences, May 2, 1931], pp. 249-296, pis. 4-8, 1 map. 11 Pilsbry, H. A., The Miocene and Recent Mollusca of Panama Bay. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 83, November 13, 1931, pp. 427-440, pi. 41, 5 text figs. i2Pilsbry, H. A., and Lowe, H. N., West Mexican and Central American Mollusks collected bv H. N. Lowe, 1929-31. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 84, May 21, 1932, pp. 33-144, pis. 1-17. 13 Pilsbry, H. A., and Olsson, A. A., New Mollusks from the Panamic Province. Nautilus, vol. 48, no. 4, April, 1935, pp. 116-121, pi. 6; vol. 49, no. 1, July, 1935, pp. 16-19, pi. 1. 1-1 Biolley, P., Mollusques de I'lsla del Coco. Mus. Nac. de Costa Rica (San Jose, Costa Rica), 1907, 30 pp., 2 maps. 15 Pilsbry, H. A., and Vanatta, E. G., Papers from the Hopkins Stanford Galapagos Expedition, 1898-1899. XIIL Marine Mollusca. (Mollusks collected at Cocos Island.) Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 4, 1902, p. 559. 16 Dall, W. H., Reports on the Dredging operations off the west coast of Central America. . . . U. S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross, during 1891. . . . XVn. Reports on the Scientific Results of the Expedition to the eastern tropical Pacific .... XIV. The Mollusca and the Brachiopoda. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 43, no. 6, October, 1908, pp. 436-437. 1" Hertlein, L. G., Mollusks and Barnacles from Malpelo and Cocos Islands. Nautilus, vol. 46, no. 2, 1932, pp. 44-45. 1'^ Hertlein, L. G. The Templeton Crocker Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences, 1932. The Recent Pectinidae. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol, 21, no. 25, Sept. 26, 1935, pp. 301-328, pis. 18 and 19, 180 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 forms as Area grandis Broderip & Sowerby, Chione gnidia Sowerby, Ostrea iridescens Gray, Pecten vogdesi Arnold, Pitar pollicaris Carpen- ter, Plicatula spondylopsis Rochebrune, Pinctada mazatlantca Hanley, Tivela byronensis Gray, Colubraria aphrogenia Pilsbry & Lowe, Conus princeps Linnaeus, Conus orion Broderip, Fusinus dupetit-thouarsi Kiener, Mitra attenuata Mawe, Strombus galeatus Swainson, Strombus gracilior Sowerby, Strombus granulatus Mawe, Terebra lingualis Hinds, Thais crassa Blainville, Thais kiosquiformis Duclos, Turritella banksii Reeve, Vasum caestus Broderip. A number of species found in the Recent west Panamanian fauna also occur in the Gulf of California and range south to the Bay of Guayaquil. Certain of the species range farther to the south. The surface temperature of the ocean near the shores of western Panama from November to March was found by A. Agassiz^^ to be between 80° and 82°F. The western Panamanian marine molluscan fauna includes some species which also occur in the Caribbean Sea. The exact number is not certain at the present time but several authors have mentioned that about 50 species are common to the two areas. C. B. Adams cited 21 species which he considered to be analogous to species collected at Jamaica. It is certain that a much larger number of analo- gous species than that given by C. B. Adams is present in the two areas. The close relationship of the molluscan inhabitants of the Pana- manian and Caribbean regions is readily explained by an open seaway connecting the two areas which is believed to have existed during earlier times. Such a connection is believed to have existed across the Isthmus of Panama or some part of Central America at least during the lower Miocene.-^ This made possible the migration of marine animals between the two areas. Chione of the gnidia group, large Dosinia and Solenos- teira became elements of the West American fauna at that time. There is no evidence of any oceanic connection between the two regions since the Miocene. Olsson^i in an excellent discussion of the Tertiary history 19 Agassiz, A., Reports on the Scientific Results of the Expedition to the Eastern tropical Pacific, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, bv the U. S. Fish Com- mission Steamer Albatross, from October, 1904, to March, 1905. V. General Report of the Expedition. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 33, 1906, pp. 25-26, pi. 3a. 20 Dickerson, R. D., Ancient Panama Canals. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., sen 4, vol. 7, no. 8, 1917, pp. 197-205.— Smith, J. P., Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 9, no. 4, 1919, p. 129.— Hertlein, L. G., and Jordan, E. K., Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 16, no. 19, 1927, pp. 617-618. 21 Olsson, A. A., Contributions to the Tertiarv Paleontology of Northern Peru: Part 5, The Peruvian Miocene. Bull. Amer.' Paleo., vol. 19 (Bull. No. 68), June 30, 1932, pp. 41-43. NO. 12 STRONG AND HERTLEIN : MARINE MOLLUSKS 181 of Peru stated that about 17 per cent of the species recorded from the Miocene of Peru occur in Caribbean deposits or have related forms in those beds. He suggested that this relationship of the marine mollusks of the Peruvian and Caribbean Miocene faunas is due to an oceanic connection and that "until near the close of the Miocene, two or more straits along geosynclinal troughs connected Pacific and Atlantic waters and it is through these straits that faunal intermingling took place." One of the difficulties of determining the exact time and direction of migration of marine mollusks between the two areas is the lack of agreement of authors regarding the exact time units represented by the Mid-Tertiary strata of the Caribbean region. An example of this is the great divergence of views published by workers on the age of the Bowden fauna of Jamaica. The beds containing this fauna were for some time considered by many authors to be Oligocene in age. The results of work within the past few years indicate rather definitely that the fauna of the Bowden beds is at least as late as upper Middle Mio- cene. Whatever the location and duration of these ancient interoceanic connections in this region, there are a number of species in the present- day molluscan fauna of western Panama that have been considered by several workers to be identical with, and there are certainly quite a considerably greater number of species which are analogous to, those occurring living or fossil in the Caribbean region. The present collection obtained by shore and shallow water dredg- ing contains 336 species of mollusks. The assemblage consists of the following: 1 brachiopod, 91 pelecypods, 2 scaphopods, 242 gastropods. Five of the species of gastropods are not positively identified but have been compared to known species and in 10 additional ones the genus only is definitely known due to poor preservation. Forty-six species are described as new. All of the new species are small gastropods, and a special effort was made to secure these small forms, due to the fact that heretofore these have been largely neglected for the larger and more brightly colored forms found in the region. In the present collection it is noticed that a rather large number of species represent certain genera, such as Area (11), Tellina (7), Anachis (10), Odostomia (13), Turbonilla (21). Collections were made during the latter part of December, late In January, and early in February. The collecting stations were as follows : Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.). Just off Taboga Island, Gulf of Panama, between Taboga Island and Uraba Island, in the channel, in 3 to 9 fms. L. G. Hertlein collector, Feb. 1, 1932. 182 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.2 Loc. 27,229, (C.A.S.)- Bahia Honda, Veragua, Panama. Beach, and dredging in about 3 to 9 fms. L. G. Hertlein collector. Dec. 22, 1931. Loc. 27,243 ( C.A.S. ). Along the beach from Old Panama (Panama Vieja) to the bridge about 1 to 1>^ kilometers east of Old Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. Dec. 25, 1931. Loc. 27,257 (C.A.S.). Beach below Delessep's Monument, at Pan- ama City, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. Jan. 29, 1932. List of Species from Western Panama Collected by the Allan Hancock Expedition to the Galapagos Islands, 1931-1932 Brachiopoda Discinisca cumingti Broderip, Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.) Pelecypoda Anomalocardia subrugosa Sowerby, Locs. 27,228 ; 27,229 ; 27,243 ; 27,257 (C.A.S.) Anomia peruviana d'Orbigny, Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.) Apolymetis domhet Hanley, Locs. 27,243 ; 27,257 (C.A.S.) Area aequatorialis d'Orbigny, Loc. 27,243 (C.A.S.) Area alternata Sowerby, Locs. 27,228 ; 27,229 (C.A.S.) Area concinna Sowerby, Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.) Area gradata Broderip & Sowerby, Locs. 27,229 ; 27,257 (C.A.S.) Area grandis Broderip & Sowerby, Locs. 27,229 ; 27,243 (C.A.S.) Area muiabilis Sowerby, Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Area nux Sowerby, Locs. 27,228 ;27,229 ; 27,257 (C.A.S.) Areapaeifica Sowerby, Locs. 27,228 ; 27,229 (C.A.S.) Area reeviana d'Orbigny, Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Area reversa Gray, Loc. 27,243 (C.A.S.) Area tuber eulosa Sowerby, Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Cardium biangulatum Broderip & Sowerby, Locs. 27,228 ; 27,229 (C.A.S.) Cardium consors Broderip & Sow-erby, Locs. 27,228 ; 27,229 (C.A.S.) Cardium elenense Sowerby, Locs. 27,228 ; 27,229 (C.A.S.) Cardium graniferum Broderip, Locs. 27,228 ; 27,229 (C.A.S.) Cardium proeerum Sowerby, Locs. 27,228 ; 27,229 (C.A.S.) Chama echinata Broderip, Loc. 27,257 (C.A.S.) Chama imbrieata Broderip, Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Chione asperrima Sowerby, Loc. 27,243 (C.A.S.) Chione eompta Broderip, Locs. 27,228 ; 27,229 (C.A.S.) Chione gnidia Broderip & Sowerby, Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.) Chione mariae d'Orbigny, Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.) Codakia (Jagonia) galapagana Dall, Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.) Corbula biearinata Sowerby, Loc. 27,243 (C.A.S.) Corbula biradiata Sowerby, Locs. 27,229 ; 27,243 ; 27,257 (C.A.S.) Corbula nasuta Sowerby, Locs. 27,228 ; 27,229 ( C.A.S.) Corbula ovulata Sowerby, Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) NO. 12 STRONG AND HERTLEIN : MARINE MOLLUSKS 183 Corbula speciosa Hinds, Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.) Corbula tenuis Sowerby, Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.) Crassinella pacifica C. B. Adams, Locs. 27,228 ; 27,229 (C.A.S.) Cumin ffia trigonularis Sowerby, Loc. 27,257 (C.A.S.) Cuspidaria dulcis Pilsbry & Lowe, Locs. 27,228 ; 27,229 (C.A.S.) Cyathodonta undulata Conrad, Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Cyclinella subquadrata Hanley, Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Diplodonta subquadrata Carpenter, Locs. 27,228 ; 27,229 (C.A.S.) Donax assimilis Hanley, Loc. 27,243 (C.A.S.) Donax navicula Hanley, Loc. 27,243 (C.A.S.) Dosinia dunkeri Philippi, Locs. 27,229 ; 27,257 (C.A.S.) Gastrochaena ovata Sowerby, Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Glans affinis Sowerby, Locs. 27,229 ; 27,257 (C.A.S.) Clans laticostata Sowerby, Locs. 27,229 ; 27,243 ; 27,257 ( C.A.S.) Glycymeris delessertii Reeve, Loc. 27,229 ( C.A.S.) Glycymeris inaequalis Sowerby, Locs. 27,228 ; 27,229 (C.A.S.) Glycymeris multicostata Sowerby, Locs. 27,228; 27,229 (C.A.S.) Iphigenia altior Sowerby, Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Labiosa undulata Gould, Loc. 27,243 (C.A.S.) Li7na pacifica d'Orbigny, Locs. 27,229 ; 27,257 (C.A.S.) Lithophaga aristata Dillwyn, Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Lucina cancellaris Philippi, Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.) Macoma aurora Hanley, Locs. 27,228 ; 27,229 (C.A.S.) Macoma undulata Hanley, Locs. 27,228 ; 27,229 (C.A.S.) Mactravelata Philippi, Loc. 27,257 (C.A.S.) Mactrella elegans Sowerby, Loc. 27,243 (C.A.S.) Megapitaria aurantiaca Sowerby, Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Megapitaria squalida Sowerby, Locs. 27,228 ; 27,229 (C.A.S.) Mulinia pallida Broderip & Sowerby, Loc. 27,243 (C.A.S.) Nucula declivis Hinds, Locs. 27,228 ; 27,229 (C.A.S.) Nuoulana elenense Sowerby, Locs. 27,228 ; 27,229 (C.A.S.) Nuculana polita Sowerby, Loc. 27,243 (C.A.S.) Ostrea iridcscens Gray, Locs. 27,229 ; 27,243 ; 27,257 (C.A.S.) Ostrea palmula Carpenter, Loc. 27,243 (C.A.S.) Paphia grata Sowerby, Locs. 27,229 ; 27,257 (C.A.S.) Pecten (Plagioctenium) circularis Sowerby, Locs. 27,228 ; 27,229 ; 27,243 (C.A.S.) Pecten (Leptopecten) velero Hertlein, Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Pecten (Pecten) vogdesi Arnold, Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Pedalion quadrangularis Reeve, Loc. 27,257 (C.A.S.) Petricola denticulata Sowerby, Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Pholas chiloensis Molina, Loc. 27,257 (C.A.S.) Pinctada mazatlanica Hanley, Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Pitar concmna Sowerby, Loc. 27,243 (C.A.S.) Pitar pollicaris Carpenter, Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Plicatula penicillata Carpenter, Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.) Plicatula spondylopsis Rochebrune, Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) 184 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 Psamtnobia maxima Deshayes, Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.) Pseudochama corrugata Broderip, Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Semele guaymasensts Pilsbry & Lowe, Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.) Semele sparstlineata Dall, Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Sphenia fragilis Carpenter, Locs. 27,228 ; 27,229 ; 27,257 (C.A.S.) Tagelus a finis C. B. Adams, Loc. 27,243 ( C.A.S.) Tagelus violascens Carpenter, Locs. 27,228 ; 27,229 ; 27,257 (C.A.S.) Tellina ciimingii Hanky, Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Tellina declivis SoAverby, Locs. 27,228 ; 27,229 (C.A.S.) Tellina decumbens Carpenter, Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.) Tellina felix Hanley, Loc. 27,228 ( C.A.S.) Tellina meropsis Dall, Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Tellina panamensis Dall, Locs. 27,228 ; 27,229 (C.A.S.) Tellina reclusa Dall, Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Tivela byronensis Gray, Loc. 27,243 (C.A.S.) SCAPHOPODA Cadulus panamensis Sharp & Pilsbry, Locs. 27,228 ; 27,229 (C.A.S.) Dentalium tetragonum Sowerby, Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Gastropoda Acanthina brevidentata Mawe, Locs. 27,229 ; 27,257 (C.A.S.) Ac7naea subrotundata Carpenter, Loc. 27,257 (C.A.S.) Acteocina infrequens C. B. Adams, Locs. 27,228 ; 27,229 (C.A.S.) Alaba interruptelineata Pilsbry & Lowe, Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.) Alaba supralirata Carpenter, Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Alabina veraguaensis Strong & Hertlein, n. sp., Locs. 27,228 ; 27,229 (C.A.S.) Alvania tumida Carpenter, Locs. 27,228 ; 27,229 (C.A.S.) Alvania veleronis Hertlein & Strong, Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.) Amphithalamus trosti Strong & Hertlein, n. sp., Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Anachis boivina Kiener, Loc. 27,257 (C.A.S.) Anachis coronata Sowerby, Locs. 27,228 ; 27,229 (C.A.S.) Anachis diminuta C. B. Adams, Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.) Anachis inserta Stearns, Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Anachis moesta C. B. Adams, Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Anachis nigricans Sowerby, Loc. 27,257 (C.A.S.) Anachis pygmaea Sowerby, Locs. 27,229 ; 27,257 (C.A.S.) Anachis rugosa Sowerby, Loc. 27,257 (C.A.S.) Anachis scalarina Sowerby, Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Anachis varia Sowerby, Loc. 27,257 (C.A.S.) Architectonica granulata Lamarck, Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Astraea unguis Mawe, Loc. 27,257 (C.A.S.) Barleeia zeteki Strong & Hertlein, n. sp., Locs. 27,228 ; 27,229 (C.A.S.) Bulla punctulata A. Adams, Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Caecum bahiahondaense Strong & Hertlein, n. sp., Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Caecum firmatum C. B. Adams, Locs. 27,228 ; 27,257 (C.A.S.) Caecum pari^um C. B. Adams, Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Caecum richthofeni Strong & Hertlein, n. sp., Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.) Calliostoma leanus C. B. Adams, Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.) NO. 12 STRONG AND HERTLEIN: MARINE MOLLUSKS 185 Calyptraea mamillaris Broderip, Locs. 27,228 ; 27,229 (C.A.S.) Cantharus lugubris C. B. Adams, Locs. 27,228 ; 27,229 (C.A.S.) Cerithiopsis adamsi Bartsch, Locs. 27,228 ; 27,229 (C.A.S.) Cerithiopsis anaitis Bartsch, Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.) Cerithiopsis curtaia Bartsch, Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.) Cerithiopsis eiseni Strong & Hertlein, n. sp., Locs. 27,228 ; 27,229 (C.A.S.) Cerithiopsis gissleri Strong & Hertlein, n, sp., Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Cerithiopsis montezmnai Strong & Hertlein, n. sp., Locs. 27,228 ; 27,229 ; 27,257 (C.A.S.) Cerithium stercus-7nuscarum Valenciennes, Loc. 27,257 (C.A.S.) Cerithium uncinatum Gmelin, Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Circulus bakeri Strong & Hertlein, n. sp., Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Circulus nicholsoni Strong & Hertlein, n. sp., Locs. 27,228 ; 27,229 (C.A.S.) Circulus tricarinatus C. B. Adams, Locs. 27,228 ; 27,229 (C.A.S.) Circulus /iora sp., Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.) Tritonalia incisa Broderip, Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.) Turbo fiuctuosum Wood, Loc. 27,257 (C.A.S.) NO. 12 STRONG AND HERTLEIN : MARINE MOLLUSKS 189 Turbo squamiger Reeve, Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S. ) Turbonilla (Cingulina) acadeinica Strong & Hertlein, n. sp., Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Turbonilla (Chemnitzia) aculea C. B. Adams, Locs. 27,228 ; 27,229 (C.A.S.) Turbonilla (Pyrgisous) amandi Strong & Hertlein, n. sp., Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Turbonilla (Bartschella) andreivsi Dall & Bartsch, Locs. 27,228 ; 27,229 (C.A.S.) Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) bartonella Strong & Hertlein, n. sp., Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Turbonilla (Strioturbonilla) co'ivlesi Strong & Hertlein, n. sp., Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) craticulaiaMorch, Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) crickmayi Strong & Hertlein, n. sp., Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) garthi Strong & Hertlein, n. sp., Locs. 27,228 ; 27,229 (C.A.S.) Turbonilla (Strioturbonilla) haleyi Strong & Hertlein, n. sp., Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.) Turbonilla (Strioturbonilla) imperialis Dall & Bartsch, Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Turbonilla (Careliopsis) israelskyi Strong & Hertlein, n. sp., Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) macbridei Dall & Bartsch, Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Turbonilla (Mormula) major C. B. Adams, Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.) Turbonilla (Strioturbonilla) mcguirei Strong & Hertlein, n. sp., Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.) Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) sealei Strong & Hertlein, n. sp., Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Turbonilla (Careliopsis) stenogyra Dall & Bartsch, Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Turbonilla (Strioturbonilla) stephanogyra Dall & Bartsch, Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.) Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) stonei Strong & Hertlein, n. sp., Locs. 27,228 ; 27,229 (C.A.S.) Turbonilla (Asmunda) turrita C. B. Adams, Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Turbonilla sp., Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Turris funiculata Valenciennes, Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Turris oxytropis Sowerby, Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Turritclla banksii Reeve, Locs. 27,229 ; 27,257 (C.A.S.) Turritella nodulosa King, Locs. 27,228 ; 27,229 (C.A.S.) Turritella gonostoma Valenciennes, Loc. 27,229 ( C.A.S.) Vasum caestus Broderip, Locs. 27,228 ; 27,229 (C.A.S.) Vermicularia (Aletes) centiquadrus Ya.\enc\ennts,'Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Vermicularia eburnea Reeve, Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) V ermicularia pellucida Broderip & Sowerby, Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Vermicularia sp., Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Volvulella loivei Strong & Hertlein, Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) Folvulella panamica Dall, Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.) irilliamia galapagana Dall, Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) 190 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 Notes and Descriptions of New Species Volvulella lowei Strong & Hertlein Plate 18, Fig. 1 Volvulella lowei Strong & Hertlein, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 22, no. 6, December 31, 1937, p. 164, pi. 35, fig. 2. "Puerto Escondido, Gulf of California." Hypotype: No. 759 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. Eight additional specimens were dredged at the same locality. This species differs from the other west coast species of this genus in the much more distinct spiral sculpture. Gylichna stephensae Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 18, Figs, 2, 5 Shell ovate cylindrical, translucent white, shining, with the spire immersed, leaving a minute perforation in the rather deep apical pit; aperture as long as the shell; entire surface sculptured with fine, incised, spiral lines which are rendered slightly wavy by the rather prominent lines of growth ; outer lip starting from the apical pit and rising slightly above the apex of the body whorl in a semicircle, then evenly curved along the side of the shell, and rather narrowly rounded at the base; columella partly reflected over the narrow umbilical groove, slightly twisted with a moderate fold at the junction with the basal lip; inner lip erased. The type measures: length, 6.7 mm; diameter, 3.2 mm. Holotype: No. 717 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. Twenty-six additional specimens were dredged at the same locality. The species resembles Cylichna jantasma Baker & Hanna-- more closely than any other west coast species but is smaller, proportionally broader, and has more uniform spiral sculpture. This species is named for Mrs. Kate Stephens, Curator Emeritus of mollusks at the San Diego Society of Natural History. 22 Cylichnella fantasma Baker & Hanna, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 16, no. 5, 1927, p. 128, pi. 4, fig. 6. "Isthmus Bay, Espiritu Santo Island, Gulf of California." NO. 12 STRONG AND HERTLEIN : MARINE MOLLUSKS 191 Gylichna veleronis Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 18, Fig. 3 Shell ovately cylindrical, narrower toward the apical end, white, with the spire immersed, leaving a shallow apical pit; aperture as long as the shell; surface smooth except for about 25, slightly irregularly spaced, deeply incised, spiral lines; outer lip starting from the apical pit and rising slightly above the apex of the body whorl in a narrowly rounded point, then slightly curved along the side of the shell, with the basal portion rather efifuse; columella, narrow, sharp, not reflected over the deep umbilical groove, nearly straight, with a slight fold at the junction with the basal lip ; inner lip erased. The type measures : length, 4.9 mm; diameter, 2.3 mm. Holotype: No. 719 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. Eleven additional specimens were dredged at the same locality. This species differs from all the other west coast species placed in the genus Cyliahna, in having wide-spaced, sharp, incised spiral lines over the entire surface. This species is named for the motor cruiser Velero III, belonging to Captain Allan Hancock of Los Angeles, California. It was during an expedition on this cruiser that the junior author collected the speci- mens described in this paper. Gylichna (Cylichnella) tabogaensis Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 18, Fig. 4 Shell, short cylindrical, white, with the spire immersed leaving a shallow pit in the apex, aperture as long as the shell; surface sculptured with 3 incised spiral lines near the apex, and, on the lower third of the shell, a series of 12 similar incised spiral lines which become stronger and closer spaced toward the umbilical region; outer lip rising slightly above and rounding evenly into the apex of the last whorl without a sinus, nearly straight along the side of the shell, and broadly rounded at the base; columella twisted, with a spiral fold at its insertion and a second fold at the junction with the basal lip. The type measures: length, 3.00 mm; diameter, 1.6 mm. Holotype: No. 718 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. off Taboga Island, 192 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.2 Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. Six additional specimens were dredged at the same locality, and 7 specimens at Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), in Bahia Honda, Panama. The two distinct folds on the columella are sufficient to separate this form from all other west coast species in the genus. It is the first Recent species in the subgenus Cylichnella as defined by Dall,-^ to be described from the west coast of the Americas. This species is named for Taboga Island, in Panama Bay, the type locality of this species. Terebra (Strioterebra) montijoensis Pilsbry & Lowe Terebra (Strioterebra) montijoensis Pilsbry & Lowe, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 84, 1932, p. 42, pi. 1, fig. 1. "Montijo Bay." Two adult and 7 young specimens were dredged at Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.) in Bahia Honda, Panama. These differ slightly from the type in having 12 axial ribs and finer spiral sculpture but are otherwise very similar. Mitrella harfordi Strong & Hertlein Plate 18, Fig. 6 Mitrella harfordi Strong & Hertlein, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 22, no. 6, December 31, 1937, p. 167, pi. 35, fig. 15. "Lat. 16°38'N., Long. 99°27'30"W., to Lat. 16°39'N., Long. 99° 24'30"W., dredged in 20 to 45 fathoms, about 33 miles east- ward of Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico, and 32 miles west of Dulce Bay." Hypotype: No. 733 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,228 ( C.A.S. ), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms., o£f Taboga Island, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. Thirteen additional specimens were dredged at the same locality. Some of the specimens show the outer lip strongly dentate and the columella with a raised edge which is less strongly grooved. One speci- men in particular shows a strongly developed varix on the back of the body whorl. Most of them are bleached a dull white. The indications 23Dall, W. H., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 43, no. 6, 1908, p. 242. "Cylichnella Gabb, s.s., type C. bidentata Orb. Pillar with two distinct plaits." NO. 12 STRONG AND HERTLEIN : MARINE MOLLUSKS 193 of varicose swellings are similar to those on some species of Strombina in their younger stages but these specimens seem to be fully mature. The general aspect is more that of Mitrella. Epitonium (Asperoscala) slevini Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 18, Fig. 9 Shell small, pure white; nuclear whorls 4, elevated, noticeably smaller than the first postnuclear whorl, smooth; postnuclear whorls 6, well rounded, separated by a deep suture, regularly increasing in size, forming a slender turreted spire; axial sculpture of 14 thin, strongly reflected varices, without angle or spine where they curve into the suture in which they meet and fuse, ascending the spire in a continuous line approximately parallel with the right side of the shell ; on the base the varices continue without change to the base of the columellar lip; spiral sculpture of strongly incised spiral lines of which about 12 appear on the spire and 18 on the last whorl; aperture nearly entirely broken away in the type. The type measures : length, 4.3 mm ; diameter, 2.0 mm. Holotype: No. 724 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. off Taboga Island, Panama. It is probably not fully adult. L. G. Hertlein collector. Three additional but younger specimens were dredged at the same locality. No other species with similar spiral sculpture and approximately this number of unarmed varices seems to have been described from the west coast of the Americas. This species is named for Mr. Joseph R. Slevin, Curator of Herpe- tology of the California Academy of Sciences, who has collected numer- ous specimens for the Department of Paleontology of the same insti- tution. Epitonium (Nitidiscala) wurtsbaughi Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 18, Fig. 14 Shell small, pure white; nuclear whorls a little over 3, elevated, smooth ; postnuclear whorls 6, well rounded, separated by a deep suture, rapidly enlarging, forming a broadly turreted spire; axial sculpture of 7, thin, high varices which meet and fuse in the suture and ascend the spire in a continuous line approximately parallel with the right side of 194 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.2 the shell; over the body of the shell the varices are narrowly, sharply reflected and at the shoulder expanded to form broad, nearly vertical spines; on the base they continue without change to the columellar lip; spiral sculpture absent; aperture nearly circular; columellar lip curved, reflected over the ends of the varices and extending posteriorly to the junction with the outer lip which is thickened by the last varix. The type measures: length, 7.2 mm; diameter, 4.4 mm. Holotype: No. 725 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. One additional very young specimen was dredged at the same locality. The broad shape and small number of coronating varices will serve to distinguish this species from all known species on the west coast of the Americas. This species is named for Captain D. H. Wurtsbaugh, U. S. Navy (retired), who accompanied the expedition, during which the present species was collected. Epitonium (Nitidiscala) gissleri Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 18, Fig. 8 Shell small, pure white; nuclear whorls 3, smooth, forming a regu- lar continuation to the turreted spire; postnuclear whorls 6, well rounded, separated by a deep suture, regularly enlarging; axial sculp- ture of 8 high, rather thick varices which meet and fuse in the sutures and ascend the spire in a continuous line approximately parallel with the right side of the shell; over their entire length these varices are nar- rowly reflected, and only show a slight angle at the shoulder of the whorls; on the base the varices continue without change to the junction with the columellar lip; spiral sculpture absent; aperture nearly circu- lar ; columellar lip curved, broad and much thickened anteriorly, extend- ing posteriorly to the junction with the outer lip which is thickened by the last varix. The type measures : length, 4.8 mm ; diameter, 2.3 mm. Holotype: No. 723 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. off Taboga Island, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. Six additional specimens were dredged at the same locality. The small size and small number of high, thick varices will serve to distinguish this species from all known species on the west coast. NO. 12 STRONG AND HERTLEIN : MARINE MOLLUSKS 195 This species is named for Captain August Gissler who spent much time on Cocos Island seeking hidden treasure reported to have been left on the island by pirates. Strombiformis healeyi Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 18, Fig. 7 Shell minute, regularly elongate-conic, smooth, polished, uniformly pale brown, with the appearance of a darker subsutural band caused by the basal portion of the preceding whorl shining through the upper portion of the following whorl ; whorls 8, early whorls well rounded, later whorls flattened, sutures indistinct; periphery obscurely angulated; base short, well rounded, aperture broadly oval; outer lip slightly thickened at the edge, decidedly protracted or drawn forward in the middle; inner lip short, curved, reflected and appressed to the base posteriorly; parietal callus thin. The type measures: length, 2.1 mm; diameter, 0.6 mm. Holotype: No. 742 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. Seven additional specimens were dredged at the same locality. This minute species is probably nearer to Strombiformis hurragei Bartsch-"* from the Gulf of California than to any other west coast species. It differs in the smaller size, more slender form, and in the protracted outer lip. This species is named for William Healey Dall whose work has added so much to our knowledge of west American mollusks. Pyramidella (Pyramidella) hancocki Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 18, Fig. 12 Shell regularly elongate-conic, dull brown ; nuclear whorls having their axis at nearly right angles to and about one half immersed in the first postnuclear whorl, above which the edge appears; postnuclear whorls 12, flat sided, high between the channeled sutures; periphery of the last whorl marked by a distinct sulcus; entire surface marked by '^'^Strombiformis burragei Bartsch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 53, August 13, 1917, p. 345, pi. 47, fig. 5. "Dredged in 3 fathoms at the head of Concepcion bay, Gulf of California." 196 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.2 lines of growth and very fine spiral striations; base inflated, strongly rounded, with a narrow, open umbilicus bounded by a strong, axially striated cord ; aperture oval, with a slight anterior canal ; outer lip thin, showing 3 faint white spiral lines deep within the aperture; columella slender, with the continuation of the basal cord forming a strong lamellar fold at its insertion, below which are 2 much weaker and more oblique folds. The type measures: length, 8.8 mm; diameter, 2.8 mm. Holotype: No. 739 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. off Taboga Island, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. Eight additional specimens were dredged at the same locality. In general shape this species resembles Pyramidella conica C. B. Adams,^^ but the presence of the open umbilicus is a marked difference. The only other umbilicated species described from the west coast, Pyra- midella bairdi Dall & Bartsch^^ from the Gulf of California, is an entirely differently shaped shell. This species is named for Captain Allan Hancock, owner of the motor cruiser Velero III, through whose generosity the junior author was afforded the opportunity to accompany the expedition and make the collection upon which this report is based. Turbonilla (Strioturbonilla) cowlesi Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 19, Fig. 3 Shell elongate-conic, white; nuclear whorls 2^^, forming an elevated helicoid spire, the axis being at right angles to that of the first post- nuclear whorl, in which it is slightly immersed, with the apex pro- jecting beyond the outline of the following whorls; postnuclear whorls 10, well rounded, narrowly shouldered, sutures impressed; axial sculp- ture of slender, nearly vertical ribs, of which 20 appear on the first postnuclear whorl and 16 on the remaining whorls; intercostal spaces shallow, about three times as wide as the ribs, extending from suture to suture but terminating at the periphery; spiral sculpture of very fine, microscopic striations over the entire surface; periphery of the last 25 Pyramidella conica C. B. Adams, Ann. Lvceum Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 5, 1852, pp. 424, 542. "Panama."— Dall & Bartsch, U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 68, 1909, p. 23, pi. 1, fig. 9. "Panama Bay." 26 Pyramidella (Pyramidella) bairdi Dall & Bartsch, U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 68, 1909, p. 19, pi. 1, figs. 5, 5a. "Gulf of California." NO. 12 STRONG AND HERTLEIN : MARINE MOLLUSKS 197 whorl obscurely angulated ; base short, well rounded, marked by faint continuations of the axial ribs; aperture subquadrate, outer lip broken in the type; columella strong, almost straight. The type measures: length, 5.0 mm; diameter, 1.4 mm. Holotype: No. 750 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. Thirty-five additional specimens were dredged at the same locality. In the key given by Dall & Bartsch-''' to the west coast species in the subgenus Strioturbonilla, this species would fall between aresta from southern California and pazana from the Gulf of California. It differs from the first in the smaller number of axial ribs and narrowly tabu- lated whorls and from the second in the much broader outline. This species is named for Mr. Thomas Cowles, formerly librarian of the California Academy of Sciences, who assisted the writers many times with the library research necessary for the preparation of this paper. Turbonilla (Strioturbonilla) mcguirei Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 19, Fig. 1 Shell elongate-conic, white; nuclear whorls 2^^, forming an ele- vated helicoid spire, the axis being at right angles to that of the first postnuclear whorl, in which it is slightly immersed, with the apex pro- jecting beyond the outline of the following whorls; postnuclear whorls 11, moderately rounded, sutures impressed; axial sculpture of slender, moderately protractive, slightly undulated ribs, of which 16 appear on the early whorls, gradually increasing to 20 on the body whorl; inter- costal spaces about twice as wide as the ribs, extending from suture to suture but terminating at the periphery; spiral sculpture of fine, micro- scopic striations over the entire surface; periphery of the last whorl obscurely angulated; base short, well rounded, aperture subquadrate, outer lip thin, showing the external sculpture within ; columella slender, nearly straight. The type measures: length, 4.7 mm; diameter, 1.1 mm. Holotype: No. 756 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. ofif Taboga Island, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. A second but much younger speci- men was dredged at the same locality. 27 Dall, W. H., and Bartsch, P., U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 68, 1909, pp. 40, 41. 198 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 In the key given by Dall & Bartsch^s to the west coast species in the subgenus Strioturbonilla, this would precede the last species from which it differs in the more numerous, protractive ribs and more slender form. This species is named for Mr. Ignatius McGuire, formerly librarian of the California Academy of Sciences, who assisted the junior author on many occasions in library research necessary during the preparation of several papers. Turbonilla (Strioturbonilla) haleyi Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 19, Fig. 2 Shell elongate-conic, white; nuclear whorls 2^, forming an ele- vated helicoid spire, the axis being at right angles to that of the first postnuclear whorl, in which it is nearly one half immersed, with the apex projecting slightly beyond the outline of the following whorls; postnuclear whorls 13, well rounded, sutures impressed; axial sculpture of slender, curved, protractive ribs, of which 16 appear on the early whorls, gradually increasing to 20 on the body whorl ; intercostal spaces about twice as wide as the ribs; extending from suture to suture on the early whorls but on the later whorls terminating a little above the suture; spiral sculpture of fine, distinct, close-spaced striations over the entire surface; periphery of the last whorl well rounded; base short, well rounded; outer lip broken in the type; columella curved, slender, slightly reflected. The type measures : length, 7.3 mm ; diameter, 1.8 mm. Holotype: No. 753 (Calif. Acad, Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. off Taboga Island, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. This species is unique from any other described from the west coast of North America. In the key given by Dall & Bartsch^^ to west coast species in the subgenus Strioturbonilla, this would follow nicolsi from the Gulf of California. It differs in the smaller number of axial ribs, more slender form, as well as in other ways. This species is named for Dr. George Haley, Professor of Biology and Botany at the University of San Francisco, who has collected many shells for the California Academy of Sciences during his many collecting trips. 28 Dall, W. H., and Bartsch, P., U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 68, 1909, pp. 40, 41. 29 Dall, W. H., and Bartsch, P., U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 68, 1909, pp. 40, 41. NO. 12 STRONG AND HERTLEIN : MARINE MOLLUSKS 199 Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) garthi Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 19, Fig. 9 Shell elongate-conic, white; nuclear whorls 2^, forming a de- pressed, helicoid spire, with the axis at right angles to that of the fol- lowing whorls, in the first of which they are about one third immersed ; postnuclear whorls 10, high between the sutures, with the sides flat- tened; axial sculpture of low, almost vertical ribs, of which 18 appear on the early whorls and 20 on the last whorl; interspaces shallow, nearly twice as wide as the ribs, marked with about 12, indistinct, ir- regularly spaced, spiral series of pits; peripheiy of last whorl rounded, marked by a stronger spiral series of pits, below which the ribs fade out; base moderately long, marked with fine, incised spiral lines; aper- ture subquadrate, outer lip thin, showing the external sculpture within; columella nearly straight. The type measures: length, 5.5 mm; diameter, 1.4 mm. Holotype: No. 754 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. off Taboga Island, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. A second specimen was dredged at the same locality and two young specimens at Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), in Bahia Honda, Panama. In the key given by Dall & Bartsch to the west coast species in the subgenus Pyrgiscus, ^'^ the new species garthi would follow macbridei from which it is easily distinguished by its less slender form and fewer axial ribs. This species is named for Mr. John S. Garth, who accompanied the expedition, as collector of Lepidoptera and as musician. Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) stonei Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 19, Fig. 5 Shell minute, slender, pale brown; nuclear whorls 2^, compara- tively large, helicoid, moderately elevated, with the axis at right angles to that of the following whorls, in the first of which it is about one third immersed; postnuclear whorls 7, moderately rounded, sutures im- pressed ; axial sculpture of narrow, sinuous, nearly vertical ribs of which 18 appear on the second whorl, gradually increasing to 26 on the last whorl, while on the first whorl they are more numerous and quite 30 Dall, W. H., and Bartsch, P., U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 68, 1909, pp. 74, 75, 76. 200 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 irregular; interspaces shallow, about as wide as the ribs, marked with numerous spiral series of fine, narrow pits, of which 2, one near the base of the whorls and the other a little above the middle of the whorls, are wider than the rest ; periphery of the last whorl well rounded ; base moderately long, the upper part marked by feeble continuations of the axial ribs between which the spiral sculpture is continued as pits, while on the lower part the pits are joined to form incised spiral lines; aper- ture oval, outer lip thin, showing the external sculpture within ; colu- mella curved. The tj^pe measures : length, 3.0 mm ; diameter, 0.7 mm. Holotype: No. 758 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. Twenty-three additional specimens were dredged at the same locality, and 7 specimens from Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.), off Taboga Island, Panama. In the key given by Dall and Bartsch to the west coast species in the subgenus Pyrgiscus,^^ the new species stonei would follow shimeki, a species described from the Galapagos Islands which it resembles in general appearance, but from which it differs in the smaller size, lack of color bands, and more numerous axial ribs. This species is named for Mr. George Stone, who accompanied the expedition as photographer, and who assisted in the collection of many specimens of shells. Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) crickmayi Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 19, Fig. 10 Shell elongate-conic, white; nuclear whorls 2^^, forming a slightly elevated helicoid spire, with the axis at right angles to the following whorls, in the first of which it is about one third immersed ; postnuclear whorls 6, moderately rounded, sutures impressed; axial sculpture of 16 lamellar ribs which terminate sharply at the summit, giving the whorls a tabulated appearance; interspaces about three times as wide as the ribs, marked with 8 spiral series of narrow pits; peripherj' of last whorl rounded, base rather long, marked with continuations of the axial ribs which extend feebly to the umbilical region, and 6 spiral series of pits, of which the one at the periphery is much the strongest; aperture oval, outer lip thin; columella curved. The type measures: length, 3.0 mm; diameter, 1.1 mm. 31 Dall, W. H., and Bartsch, P., U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 68, 1909, pp. 74, 75, 76. NO. 12 STRONG AND HERTLEIN : MARINE MOLLUSKS 201 Holotype: No. 751 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. Four additional specimens were dredged at the same locality. In the key given by Dall & Bartsch to the west coast species in the subgenus Fyrgiscus,^"^ this would follow indentata, a species described from the Gulf of California, which it resembles. It differs from that species in having the tabulation on the ribs only, as well as in other details. This species is named for Dr. Colin H. Crickmay, formerly Assist- ant Professor of Paleontology at the University of California at Los Angeles, in recognition of his contributions to the Paleontology of western North America. Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) sealei Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 19, Fig. 6 Shell elongate-conic, white; nuclear whorls 2^, large, helicoid, with the axis at right angles to that of the following whorls, in the first of which they are about one third immersed; postnuclear whorls 10, rounded, with, on the later whorls, the greatest convexity on the lower third, sutures impressed; axial sculpture of nearly vertical ribs, of which 16 appear on the first 4 whorls, 18 on the fifth and sixth, 20 on the seventh and eighth, and 26 on the penultimate; interspaces shallow, about twice as wide as the ribs, marked with spiral series of shallow pits, of which 3 at the base and 1 a little above the center of the whorls are much wider than the rest which are closely spaced ; periphery of last whorl well rounded; base rather short, well rounded, marked with feeble continuations of the axial ribs and about 8 incised spiral lines ; aperture oval, outer lip thin; columella slightly curved, the body cov- ered with a strong callus. The type measures: length, 5.2 mm; diameter, 1.4 mm. Holotype: No. 757 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. Eleven additional specimens were dredged at the same locality. In the key given by Dall & Bartsch to the west coast species in the subgenus Pyrgiscus,^^ this would be grouped with shimeki, and stonei 32 Dall, W. H., and Bartsch, P., U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 68, 1909, pp. 74, 75, 76. 33 Dall, W. H., and Bartsch, P., U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 68, 1909, pp. 74, 75, 76. 202 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 of this paper, but differs entirely from it in general appearance. It is quite similar to garthi of this paper but differs in the presence of stronger series of pits near the middle of the whorls. This species is named for Mr. Alvin Seale, Superintendent of the Steinhart Aquarium in San Francisco, California, who accompanied the expedition. Turbonilla (Pyrglscus) amandi Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 19, Fig. 7 Shell elongate-conic, uniformly light brown ; nuclear whorls a little more than 2, depressed helicoid, with the axis at right angles to that of the following whorls, in the first of which they are about one fourth immersed; postnuclear whorls 9, moderately rounded, sutures impressed; axial sculpture of strong, narrow, nearly vertical ribs, of which 16 ap- pear on the early whorls, gradually increasing to 24 on the last whorl ; interspaces a little wider than the ribs, marked with 6 or 7 broad, shallow, spiral series of pits, on the later whorls the spaces between these pits are cut by 1 or 2 incised spiral lines; periphery of last whorl well rounded ; base rather long, well rounded, the upper part marked by continuations of the axial ribs between which are 3 or 4 spiral series of pits, at about the middle of the base the axial ribs fade out and the spiral series of pits are joined to form incised spiral lines which grow gradually weaker toward the umbilical region ; aper- ture oval, outer lip thin, showing the external sculpture within; colu- mella raised, slightly curved, body with a distinct callus. The type measures: length, 4.3 mm; diameter, 1.1 mm. Holotype: No. 749 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. Forty-five additional specimens were dredged at the same locality. In the key given by Dall & Bartsch to west coast species in the sub- genus Pyrgiscus,^^ this would follow abno, a species described from San Diego, which it much resembles, differing principally in the ar- rangement of the spiral series of pits in the interspaces between the axial ribs. 34 Dall, W. H., and Bartsch, P., U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 68, 1909, pp. 74, 75, 76. NO. 12 STRONG AND HERTLEIN : MARINE MOLLUSKS 203 This species is named for Dr. Rudolph Amandus Philippi, pioneer in studies of the natural history in Chile, whose works have added much to the knowledge of that region. Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) bartonella Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 19, Fig. 8 Shell minute, elongate-conic, pale j^ellowish with a narrow brown spiral band a little below the middle of the whorls; nuclear whorls 2^/2, relatively large, planorbid, with the axis at right angles to that of the following whorls, in the first of which they are slightly immersed ; postnuclear whorls 8, well rounded, sutures impressed; axial sculpture of nearly vertical, slightly sinuous ribs, of which 16 appear on the early whorls, gradually increasing to 24 on the last whorl; interspaces about as wide as the ribs, marked with 2 spiral series of broad pits near the base, above which are about 12, equally spaced, incised, spiral lines; periphery of last whorl well rounded, marked by a narrow, smooth band ; base rather long, well rounded, marked by a single spiral series of pits just below the periphery, then a second, narrow, smooth band, followed by 5 fine, incised, spiral lines; aperture oval, outer lip thin, showing the external sculpture within; columella slender, curved. The type measures: length, 2.8 mm; diameter, 0.7 mm. Holotype: No. 752 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. Eight additional specimens were dredged at the same locality. In the key given by Dall & Bartsch to the west coast species in the subgenus Pyrgiscus,^^ this would follow almo, and amandi of this paper from which it differs in the much smaller size and different arrange- ment of the spiral series of pits. This species is named for the late Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, formerly Director of the California Academy of Sciences and of the Steinhart Aquarium. Turbonilla (Asmunda) turrita C. B. Adams Chemnitzia turrita C. B. Adams, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 5, July, 1852, pp. 393, 536. "Panama." Four young specimens which appear to be Turbonilla turrita C. B. 35 Dall, W. H., and Bartsch, P., U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 68, 1909, pp. 74, 75, 76. 204 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 Adams were dredged at Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), in Bahia Honda, Panama. These specimens are much smaller than the type as selected and described by Dall and Bartsch^'^ but have only 6 postnuclear whorls, while the type is said to have 10. They agree in other ways with the description. The only other west coast species to be described in this subgenus, Turbonilla churia Bartsch^''' from Ecuador, lacks the pe- ripheral keel but is otherwise very similar to our specimens and has about the same measurements. Turbonilla (Gareliopsis) israelskyi Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 19, Fig. 13 Shell very slender, translucent, white; nuclear whorls 2^, de- pressed helicoid, with the axis nearly at right angles to that of the following whorls, in the first of which they are slightly immersed ; post- nuclear whorls 6, moderately rounded, veiy narrowly tabulated at the summit, sutures distinct; spiral sculpture of regular incised lines, of which about 15 appear between the sutures; axial sculpture only indi- cated by a faint row of nodules at the summit of the whorls ; periphery of the last whorl rounded; base long, rounded, marked like the spire with about 8 incised spiral lines; aperture oval, outer lip thin; columella strong, twisted. The type measures: length, 2.3 mm; diameter, 0.8 mm. Holotype: No. 755 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. Five additional specimens were dredged at the same locality. This species differs from Turbonilla stenogyra Dall & Bartsch,^^ the only other west coast species described in the subgenus, in the smaller size, fainter axial sculpture, and slightly tabulated whorls. This species is named for Mr. Merle C. Israelsky of Houston, Texas, formerly Assistant Curator of the Department of Paleontology of the California Academy of Sciences. 36 Dall, W. H., and Bartsch, P., U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 68, 1909, p. 130, pi. 12, figs. 14, 14a. 37 Turbonilla (Asmunda) churia Bartsch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 69, art. 20, December 16, 1926, p. 11, pi. 3, fig. 5. "On the coast southeast of Punta Santa Elena, Santa Elena Peninsula, Ecuador." 38 Turbonilla (Careliopsis) stenogyra Dall & Bartsch, U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 68, 1909, p. 130, pi. 12, figs. 1, la. "San Hipolito Point, Lower California." NO. 12 STRONG AND HERTLEIN: MARINE MOLLUSKS 205 Turbonilla (Gareliopsis) stenogyra Dall & Bartsch Turbonilla (Careliopsis) stenogyra Dall & Bartsch, U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 68, 1909, p. 130, pi. 12, figs. 1, la. "San Hipolito Point, Lower California." Four specimens dredged at Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), in Bahia Honda, Panama. These specimens have only 6 or 7 whorls and are propor- tionally smaller than the type from San Hipolito Point, Lower Cali- fornia, which has 9 whorls. They agree with the description of the type in shape and details of sculpture, including the axial ribs on the upper part of the early whorls, a character whiclT is mentioned in the de- scription but not shown on the figure. These ribs are distinct in the Panama specimens. Turbonilla (Gingulina) academica Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 19, Fig. 14 Shell elongate-conic, translucent white; nuclear whorls almost en- tirely, obliquely immersed in the first postnuclear whorl; postnuclear whorls 6, well rounded, sutures distinct; spiral sculpture of rounded keels, of which 1 appears on the first and second, 2 on the third, and 3 on the remaining whorls; the first of these keels is immediately above the suture and appears on all whorls, the second is a little above the middle of the whorl, and the third about half way between the other two, the space between the upper keel and the summit of the whorls is smooth and flattened; axial sculpture of faint riblets appearing in the spaces between the keels; periphery of last whorl marked by a narrow groove; base rather long, well rounded, smooth; aperture oval, some- what effuse posteriorly, outer lip thin, scalloped by the ends of the spiral keels; columella slender, curved. The type measures: length, 2.7 mm; diameter, 0.9 mm. Holotype: No. 748 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. Five additional specimens were dredged at the same locality. This species resembles Turbonilla urdeneta Bartsch^^ from Lower California, but is smaller and has only 3 instead of 4 spiral keels. 39 Turbonilla (Cingidina) urdeneta Bartsch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 52, May 29, 1917, p. 660, pi. 45, fig. 1. The type was "dredged in shallow water in Santa Maria Bay, Lower California." Other specimens were dredged in shallow water at Magdalena Bay and in 13^ fms. off Redondo Point, Magda- lena Bay, Lower California. 206 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 Odostomia (Ghrysallida) swetti Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 18, Fig. 11 Shell minute, elongate-ovate, white; nuclear whorls deeply obliquely immersed in the first postnuclear whorl; postnuclear whorls 5, slightly rounded, sutures channeled; axial sculpture of nearly vertical ribs of which 16 appear on the second, 22 on the third, and 26 on the penulti- mate whorl ; spiral sculpture of 4 cords of which the upper 3 are ren- dered nodulous by the intersection with the axial ribs, while the lower cord is smooth or feebly waved at the termination of the axial ribs; the spaces inclosed by the axial ribs and spiral cords form well-impressed squarish pits; periphery of last whorl marked by a strong groove; base rather long, rounded, marked with 6 spiral cords which become weaker and closer spaced toward the umbilical region; aperture oval, outer lip thin, flattened in the middle; columella strong, curved, provided with a slender fold at its intersection; body with a moderate callus. The type measures: length, 2.1 mm; diameter, 1.2 mm. Holotype: No. 738 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. off Taboga Island, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. Thirty additional specimens were dredged at the same locality. Seven young specimens collected on the rocks at Loc. 27,257 (C.A.S.), at Panama City, seem to belong to this species. In the key given by Dall and Bartsch to the west coast species in the subgenus Ghrysallida,^^ this would be grouped with vincta from San Pedro, California, and fasciata from Mazatlan, Mexico. It differs from both in the more oval shape and more nearly vertical ribs, as well as in other details. This species is named for Mr. Charles Swett, chief officer of the motor cruiser Velero III during the expedition on which the present collection was made. Odostomia (Pyrgulina) marginata C. B. Adams Plate 18, Fig. 13 Chemnitzia marginata C. B. Adams, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 5, 1852, pp. 391-392, 536. 'Tanama." 40 Dall, W. H., and Bartsch, P., U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 68, 1909, pp. 137, 138. NO. 12 STRONG AND HERTLEIN: MARINE MOLLUSKS 207 Odostomia (Pyrgulina) marginata C. B. Adams, Dall & Bartsch, U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 68, 1909, p. 169, pi. 18, figs. 5, 5a. Adams' specimen from Panama figured. Hypotype: No. 737 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. Twenty-five specimens from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), were dredged in Bahia Honda, Panama, and 4 speci- mens were dredged at Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.), off Taboga Island, Panama. Our specimens do not agree in all particulars with the description and figure given by Dall and Bartsch from 1 of the 2 specimens col- lected by C. B. Adams. Neither does the description by Dall and Bartsch agree entirely with that of Adams. They state that the axis of the nuclear whorls is at right angles to that of the following whorls ; Adams states "with the apex oblique," as is the case in our specimens. Dall and Bartsch state 14 axial ribs, Adams 11 or 12, while our speci- mens show from 16 to 24. However, these specimens come from the type locality of the species and agree in other ways with both descrip- tions. It would seem reasonable to suppose that they represent the normal form of the species better than the 2 specimens collected by Adams. Odostomia (Mlralda) azteca Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 18, Fig. 10 Shell minute, elongate-ovate, translucent white; nuclear whorls deeply obliquely immersed in the first postnuclear whorl; postnuclear whorls 5, sutures channeled; sculptured with 2 strong, elevated, nodu- lous, spiral cords, one at the summit and the other on the middle of the whorl; of the nodules 18 appear on the second, 20 on the third, and 22 on the penultimate whorl on each cord ; the nodules on the lower cord are rounded, while those on the upper cord are axially elongate; the interspaces between the 2 cords and between the lower cord and the suture are marked with feeble axial riblets corresponding in posi- tion to the nodules; peripheiy of the last whorl marked by a smooth cord separated from the lower nodulous cord by a groove a little nar- rower than that between the 2 nodulous cords; on the base below the peripheral cord are 2 similar but smaller spiral cords; aperture ovate, the edge of the outer lip broken in the type; columella strong, curved, with an obscure fold at its insertion. The type measures: length, 1.3 mm; diameter, 0.8 mm. 208 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 Holotype: No. 734 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. Twenty-five additional specimens were dredged at the same locality and 1 specimen collected on the rocks at Panama City. In the key to the west coast species of the subgenus Miralda given by Dall and Bartsch,^^ Odostomia azteca would follow armata which was described from Mazatlan, Mexico, by Carpenter. It differs from that species in the smaller size, and in having the upper spiral row of nodules only slightly wider than the lower. These 2 species, together with Odostomia aepynota Dall and Bartsch from southern and Lower California, Odosto7?2ia terebellum C. B. Adams from Panama, and Odostomia galapagensis Dall and Bartsch from the Galapagos Islands, form a closely related group, the species of which differ only in the details of the sculpture. Some of them eventually may be found to intergrade through specimens from intermediate localities. Odostomia (Evalea?) isthmica Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 19, Fig. 12 Shell elongate-conic, milk white, polished, shining; nuclear whorls almost completely immersed in the first postnuclear whorl, giving the apex a truncated appearance; postnuclear whorls 8, slightly rounded, narrowly tabulated at the summit, sharply contracted at the base, form- ing a deeply channeled suture; periphery of the last whorl angulated, with a faint raised thread on the angle (this thread is very faint on the type but quite noticeable on some of the paratypes) ; base short, well rounded, narrowly umbilicated ; entire surface of spire and type marked with curved lines of growth and very fine, microscopic spiral striations; aperture oval, outer lip thin, decidedly drawn forward in the middle; columella slender, curved with a fold at its insertion. The type measures: length, 3.2 mm; diameter, 1.5 mm. Holotype: No. 736 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. Fourteen additional specimens were dredged at the same locality, and 17 specimens were dredged off Taboga Island, Panama. This species would require a separate subdivision if placed in the key to the west coast species in the subgenus Evalea. In many ways it resembles some species of the genus Pyramidella but has only the single 41 Dall, W. H., and Bartsch, P., U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 68, 1909, p. 176. NO. 12 STRONG AND HERTLEIN : MARINE MOLLUSKS 209 fold on the columella. This character also separates it from the genus Niso which contains some species which are quite similar in general appearance. It may belong to some subgenus of Odostomia not previ- ously reported from the west coast but seems to fit better in the sub- genus Evolea than in any of the other subgenera known from the west coast of the Americas. Triphora palmer! Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 20, Fig. 1 Shell sinistral, regularly elongate-conic, light brown ; nuclear whorls 6, the first 2 smooth, lighter than the balance of the shell, the 4 follow- ing whorls sculptured with 2 spiral cords and fine axial ribs of which about 30 appear on the last whorl; of the 2 spiral cords one is on the middle of the whorl and the other half way between it and the base; postnuclear whorls 7, sutures distinct; spiral sculpture on the early whorls consisting of 2 nodulous cords, of which one is at the summit and the other a little above the suture; beginning at about the third whorl a median, nodulous, spiral cord begins to develop and soon equals the other 2 in strength ; axial sculpture of slender ribs connecting the nodules of the spiral cords and extending into the sutures; of these, 20 appear on the early whorls, gradually increasing to 24 on the last whorl ; below the median spiral cord these ribs are nearly vertical, while on the upper part of the whorl they are retractive, the degree of angulation at the crossing of the median cord varying at different places on the shell; on the upper spiral cord the nodules are well rounded, while on the median and lower cord they slope more abruptly posteriorly than anteriorly; the space inclosed by the spiral cords and axial ribs form well impressed, square pits; periphery of the last whorl marked by a smooth cord, below which, on the base, are 2 similar and nearly equally strong and equally spaced spiral cords, the interspaces crossed by feeble extensions of the axial ribs; aperture oval, strongly channeled anteriorly; outer lip thin, the edge partly broken in the type; columella short, twisted; body covered with a thin callus. The type measures: length, 3.2 mm; diameter, 1.1 mm. Holotype: No. 747 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. off Taboga Island, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. Forty additional specimens were dredged in the same locality and 16 specimens dredged in Bahia Honda, Panama. 210 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 PLATE 18 Fig. 1. Folvulella loivei Strong & Hertlein, Hypotype, No. 759 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Veragua, Panama. Length, 3.0 mm; di- ameter, 1.1 mm. (Page 190.) Fig. 2. Cylichna stephensae Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holotype, No. 717 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Panama. Length, 6.7 mm; diameter, 3.2 mm. (Page 190.) Fig. 3. Cylichna 'veleronis Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holotype, No. 719 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Veragua, Panama. Length, 4.9 mm; diameter, 2.3 mm. (Page 191.) Fig. 4. Cylichna (Cylichnella) tabogaensis Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holotype, No. 718 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. off Taboga Island, Panama. Length, 3.0 mm; diameter, 1.6 mm. (Page 191.) Fig. 5. Cylichna stephensae Strong & Hertlein, new species. View of enlarged portion of the shell of the holotype showing the fine incised lines orna- menting the body whorl. Same specimen as illustrated in figure 2. (Page 190.) Fig. 6. Mitrella harfordi Strong and Hertlein. Hypotype, No. 733 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. off Taboga Island, Panama. Length, 4.2 mm; diameter, 1.7 mm. (Page 192.) Fig. 7. Stromhiformis healeyi Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holotype, No. 742 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Veragua, Panama. Length, 2.1 mm; diameter, 0.6 mm. (Page 195.) Fig. 8. Epitonium (Nitidiscala) gissleri Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holo- type, No. 723 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. off Taboga Island, Panama. Length, 4.8 mm; diameter, 2.3 mm. (Page 194.) Fig. 9. Epitonium (Aspcroscala) sle'vini Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holo- type, No. 724 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. off Taboga Island, Panama. Length, 4.3 mm; diameter, 2.0 mm. (Page 193.) Fig. 10. Odostomia (Miralda) azteca Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holotype, No. 734 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Veragua, Panama. Length, 1.3 mm; diameter, 0.8 mm. (Page 207.) Fig. 11. Gdostomia (Chrysallida) swetti Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holo- type, No. 738 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. off Taboga Island, Panama. Length, 2.1 mm; diameter, 1.2 mm. (Page 206.) Fig. 12. Pyramidella (Pyramidella) hancocki Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holotype, No. 739 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27.228 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. off Taboga Island, Panama. Length, 8.8 mm; diameter, 2.8 mm. (Page 195.) Fig. 13. Odostomia (Pyrgulina) marginata C. B. Adams. Hypot5^pe, No. 737 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Veragua, Panama. Length, 2.73 mm; diameter, 0.93 mm. (Page 206.) Fig. 14. Epitonium (Nitidiscala) ixjurtsbaughi Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holotype, No. 725 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27.229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Veragua, Panama. Length, 7.2 mm; diameter, 4.4 mm. (Page 193.) NO. 12 STRONG AND HERTLEIN : MARINE MOLLUSKS PL. 18 NO. 12 STRONG AND HERTLEIN : MARINE MOLLUSKS PL. 19 •■IL / > w ^^^'W Tv..^ NO. 12 STRONG AND HERTLEIN : MARINE MOLLUSKS 213 PLATE 19 Fig. 1. Turbonilla (Strioturbonilla) mcguirei Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holotvpe, No. 756 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. off Taboga Island, Panama. Length, 4.7 mm; diameter i.i mm. (Page 197.) Fig. 2. Turbonilla (Strioturbonilla) haleyi Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holotype, No. 753 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27.228 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. off Taboga Island, Panama. Length, 7.3 mm; diameter, 1.8 mm. (Page 198.) Fig. 3. Turbonilla (Strioturbonilla) coivlesi Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holotvpe, No. 750 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27.229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Veragua, Panama. Length, 5.0 mm; diameter, 1.4 mm. (Page 196.) Fig. 4. Rissoina adarnsi Bartsch ?var. Hvpotvpe, No. 740 (Calif. Acad, Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. off Taboga Island, Panama. Length, 3,8 mm; diameter, 1.6 ram. (Page 229.) Fig. 5. Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) stonei Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holotype, No. 758 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Veragua, Panama. Length, 3.0 mm; diameter, 0.7 mm. (Page 199.) Fig. 6. Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) sealei Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holo- type, No. 757 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Veragua, Panama. Length, 5.2 mm; diameter, 1.4 mm. (Page 201.) Fig. 7. Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) amandi Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holo- type, No. 749 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Veragua, Panama. Length, 4.3 mm; diameter, 1.1 mm. (Page 202.) Fig. 8. Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) bartonella Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holotvpe, No. 752 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Veragua, Panama. Length, 2.8 mm; diameter, 0.7 mm. (Page 203.) Fig. 9. Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) garthi Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holo- type, No. 754 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. off Taboga Island, Panama. Length, 5.5 mm; diameter, 1.4 mm. (Page 199.) Fig. 10, Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) crickmayi Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holotype, No. 751 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Veragua, Panama. Length, 3.0 mm; diameter, 1.1 mm. (Page 200.) Fig. 11. Iselica kochi Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holotype, No. 727 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Veragua, Panama. Length, 1.5 mm; diameter, 1.2 mm. (Page 227.) Fig. 12. Odostomia (Evalea?) isthmica Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holo- type. No. 736 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Veragua, Panama. Length, 3.2 mm; diameter, 1.5 mm. (Page 208.) Fig. 13. Turbonilla (Careliopsis) israelskyi Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holotvpe, No. 755 (Calif. Acad. Sci, Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Veragua, Panama. Length, 2.3 mm; diameter, 0.8 mm. (Page 204.) Fig. 14. Turbonilla (Cingulina) academica Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holotype, No. 748 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Veragua, Panama. Length, 2.7 mm; diameter, 0.9 mm. (Page 205.) Fig. 15. Alahina veraguaensis Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holotype, No. 699 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo, Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Veragua, Panama. Length, 2.8 mm; diameter, 1.0 mm. (Page 218.) 214 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 The sculpture of this species is very similar to that of Triphora peninsularis Bartsch,^- described from Lower California, but the figure of that species shows considerable difference in shape, while the measure- ments indicate that the Panama shell with an equal number of whorls would be distinctly larger. This species is named for Dr. Edwin O. Palmer, physician, who accompanied the expedition. Triphora marshi Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 20, Figs. 2, 3 Shell sinistral, regularly elongate-conic, lower portion of the whorls white, upper portion, with the exception of the top of scattering tubercles on the upper spiral cord, brown, the white-topped tubercles being usually arranged in pairs ; spiral nuclear whorls 7, the first 2 smooth, darker than the following whorls, which are sculptured with 2 spiral cords and slender axial ribs, of which about 30 appear on the last whorl; of the 2 spiral cords one is situated on the middle of the whorls and the other about half way between it and the base; post- nuclear whorls 10, sutures indistinct; spiral sculpture on the early whorls consisting of 2 nodulous cords, of which one is at the summit and the other only a little above the suture ; beginning at about the sixth whorl a median spiral cord begins to develop, a little nearer to the posterior than the anterior cord : this gradually increases in strength until on the last whorl it nearly equals the other 2 in strength; axial sculpture of slender, retractive ribs connecting the nodules of the spiral cords: of these, 20 appear on all except the first 2 whorls, where there are a few less; the nodules of the upper spiral cord are well rounded and slightly more prominent than those on the lower spiral cord, on which they are truncated on the posterior face; the nodules on the median cord are also posteriorly truncated ; the spaces inclosed by the spiral cords and axial ribs are well-impressed rectangular pits; periphery of the last whorl marked by a nodulous cord which is separated from the suprasutural cord by a narrow channel ; below this on the base are 2 spiral cords only a little less strong, of which the upper is feebly nodu- lous; aperture irregular, outer lip thin, the basal portion expanded and roofing over the anterior canal and columella. The type measures: length, 4.66 mm; diameter, 1.33 mm. It has lost the first 4 nuclear 42 Triphoris peninsularis Bartsch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 33, December 12, 1907, p. 255, pi. 16, fig. 2. "Point Abreojos, Lower California." NO. 12 STRONG AND HERTLEIN" : MARINE MOLLUSKS 215 whorls and is bleached until the color pattern is indistinct. The de- scription of the nuclear whorls and color pattern is taken from a para- type of 7 postnuclear whorls. Holotype: No. 745 and paratype 745A (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S,), in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. Twenty additional specimens were dredged at the same locality and 4 off Taboga Island, Panama. The sculpture of this species is somewhat similar to that of Triphora hemphilli Bartsch,^^ described from Lower California, but it is a smaller and differently colored shell. This species is named for Mr. Herman Marsh, musician, who ac- companied the expedition, during which the present collection was made. Eumete bimarginata C. B. Adams Plate 20, Fig. 4 Cerithimn himarginatum C. B. Adams, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 5, 1852, pp. 375-376, 533. "Panama." Eumete himarginata C. B. Adams, Bartsch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 39, 1911, p. 566, text fig. 2. Dredged in 29.5 fms., in the Bay of Panama; also in 26 fms., on sandy bottom, ofif La Paz, in the Gulf of California. Adams' original locality record of Panama also cited. Hypotype: No. 726 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,228 ( C.A.S. ), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. off Taboga Island, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. Thirty-six specimens were dredged off Taboga Island, Panama, and 25 specimens were dredged in Bahia Honda, Panama. The specimens described by Adams and that described by Bartsch are evidently all young. The Academy's collection contains specimens with several more whorls. These show on the lower whorls a slender, smooth, median spiral cord not shown on Bartsch's figure. The speci- men figured has 13 postnuclear whorls and measures: length, 7.8 mm; diameter, 2.0 mm. It was dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. off Taboga Island, Panama. 43 Triphoris hemphilli Bartsch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 33, December 12, 1907, p. 253, pi. 16, fig. 12. The type was collected by Mr. Henry Hemphill "from shell washings at Point Abreojos, Lower California." A 216 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 Gerithiopsis eiseni Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 20, Fig. 6 Shell minute, elongate-ovate, brown; nuclear whorls decollated; postnuclear whorls 6, the early whorls rapidly enlarging, the last con- tracted toward the base, sutures impressed ; spiral sculpture consisting of 3 tuberculate cords, of which one is at the summit, one immediately above the suture, and the third half way between the other two, the spaces between them being a little wider than the cords ; axial sculpture of equally strong, nearly vertical ribs connecting the tubercles and extending into the sutures: of these ribs 16 appear on the second, 18 on the third and fourth, and 20 on the penultimate whorl; the tubercles at the junction of the axial cords and spiral ribs are well rounded and the spaces inclosed by them form well impressed, rounded pits ; periphery of the last whorl marked by a sulcus about as wide as the spaces be- tween the spiral cords, and like them crossed by the ends of the axial ribs; base well rounded, marked by 3 spiral cords, separated by rounded grooves, the upper of these cords bounds the peripheral sulcus and is slightly nodulous, while the lower is a slender thread encircling the columella; aperture oval, strongly channeled anteriorly, the outer lip broken in the type; columella curved, stout, the body with a thick callus. The type measures: length, 1.8 mm; diameter, 0.8 mm. Holotype: No. 710 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. Twenty-seven additional specimens were dredged at the same locality and 3 specimens off Taboga Island, Panama. In the key to the west coast species in the genus Gerithiopsis j*^'^ this species would follow piipiformis which was described from Mazatlan, Mexico. It differs from that species principally in the more ovate form and in the smaller, wider spaced tubercles. This species is named for Dr. Gustav Eisen, member of the Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences. Gerithiopsis gissleri Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 20, Fig. 7 Shell minute, brown, nuclear whorls white, 4 smooth, well rounded, forming a conical spire; postnuclear whorls 6, the early whorls rapidly 44Bartsch, P., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 40, May 8, 1911, pp. 330, 331. NO. 12 STRONG AND HERTLEIN : MARINE MOLLUSKS 217 increasing in size, the last 3 cylindrical, sutures impressed; spiral sculp- ture consisting of 3 tuberculate cords of which one is at the summit, one a little above the suture, and a median cord which is nearer the one at the summit than the suprasutural one on the early whorls but about half way between them on the later whorls; axial sculpture of equally strong, nearly vertical ribs which connect the tubercles and extend into the suture: of these ribs 16 appear on the second, 18 on the third and fourth, 20 on the fifth, and 22 on the penultimate whorl ; the tubercles at the junction of the axial ribs and spiral cords are rounded anteriorly and truncated posteriorly; the spaces enclosed be- tween the axial ribs and the upper and median spiral cords form spirally elongated pits and those between the median and suprasutural cords form squarish pits; periphery of the last whorl marked by a sulcus about as wide as that between the median and suprasutural spiral cord and like it is crossed by the ends of the axial ribs ; base rather long, marked by 2 strong, rounded spiral cords, of which one bounds the peripheral sulcus and the other is near the middle; in addition to these there is a very slender, raised thread encircling the columella; aperture oval, strongly channeled anteriorly, the edge of the outer lip broken in the type; columella strong, twisted, the body with a strong callus. The type measures: length, 3.0 mm; diameter, 0.9 mm. Holotype: No. 711 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. Seventy additional specimens were dredged at the same locality. In Bartsch's key to the west coast species in the genus Cerithiopsis,'^^ this would follow abreojosensis which was described from Lower Cali- fornia. It differs principally in the posterior truncation of the tubercles. This species is named for Captain August Gissler, who resided on Cocos Island for several years and sought for the treasure reported to have been hidden on the island by pirates. Gerithiopsis montezumal Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 20, Fig. 8 Shell dark brown with the nuclear whorls white, regularly elongate- conic; nuclear whorls 4, well rounded, smooth, forming a conical spire; postnuclear whorls 7, sutures impressed; spiral sculpture consisting of 45Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 40, May 8, 1911, pp. 330, 331. 218 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL.2 3 tuberculate cords, of which one is at the summit, one a little above the suture, and the third about half way between the other two; axial sculpture of slightly less strong, moderately protractive ribs which con- nect the tubercles of the spiral cords and extend into the sutures: of these, 18 appear on the early whorls, gradually increasing to 24 on the penultimate whorl; the tubercles at the junction of the axial ribs and spiral cords more or less truncated on the posterior face, particularly those on the lower spiral cord ; the space enclosed by the axial ribs and spiral cords forming well impressed, squarish pits; peripheiy of the last whorl marked by a sulcus about as wide as that between the spiral cords and like them crossed by the ends of the axial ribs; base short, marked by 2 spiral cords, one of which bounds the peripheral sulcus and the other a slender, raised thread encircling the columella, the space between them being slightly concave; aperture nearly circular, strongly channeled anteriorly, outer lip broken in the type; columella curved, twisted. The type measures: length, 3.2 mm; diameter, 1.2 mm. Holotype: No. 712 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,257 (C.A.S.), collected on the rocks below the Delessep Monu- ment at Panama City, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. A second specimen was collected at the same locality. In addition to these, 31 specimens were dredged in Bahia Honda and 5 specimens were dredged off Taboga Island, Panama. In Bartsch's key to the west coast species in the genus Cerithiopsis,'^^ this would follow infrequens, also described from Panama. It differs from that species principally in the more numerous axial ribs and dif- ferent arrangement of basal cords. It is also larger for the same number of whorls. This species is named for Montezuma, the Chief of the Aztec Indians, in Mexico City, at the time of the arrival of Cortez. Alabina veraguaensis Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 19, Fig. 15 Shell minute, elongate-conic, pale brownish ; nuclear whorls 3, yel- lowish, rounded, smooth; postnuclear whorls 3, with an indistinct, slop- ing shoulder reaching from a little below the middle to the summit, lower part rounded ; major spiral sculpture consisting of 2 spiral cords, one on the middle of the whorl bounding the sloping shoulder, and the other halfway between it and the base of the whorl; on the second 46Bartsch, P., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 40, May 8, 1911, pp. 330, 331. NO. 12 STRONG AND HERTLEIN : MARINE MOLLUSKS 219 postnuclear whorl a slender spiral cord appears on the middle of the shoulder; on the third whorl still another cord appears at the summit of the whorl; on the fourth whorl there are 4 spiral cords on the shoulder and another between the 2 major spiral cords, while on the penultimate whorl there are 7 nearly equal spiral cords ; axial sculpture of slender, more or less curved ribs, of which about 30 appear on the penultimate whorl; periphery of the last whorl marked by a sulcus; base well rounded, marked with 5 equally spaced spiral cords which grow gradually weaker toward the umbilical region; aperture nearly circular, outer lip thin; columella curved, slender, body with a very thin callus. The type measures: length, 2.8 mm; diameter, 1.0 mm. Among the paratypes there is considerable difference in the sculpture on the last whorl, some being almost smooth. Holotype: No. 699 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. About 400 additional specimens were dredged at the same locality; 17 specimens off Taboga Island, Panama. The sculpture of this species is quite similar to that of Alabina dioinedeae Bartsch,'*'^ described from the Gulf of California, but it is a much smaller and proportionately broader shell. This species is named for the state of Veragua of the Republic of Panama. Caecum bahiahondaense Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 20, Fig. 10 Shell consisting of a minute, moderately curved, opaque, white tube of nearly uniform diameter; sculptured with 18 strong, rounded ele- vated rings, separated by rounded grooves a little wider than the rings; aperture sharp edged, circular, separated from the last ring by a narrow, contracted, flat area, which is about twice as wide on the convex as on the concave side of the tube, causing the aperture to be set at a slight angle to the axis of the tube ; posterior end of the tube contracted, closed by a plug which is encircled by a narrow, raised rim; from the center of the plug a spur rises toward the convex side of the tube, ending in a rounded point just inside the line of the rim. The type measures: length, 1.9 mm; diameter of tube, 0.5 mm. ^^ Alahina diomedcae Bartsch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 39, January 13, 1911, p. 413, pi. 62, fig. 1. Type dredged "in 26^ fathoms, on broken shell bottom off Cacachitas, Gulf of California." 220 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 PLATE 20 Fig. 1. Triphora pahneri Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holotvpe, No. 747 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Col!.), from Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. off Taboga Island, Panama. Length, 3.2 mm; diameter, LI mm. (Page 209.) Fig. 2. Triphora marshi Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holotype, No. 745 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Veragua, Panama. Length, 4.66 mm; diameter, 1.33 mm. (Page 214.) Fig. 3. Triphora marshi Strong & Hertlein, new species. Paratype, No. 745A (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Veragua, Panama. Length, 4 mm; diameter, 1.21 mm. (Page 214.) Fig. 4. Eumete bimarginata C. B. Adams. Hypotype, No. 726 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. off Taboga Island, Panama. Length, 7.8 mm ; diameter, 2.0 mm. (Page 215.) Fig. 5. Rissoina (Folinia) signae Bartsch. Hypotype, No. 741 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Veragua, Panama. Length, 2.13 mm; diameter, 1.1 mm. (Page 234.) Fig. 6. Cerithiopsis eiseni Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holotype, No. 710 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Veragua, Panama. Length, 1.8 mm; diameter, 0.8 mm. (Page 216.) Fig. 7. Cerithiopsis gissleri Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holotype, No. 711 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo, Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Veragua, Panama. Length, 3.0 mm; diameter, 0.9 mm. (Page 216.) Fig. 8. Cerithiopsis montezumai Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holotype, No. 712 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,257 (C.A.S.), on rocks on beach below Delessep's Monument at Panama City, Panama. Length, 3.2 mm; diameter, 1.2 mm. (Page 217.) Fig. 9. Elephantanellum heptagonum Carpenter. Hypotype, No. 722 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Veragua, Panama. Length, 1.8 mm; diameter, 0.4 mm. (Page 226.) Fig. 10. Caecum bahiahondaense Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holotype, No. 708 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Veragua, Panama. Length, 1.9 mm; diameter, 0.5 mm. (Page 219.) Fig. 11. Caecum richthofeni Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holotype, No. 709 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. off Taboga Island, Panama. Length, 2.9 mm; diameter, 0.8 mm. (Page 224.) Fig. 12. Micranellmn lohri Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holotype, No. 732 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. off Taboga Island, Panama. Length, 4.4 mm; diameter, 1.2 mm. (Page 225.) Fig. 13. Micranellum lohri Strong & Hertlein, new species. Paratvpe, No. 732A (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. off Taboga Island, Panama. Length, 4.36 mm; diameter, 1.0 mm. (Page 225.) NO. 12 STRONG AND HERTLEIN : MARINE MOLLUSKS PL. 20 NO. 12 STRONG AND HERTLEIN : MARINE MOLLUSKS PL. 21 /! -/ :^ '" ^^^^^: NO. 12 STRONG AND HERTLEIN : MARINE MOLLUSKS 223 PLATE 21 Fig. 1. Barleeia zeteki Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holotvpe, No. 707 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Veragua, Panama. Length, 2.2 mm; diameter, 1.3 mm. (Page 228.) Fig. 2. Amphithalamus trosti Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holotype, No. 706 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Veragua, Panama. Length, 1.1 mm; diameter, 0.7 mm. (Page 228.) Fig. 3. Liotia halhoai Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holotype, No. 728 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. off Taboga Island, Panama. Height, 2.5 mm; diameter, 3.6 mm. View of base. (Page 236.) Fig. 4. Liotia heirni Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holotype, No. 730 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.), dredged in 3 to 9 fms. off Taboga Island, Panama. Height, 1.4 mm; diameter, 2.0 mm. (Page 238.) Fig. 5. Liotia halboai Strong & Hertlein, new species. View of the top of the specimen shown in figure 3. (Page 236.) Fig. 6. Liotia halhoai Strong & Hertlein, new species. Apertural view of the specimen shown in figures 3 and 5. (Page 236.) Fig. 7. Liotia heimi Strong & Hertlein, new species. View of the top of the specimen shown in figure 4. (Page 238.) Fig. 8. Cyclostrema mccullochae Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holotype, No. 716 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Veragua, Panama. Height, 0.5 mm; greatest diameter, 1.1 mm. Basal view. (Page 239.) Fig. 9. Liotia erici Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holotype, No. 729 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Veragua, Panama. Height, 1.3 mm; diameter, 2.0 mm. (Page 237.) Fig. 10. Cyclostrema mccullochae Strong & Hertlein, new species. View of the top of the specimen shown in figure 8. (Page 239.) Fig. 11. Cyclostrema mccullochae Strong & Hertlein, new species. Apertural view of the specimen shown in figs. 8 and 10. (Page 239.) Fig. 12. Cyclostrema bartschi Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holotype, No. 715 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Veragua, Panama. Height, 0.5 mm; greatest diameter, 1.0 mm. View of the top of the specimen. (Page 240.) Fig. 13. Cyclostrema hartschi Strong & Hertlein, new species. Apertural view of the specimen shown in figures 12 and 16. Fig. 14. Circulus hakeri Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holotype, No. 713 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Veragua, Panama. Height, 0.5 mm; greatest diameter, 1.4 mm. (Page 240.) Fig. 15. Circulus hakeri Strong & Hertlein, new species. Apertural view of the specimen shown in figure 14. Fig. 16. Cyclostrema bartschi Strong & Hertlein, new species. Basal view of the specimen shown in figures 12 and 13. (Page 240.) 224 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 Holotype: No. 708 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. Approximately 600 additional specimens were dredged in the same locality. The edge of the aperture does not look fully mature, but in the large number of specimens there is nothing to indicate a later stage of growth. The only west coast species approximating this in size and number of rings is Caecum parvuni C. B. Adams, ^^ also from Panama, but it is said to have "acute-edged moderately prominent distant rings." The specimens so identified in this collection are quite distinct from the present species. Caecum dalli Bartsch,^^ from California, has much the same appearance but is a larger shell wifh broader, flat topped rings. This species is named for Bahia Honda [Deep Bay], Panama, where a collection was made of many species of the smaller mollusks as well as a number of species belonging to the larger forms. Caecum richthofeni Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 20, Fig. 11 Shell consisting of a moderately curved, opaque, white tube of nearly uniform diameter; sculptured with 27 raised rings which are flatly reflected toward the aperture or anterior end of the tube, the edges nearly in contact on the concave side of the tube but separated by open spaces of varying width on the convex side; the flat top of the rings marked with close, microscopic, longitudinal threads; the last 3 rings separated from the balance by a deep, rounded sulcus, showing faint annular striations in the bottom; the last ring contracted to form a broad, sloping face surrounding the aperture; aperture circular, at a slight angle to the curved axis of the tube, the last ring being much narrower on the concave than on the convex side of the tube; posterior end of the tube somewhat contracted, closed by a deep-seated plug en- circled by a high rim ; a clawlike spur rises from the center of the plug with the point extending beyond the rim on the convex side of the tube. Operculum concave, horn colored, with a central nucleus and about 12 concentric rings. The type measures: length, 2.9 mm; diameter of tube, 0.8 mm. PP 48 Caecum parvum C. B. Adams, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York, 1852, pp. 387, (No. 217), 535. "Panama." ■iS Caecum dalli Bartsch, Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 10, no. 20, December 4, 1920, p. 568. Type locality, "San Diego," California. Also known at many stations from San Diego to Lower California. NO. 12 STRONG AND HERTLEIN : MARINE MOLLUSKS 225 Holotype: No. 709 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. oE Taboga Island, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. Fifteen additional specimens were dredged at the same locality. The sculpture of this species is so different from that given in the description of any other west coast species that any comparison would seem to be of little value. This species is named for Ferdinand Freiherr von Richthofen, early member of the California Academy of Sciences. Micranellum lohri Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 20, Figs. 12, 13 Shell consisting of a moderately curved, slightly tapering, opaque, white tube; sculptured with about 50 low, flattened rings separated by narrow, squarish grooves; the anterior end of the tube slightly expanded, the expanded area extending over a width of about 8 rings; the last ring contracted, the face marked with 3 fine, incised, annular lines, forming a narrow, rounded edge to the aperture; aperture circular, at a slight angle to the curved axis o'f the tube, the last ring being nar- rower on the concave than on the convex side of the tube; posterior end closed by a plug encircled by a very narrow raised rim; the entire surface of the plug rising toward the convex side of the tube and ending in a triangular spur near the edge. Operculum concave, horn colored, with a central nucleus and about 12 concentric rings. The type measures: length, 4.4 mm; diameter of tube, 1.2 mm. Holotype: No. 732 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. ofi Taboga Island, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. About 130 additional specimens were dredged at the same locality. The size and shape of this species is quite similar to that of Micranellum crehricinctum Carpenter,^*' from California, but that species has about twice as many and much finer rings. In the younger stages, shown on some of the paratypes, the rings are so faint that they are only indicated under the microscope. However, the long, slender form and triangular plug would seem to be sufficient to distinguish this stage from any other description of a west coast species. 50 Caecum crehricinctum Carpenter, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., vol. 3, February, 1866, p. 215. "Hah. San Diego, 8-10 fms., 12; Monterey, 20 fms., 20, some alive; Santa Barbara, 20 fms., 3, Cooper." 226 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 This species is named for Dr. Fred von Lohr, who accompanied Dr. W. M. Gabb on an expedition to Lower California, during the pioneer work on the geology of western North America. Elephantanellum heptagonum Carpenter Plate 20, Fig. 9 Caecum heptagonum Carpenter, Mazatlan Catalogue, [1855-] 1857, p. 319. "Mazatlan." Carpenter's brief description from a fragment collected at Mazat- lan, Mexico, "containing a perfect mouth," seems to be unmistakable. A description of the entire shell follows. Shell consisting of a minute, brownish, moderately curved, slightly tapering, seven-sided tube, concave between the slightly raised longi- tudinal ridges at the angles; both ridges and interspaces cut by 32 nar- row, annular grooves, giving the angles a nodulous appearance; the 3 anterior rings on an expanded area separated from the balance of the tube by a shallow sulcus ; the end of the tube beyond the last annular groove contracted, forming a seven-sided face surrounding the aperture; aperture circular, set at a slight angle to the axis of the tube, the expanded area being narrower on the concave than on the convex side of the tube; posterior end of the tube closed by a plug encircled by a narrow rim; from the edge of the plug near the concave side of the tube a sharp, nearly straight, triangular spur rises well above the rim. The specimen figured measures: length, 1.8 mm; diameter of tube, 0.4 mm. Hypotype: No. 722 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. Twenty-one additional specimens were dredged at the same locality and 3 specimens were dredged off Taboga Island, Panama. This species is entirely distinct from any other described from western North America. In addition to the species in this family listed and described in this paper, the Academy's collection contains 3 lots, one of a single specimen dredged off Taboga Island, a second of 20 specimens from the same place, and the third of 3 specimens dredged in Bahia Honda. The specimens in the first two of these lots are badly worn, while the third probably represents young stages. It is not considered advisable to attempt to identify or describe these. NO. 12 STRONG AND HERTLEIN : MARINE MOLLUSKS 227 Fossarus sp. Three specimens belonging to this genus were dredged off Taboga Island, Panama. This genus is credited with 13 species from the west coast, all briefly described and none figured. Iselica kochi Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 19, Fig. 11 Shell small, ovate, grajn'sh white; nucleus minute, depressed, smooth, polished, of a little more than 1 whorl; postnuclear whorls 2^, rapidly enlarging, well rounded, sutures impressed; spiral sculpture of strong, equal and equally spaced cords, of which 4 appear between the sutures and 8 on the body whorl; axial sculpture of finer, closer spaced, re- tractive riblets in the interspaces between the spiral cords, which ride up on the sides of the cords but do not cross the summits; umbilicus moderately large, deep, bounded by the lower spiral cord ; aperture oval, outer lip scalloped by the ends of the spiral cords; columella slender, curved, with a distinct swelling in the middle; body with a thin callus. The type measures: length, 1.5 mm; diameter, 1.2 mm. Holotype: No. 727 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. Three additional specimens were dredged at the same locality. While these specimens are probably not fully adult, the species would seem to be even smaller than Iselica maculosa Carpenter, ^^ de- scribed from Mazatlan, Mexico, and much smaller than the other more northern species. They lack the shouldered whorls and colored spots by which Carpenter distinguishes Iselica maculosa from the larger Iselica ovoidea Gould. ^- None of the 4 specimens retains any epidermis. This species is named for Mr. Karl Koch, ornithologist of the San Diego Zoological Society, who accompanied the expedition. 5i/ja/)ij maculosa Carpenter, Mazatlan Catalogue, [1855-] 1857, p. 355. "Mazatlan." ^'Narica ovoidea Gould, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, October, 1853, p. 380, pi. 14, fig. 10. "Purchased at Mazatlan." [According to Dall (U. S. Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper 59, 1909, p. 204) this paper was issued in advance of the Journal, separately, April, 1852.] 228 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 Barleeia zeteki Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 21, Fig. 1 Shell oval, light yellowish; nuclear whorls 2, well rounded, faintly thimble pitted; postnuclear whorls 5, smooth, moderately rounded, sutures distinct ; periphery of last whorl obscurely angulated ; base moderately long ; aperture large, rather flaring, outer lip thin ; inner lip curved, strong, the edge separated from the body whorl for its entire length, and continued as a raised callus over the body to a junction with the outer lip, rendering the peritreme complete. The type measures : length, 2.2 mm; diameter, 1.3 mm. Holotype: No. 707 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. One hundred sixty additional speci- mens were dredged at the same locality and 150 off Taboga Island, Panama. None of these specimens were living and all are probably more or less bleached. The various species in the genus can only be separated by slight differences in size, shape, and color. The present species differs from Barleeia polychroma De Folin,^^ the only species to be reported from Panama, in the more elongated shape, less rounded whorls, and angulated periphery. It resembles Barleeia dalli Bartsch,^^ dredged off San Diego, California, in shape but is much smaller and lacks the spiral thread on the angulated periphery. This species is named for Dr. James Zetek, of the Institute for Research in Tropical America, at Barro Colorado Island Biological Laboratoiy, in the Panama Canal Zone. Amphithalamus trosti Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 21, Fig. 2 Shell minute, ovate, brownish, with nuclear whorls lighter; nuclear whorls nearly 2, well rounded, marked with fine spiral striations and equally fine, retractive axial threads; postnuclear whorls 2^, moderately rounded, narrowly shouldered at the summit, smooth except for retrac- tive lines of growth, sutures distinct ; periphery of the last whorl marked ^^ Rissoa polychroma De Folin, Fonds de la Mer, vol. 1, 1870, p. 133, pi. 20, fig. 3. Panama Bay. 54 Barleeia dalli Bartsch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 58, November 9, 1920, p. 168, pi. 13, fig. 10. Dredged "in 71 to 75 fathoms on sand and mud bottom, off Point Loma, California." NO. 12 STRONG AND HERTLEIN : MARINE MOLLUSKS 229 by a rounded cord below which the suture is laid, leaving it fully ex- posed above the suture on the spire; base short, with a broad, rounded spiral cord bounding the wide umbilicus; aperture oval, oblique, outer lip moderately thick; inner lip entirely separated from the body whorl but fusing with the lower portion of the columella and connected with the posterior angle of the outer lip by a shelly bridge ; columella strong, curved. The type measures: length, 1.1 mm; diameter, 0.7 mm. Holotype: No. 706 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. One hundred thirty additional speci- mens were dredged at the same locality. This exclusively west coast genus of shells has not previously been reported south of Magdalena Bay, Lower California, from which lo- cality Amphithalatnus stephensae Bartsch^^ has been recorded. The pres- ent species is quite similar to Amphithalamiis inclusus Carpenter,^^ de- scribed from San Diego, California. It differs principally in the slightly smaller size and in having the peripheral cord fully exposed on the spire. This species is named for Mr. Henry Trost of the M. H. de Young Museum, in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California. Rissoina adamsi Bartsch ?var. Plate 19, Fig. 4 Rissoina admnsi Bartsch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 49, 1915, pp. 47- 48, pi. 30, fig. 5. "The type, which is in the Amherst collection, comes from Panama." Hypotype: No. 740 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. off Taboga Island, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. Forty specimens were dredged off Taboga Island, Panama, and 25 were dredged in Bahia Honda, Panama. Adams described Rissoa janus^'^ from 2 specimens found in the sand, ^^ Amphithalamus stephensae Bartsch, Proc. Nat. Mus., vol. 70, art. 11, April 8, 1927, p. 28, pi. 4, fig. 5. "Collected by Mrs. C. L. Simons in Magdalena Bay, Lower California." Other specimens collected at Turtle Bay, Lower Cali- fornia. 56 Amphithalamus inclusus Carpenter, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. IS, 1865, p. 181. "Hab. Sta. Barbara (Jewett) ; S. Diego (Cooper)."— Bartsch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, 1912, p. 264, text fig. 2. San Diego, California; Santa Catalina Island, California. 57 Rissoa janus C. B. Adams, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 5, 1852, pp. 403, 538. "Panama." 230 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 PLATE 22 Fig. I. Circulus bakeri Strong & Hertlein, new species. View of the top of the specimen shown on plate 21, figures 14 and 15. (Page 240.) Fig. 2. Circulus nicholsoni Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holotvpe, No. 714 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. off Taboga Island, Panama. Height, 0.8 mm; greater diameter, 3.1 mm. (Page 241.) Fig. 3. Circulus nicholsoni Strong & Hertlein, new species. Apertural view of the specimen shown in figures 2 and 4. (Page 241.) Fig. 4. Circulus nicholsoni Strong & Hertlein, new species. Basal view of the specimen shown in figures 2 and 3. (Page 241.) Fig. 5. Delphinoidea hannai Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holotype, No. 721 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Veragua, Panama. Height, 0.4 mm; greater diameter, 1.0 mm. (Page 242.) Fig. 6. Delphinoidea hannai Strong & Hertlein, new species. View of the top of the specimen shown in figures 5 and 7. (Page 242.) Fig. 7. Delphinoidea hannai Strong & Hertlein, new species. Basal view of the specimen shown in figures 5 and 6. (Page 242.) Fig. 8. Delphinoidea hambachi Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holotype, No. 720 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. oif Taboga Island, Panama. Height, 0.7 mm; greater diameter, 3.2 mm. (Page 243.) Fig. 9. Delphinoidea hambachi Strong & Hertlein, new species. View of the top of the specimen shown in figures 8 and 10. (Page 243.) Fig. 10. Delphinoidea hambachi Strong & Hertlein, new species. Basal view of the specimen shown in figures 8 and 9. (Page 243.) NO. 12 STRONG AND HERTLEIN : MARINE MOLLUSKS PL. 22 '*" NO. 12 STRONG AND HERTLEIN : MARINE MOLLUSKS PL. 23 11 NO. 12 STRONG AND HERTLEIN : MARINE MOLLUSKS 233 PLATE 23 Fig. 1. Megalomphalus hancocki Strong & Hertlein, new species. Paratype, No. 731 A (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Veragua, Panama. Greater diameter, 4.1 mm; lesser diameter, 3.3 mm; height, 1.7 mm. (Page 235.) Fig. 2. Megalomphalus hancocki Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holotype, No. 731 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. off Taboga Island, Panama. Greater diameter, 2.13 mm; lesser diameter, 1.81 mm; height, 1.0 mm. (Page 235.) Fig. 3. Megalomphalus hancocki Strong & Hertlein, new species. Another view of the specimen shown in figure 1. Fig. 4. Megalomphalus hancocki Strong & Hertlein, new species. Basal view of specimen shown in figure 2. (Page 235.) Fig. 5. Teinostoma hemphilli Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holotype, No. 743 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Veragua, Panama. Height, 0.8 mm; greater diameter, 1.1 mm. (Page 244.) Fig. 6. Teinostoma ochsneri Strong & Hertlein, new species. Holotype, No. 744 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Veragua, Panama. Height, 0.7 mm; greater diameter, 1.5 mm. (Page 244.) Fig. 7. Lamellaria inflata C. B. Adams. Hypotype, No. 773 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,257 (C.A.S.), beach below Delessep's Monument, Panama City, Panama. Height, 2.26 mm; greater diameter (with aperture horizontal), 4.78 mm; lesser diameter, 3.66 mm. (Page 236.) Fig. 8. Teinostoma hemphilli Strong & Hertlein, new species. View of the top of the specimen shown in figures 5 and 11. (Page 244.) Fig. 9. Teinostoma ochsneri Strong & Hertlein, new species. View of the top of the specimen shown in figures 6 and 12. (Page 244.) Fig. 10. Lamellaria inflata C. B. Adams. View of the top of the specimen shown in figures 7 and 13. (Page 236.) Fig. 11. Teinostoma hemphilli Strong & Hertlein, new species. Basal view of the specimen shown in figures 5 and 8. (Page 244.) Fig. 12. Teinostoma ochsneri Strong & Hertlein, new species. Basal view of the specimen shown in figures 6 and 9. (Page 244.) Fig. 13. Lamellaria inflata C. B. Adams. Basal view of the specimen shown in figures 7 and 10. (Page 236.) 234 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 of which variety a is the larger. Bartsch described Rissoina adajiisi with this variety a as the type, giving the length as 6.0 mm. Concerning the type of R. janus he stated^^ that the shell is so worn that it would be impossible to decide whether spiral sculpture may have been present or absent, and that the only thing that will help in the identification is the outline. With but very few exceptions, our specimens, of which 40 were dredged off Taboga Island and 25 in Bahia Honda, Panama, differ from the figure and description of the type of Rissoina adamsi in being smaller (with one less whorl) and in having both the axial and spiral sculpture finer. The specimen figured has 3 smooth, well-rounded nuclear whorls and 6 postnuclear whorls. It was dredged off Taboga Island, Panama, and measures: length, 3.8 mm; diameter, 1.6 mm. These specimens may be Rissoina janus but Bartsch 's figure of the type indicates fewer axial ribs and a less conical shape. This might be due to the worn condition of the shell. In any case, the differences do not seem to be great enough to warrant the description of a new species. Rissoina (Folinia) signae Bartsch Plate 20, Fig. 5 Rissoina (Folinia) signae Bartsch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 49, July 24, 1915, p. 61, pi. 31, figs. 1 and 4. "The type, which is said to come from Negrito Island (loc. ?) or Margarita Island, Bay of Panama"=i?wort insignis De Folin, Les Meleagrinicoles, (Havre), 1867, pp. 48-49, pi. 5, figs. 2 and 3, not Rissoa insignis Adams & Reeve, 1850. Hypotype: No. 741 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. A single specimen dredged in Bahia Honda, Panama, seems to agree reasonably well with the figure and description given by Bartsch. This is Rissoa insignis De Folin, 1867 (not Adams & Reeve, 1850), and is stated (De Folin, p. 9) to have come from "I'Ocean pacifique" . . . "pechees aux environs des Negritos" or "autour des iles aux Perles, dans la baie de Panama." There has been some question as to whether refer- ence was made to Negritos Island in Panama Bay, or to Negros Island in the Philippines. ^^ Rissoina janus C. B. Adams, Bartsch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 49, 1915, pp. 60, 61, pi. 32, fig. 8. Panama. NO. 12 STRONG AND HERTLEIN : MARINE MOLLUSKS 235 Neither the figure nor description shows the 2 strong spiral cords, one forming a bridge connecting the cusps at the posterior end of the axial ribs and the other near the base of the whorls, shown on our specimen. Megalomphalus hancocki Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 23, Figs. 1-4 Shell small, depressed, white; nuclear whorls about 2, very small, smooth, glossy, brownish, forming an elevated, globular apex; post- nuclear whorls nearly 3, rapidly enlarging, inflated, well rounded above, with a distinct suture, below with a wide funicular umbilicus, bounded by an obscure angle; entire surface sculptured with sharp, close-spaced, incremental threads and finer, closer-spaced spiral threads, which are most prominent in the interspaces; aperture semilunate, very oblique; outer lip thin, flaring; columella slender, nearly straight, the upper end expanded into a short, thin callus which renders the peritreme complete. The type measures: greater diameter, 2.13 mm; lesser diameter, 1.81 mm; height, 1.0 mm. Holotype: No. 731 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. off Taboga Island, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. Four much smaller, young specimens were dredged off Taboga Island, Panama. The sculpture of this species is quite similar to that of Megalom- phalus californiciis DalP^ from the Santa Barbara Islands, California, but that is a much more elevated shell. Megalomphalus occidentalis Bartsch,^*' the only other west coast species placed in the genus, is also a more elevated shell with much finer sculpture. Megalomphalus souver- biei De Folin^^ has a smaller umbilicus and a groove on the top of the body whorl just below the suture, whereas the new species has a larger umbilicus and lacks the groove in the body whorl. ^^Macromphalina californica Dall, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 16, December 31, 1903, p. 175. Santa Barbara Channel, California. Megalomphalus californiciis Dall, U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 112, 1921, p. 166, pi. 14, fig. 7. "Santa Barbara Islands." ^^ Macromphalina occidentalis Bartsch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 32, March 12, 1907, p. 233, text figs, a and b. Type locality, "Point Abreojos, Lower California." '^'^ SigareUis sowverbiei De Folin, Les Meleagrinicoles (Havre), 1867, p. 68, pi. 6, figs. 8 and 9. On p. 9 it was stated that the shells described in the volume came from "I'Ocean pacifique," "aux environs des Negritos" and "autour des lies aux Perles, dans la baie de Panama." 236 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 This species is named for Captain Allan Hancock, whose generosity made possible the expedition, during which the collection for this report was made. Lamellaria inflata C. B. Adams Plate 23, Figs. 7, 10, 13 Stomatella inflata C. B. Adams, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 5, 1852, pp. 440, 543. "Panama."— Carpenter, Rept. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., for 1863 (issued 1864), p. 551. Reprint in Smithson. Misc. Coll., No. 252, 1872, p. 37. "Stomatella inflata is a Lamellaria." — Carpenter, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1863, p. 359. Reprint in Smithson. Misc. Coll., No. 252, 1872, p. 194. An excellent specimen of this species was collected at Loc. 27,257 (C.A.S.), on the beach below Delessep's Monument, at Panama City, Panama. Adams originally described the species from Panama. Liotia balboai Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 21, Figs. 3, 5, 6 Shell small, solid, depressed turbinate, grayish white with broad, brown, axial markings; nuclear whorls nearly 2, small, smooth; post- nuclear whorls 33^ ; axial sculpture on the last whorl of 3 keels, one on the periphery, a second a little above it on the shoulder of the whorl, and the third at an equal distance below the peripheral keel, the 3 being separated by broad grooves; the suture is laid on the lower of the 3 keels leaving the upper 2 exposed in the spire, with the groove between the peripheral and the lower keel forming the channeled suture ; in addition to the spiral keels there are 2 fine spiral threads on the flattened space between the upper keel and the suture; axial sculpture of fine, close-spaced riblets over the entire surface; base flattened be- tween the lower keel and the edge of the umbilicus; umbilicus large, the outer edge sharply angulated with 8 nodules on the angle; aperture circular, pearly within, outer lip thickened, greatly so at the posterior angle; inner lip thin where it bounds the umbilicus, spreading above. Operculum concave, with a central nucleus and about 8 granular whorls. The type measures: diameter, 3.6 mm; height, 2.5 mm. Holotj'pe: No. 728 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. off Taboga Island, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. One hundred and seventy-five addi- tional specimens, of all ages, were dredged at the same locality, and 2 adult and 10 young specimens were dredged in Bahia Honda. I NO. 12 STRONG AND HERTLEIN : MARINE MOLLUSKS 237 In the entire lot there is considerable difference in the color and in the number and strength of the axial riblets and intercalary spiral threads but the shape and major sculpture remain constant. The present species resembles Liotia rammata DalP^ described from Magdalena Bay, Lower California, but the latter is a larger shell with but 2 spiral keels, more rounded whorls, and a smaller umbilicus. This species is named for the Spanish explorer Vasco Nunez de Balboa, who crossed the Isthmus of Panama, and who is reported to have been the first European explorer to view the Pacific Ocean from American shores. Liotia erici Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 21, Fig. 9 Shell small, turbinate, solid, grayish white; nuclear whorls Ij^, smooth, very small; postnuclear whorls 3^, well rounded, sutures slightly channeled ; spiral sculpture of 4 raised threads on the first post- nuclear whorl and 8 on the second ; on the last whorl there are about 16 fine threads above the shoulder, followed by 12 slightly larger threads on the periphery and upper part of the base, umbilicus bordered by 2 still larger cords with fine intercalary threads; axial sculpture of fine, close-spaced riblets in the interspaces between the spiral threads over the entire surface; periphery of last whorl and base well rounded, um- bilicus narrow, with a deep groove between the inner lip and the last spiral cord; aperture circular, the posterior angle falling low on the body whorl; outer lip thick, smooth; inner lip thin where it borders the umbilicus, spreading above. Operculum unknown. The type meas- ures: diameter, 2.0 mm; height, 1.3 mm. Holotype: No. 729 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. Three additional specimens were dredged at the same locality. In size and shape this species is very similar to the last, but the lack of prominent spiral sculpture makes it entirely different from any other species described from the west coast. This species is named for a former Assistant Curator of Paleon- tology of the California Academy of Sciences, Mr. Eric Knight Jordan. ^"^ Liotia rammata Dall, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 31, February 27, 1918, p. 7. "Magdalena Bay, L. Cal." — Strong, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, no. 37, 1934, p. 436, pi. 29, figs. 4, 5, 6; pi. 30, figs. 1, 2, 3. Tres Marias Islands, Mexico. Also Ball's original locality record cited. 238 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 Liotia heimi Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 21, Figs. 4, 7 | Shell small, turbinate, solid, white; nuclear whorls 2, small, smooth; postnuclear whorls 3, well rounded, sutures channeled; spiral sculpture on the last whorl of 9 nearly equal and equally spaced cords, of which the upper 3 appear on the spire and the last enters the umbilicus; axial sculpture of raised riblets in the interspaces between the spiral cords; on the spire these riblets are fine and closely spaced, while on the last whorl they form wider spaced bars undulating the cords and pitting the interspaces; periphery of the last whorl and base well rounded, the interspaces between the sixth and seventh and eighth spiral cords very deeply pitted; umbilicus rather small, with an entering groove bounded by the last spiral cord, while the upper part is bounded by the next to the last cord; aperture small, circular, outer lip thick, undulated by the ends of the spiral cords ; inner lip thin where it bounds the umbilicus, spreading above. Operculum unknown. The type measures: diameter, 2.0 mm; height, 1.4 mm. Holotype: No. 730 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. off Taboga Island, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. Three additional specimens were dredged at the same locality and 4 specimens were dredged in Bahia Honda, Panama. In common with many species in the genus there is some variation in the character and strength of the axial sculpture while the spiral sculp- ture remains very constant. The present species belongs in the group with Liotia acuticostata Carpenter^ ^ and its varieties from southern and Lower California. It differs in the greater number of spiral cords and stronger axial riblets. This species is named for Dr. Arnold Heim, Swiss geologist, in recognition of his contributions to the geology of Lower California. 63 Margarita acuticostata Carpenter, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., vol. 3, July, 1864, p. 157. "Hab. Santa Barbara, in kelp-root"; "Catalina Island, 8-10 fms."; "Monterey." Liotia acuticostata Carpenter, Strong, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, no. 37, 1934, p. 437, pi. 29, figs. 7, 8, 9. Isthmus Cove, Santa Catalina Island, California; Guadalupe Island; Magdalena Bay; Cape San Lucas; Tres Marias Islands, Mexico. Also Carpenter's original records of Monterey and Catalina Island cited. NO. 12 STRONG AND HERTLEIN : MARINE MOLLUSKS 239 Cyclostrema mccullochae Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 21, Figs. 8, 10, 11 Shell minute, depressed, semitransparent ; nuclear whorls nearly 2, smooth, rounded, the apex slightly elevated; postnuclear whorls 2; spiral sculpture of 7 cords, of which the first is situated immediately below the impressed suture, the second is on the middle of the upper surface of the whorls, the third forms a sharply angulated shoulder to the whorls, the fourth is on the periphery, the fifth sharply angulates the base, the sixth bounds the broadly open umbilicus, and the seventh is on the middle of the umbilical wall; of these cords the third and fifth bound a nearly square peripheral area on the first half of the body whorl, but as the second, third, and fourth cords grow successively weaker on the last half of the body whorl and disappear before the lip is reached, this part of the last whorl becomes rounded; the first, fifth, and sixth cords increase rather than diminish with age; axial sculpture of rather close, regularly spaced, retractive riblets which appear on the entire surface except on the latter part of the body whorl where they fade out in the same manner as the spiral cords; the junction of the spiral cords and axial ribs slightly nodulous; aperture nearly circular, outer lip fairly thick, slightly undulated by the ends of the fifth and sixth spiral cords ; inner lip strongly curved, with a heavy callus over the body of the shell spanning the third, fourth, and fifth spiral cords. The type measures: greater diameter, 1.1 mm; height, 0.5 mm. Holotype: No. 716 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. Eighty-five additional specimens were dredged at the same locality. This species comes nearer to Cyclostrema ada/nsi Bartsch^'* than to any other species described from the west coast. It differs in the arrange- ment of the spiral cords and in the less distinct sculpture. "Vitrinella" concinna C. B. Adams*^^ would also appear from the description to be quite similar but it is said to be a larger shell with 5 spiral cords. This species is named for Dr. Irene McCulloch of the Department of Zoology of The University of Southern California. 64 Cyclostrema adamsi Bartsch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 39, January 9, 1911, p. 231, pi. 39, figs. 4, 5, 6. "Panama." 6 5 Vitrinella concinna C. B. Adams, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 5, 1852, pp. 408 (No. 258), 539. "Panama." 240 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 Gyclostrema bartschi Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 21, Figs. 12, 13, 16 Shell minute, grayish white, depressed turbinate; nuclear whorls 2, smooth, rounded; postnuclear whorls nearly 2, angulated, sculptured with a compressed spiral keel on the strongly angulated periphery and equally strong, slightly curved axial riblets continuous over both spire and base, 24 appearing on the last whorl ; suture strongly appressed with a ridged fold just below it ; in addition to the angle at the periphery the upper surface of the whorls is divided into 3 nearly equal areas by 2 angles, the space between the sutural fold and the first angle being concave, while the spaces between the first and second angles and the second angle and the peripheral keel are slightly convex; the axial rib- lets between the subsutural fold and the first angle are nearly vertical and much narrower than on the balance of the shell, while those on the space between the second angle and the peripheral keel become strongly retractive ; base slightly convex between the peripheral keel and the sharply angulated edge to the funnel-shaped umbilicus, into which the axial riblets enter deeply, crossing another angle on the middle of the umbilical wall; aperture nearly circular, the posterior angle falling a little above the peripheral keel, outer lip fairly thick; inner lip curved with a thick callus over the body of the shell. The type measures: greater diameter, 1.0 mm; height, 0.5 mm. Holotype: No. 715 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. Twenty-six additional specimens were dredged at the same locality. This species is probably nearer to Cyclostrema miranda Bartsch,^^ described from San Diego, California, than to any other west coast species. It is only about half the size of that species, lacks the spiral cords on the angles of the whorls, and has relatively stronger axial riblets. This species is named for Dr. Paul Bartsch, Curator, Division of Mollusks, United States National Museum at Washington, D. C. Circulus bakeri Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 21, Figs. 14, 15; Plate 22, Fig. 1 Shell minute, depressed, semitransparent ; nuclear whorls 2, well rounded, smooth; postnuclear whorls 2, upper surface of whorls 66 Cyclostrema miranda Bartsch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 39, January 9, 1911, p. 230, pi. 39, figs. 1, 2, 3. "San Pedro, California." \ NO, 12 STRONG AND HERTLEIN : MARINE MOLLUSKS 241 rounded, smooth except for fine lines of growth and, on the first whorl, faint indications of spiral striations, sutures appressed; periphery of last whorl marked by a rounded spiral cord; base rounded, marked by 3 spiral cords, the first about as strong as the peripheral cord and sepa- rated from it by a groove about as wide as the cords; the second and third cords are about equally spaced but are much more slender, these cords followed by a wider smooth space extending to the edge of the wide, open umbilicus, on the walls of which there are 8 strong, toothlike axial folds; aperture nearly circular, the posterior angle falling just above the peripheral keel, outer lip thickened ; inner lip short, straight, with a thick callus over the body of the shell. The type measures: greater diameter, 1.4 mm; height, 0.5 mm. Holotype: No. 713 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. Nine additional specimens were dredged at the same locality. Similar strong axial ribs on the walls of the umbilicus is the char- acter used by Bartsch to define the subgenus Docomphalcfi'^ of the genus Vitrinella. The present species combines this character with the spiral sculpture of the genus Circulus instead of the smooth or axially marked surface of the genus Vitrinella. It may be better to consider Docomphala as a genus characterized by this distinctive sculpture in the umbilicus and add the present species to the 2 California species described by Bartsch. This species is named for the late Dr. Fred Baker, San Diego, California. Circulus nicholsoni Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 22, Figs. 2, 3, 4 Shell small, depressed, opaque white; nuclear whorls about 2, smooth, merging without perceptible change into the following whorls; postnuclear whorls about 3, upper surfaces evenly rounded, smooth ex- cept for microscopic lines of growth, sutures appressed ; periphery of last whorl with a slender, compressed keel; base evenly rounded between the peripheral keel and the sharply angled edge of the open umbilicus, sculptured with strong, curved lines of growth which rise to sharp, microscopic points or serrations on the peripheral keel; umbilicus large, ^'^ Docomphala Bartsch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 32, February 8, 1907, p. 169. "Type. — Vitrinella (Docomphala) stcarnsi." AN 242 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 open, the edge of the shell slightly overlapping the vertical walls on the last vi^horl; aperture oval, the posterior angle falling just below the peripheral keel, leaving it exposed on the later part of the body whorl, outer lip thin; inner lip short, sharply curved, with a thin callus over the body of the shell. The type measures: greater diameter, 3.1 mm; height, 0.8 mm. Holotype: No. 714 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Tj^pe Coll.), from Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. off Taboga Island, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. A second but much smaller speci- men was dredged at Bahia Honda, Panama. The upper surface of this shell is very similar to that of Cir cuius diomedeae Bartsch*^^ also dredged in Panama Bay, but the finely ser- rated peripheral keel and sharply angled edge to the umbilicus are quite different. A little greater development of the incremental lines would form axial riblets and place the species in the genus Cyclostrema. The umbilical characters of this species are quite distinct. Bartsch describes a genus Scissilabra^^^ type 5. dalli Bartsch, which has a veiy similar umbilicus but the genus is based principally on a notched outer lip, a character not apparent in the present species. This species is named for Mr. John L. Nicholson, whose work of arranging the collection of land snails of the California Academy of Sciences has been very helpful in facilitating work on that group of mollusks. Delphinoidea hannai Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 22, Figs. 5, 6, 7 Shell minute, depressed, semitransparent; nuclear whorls 2^, smooth, well rounded ; postnuclear whorls 2, rounded, sutures appressed ; sculpture consisting of fine, close-set spiral threads which are rendered slightly granular by microscopic lines of growth and extend uniformly over the spire and base; of these spiral threads 10 appear on the first whorl between the sutures and about 30 on the last whorl; periphery well rounded ; base rounding into the umbilicus, which in the young stages is open but in the adult shell nearly or quite closed over by an expansion of the body whorl back of the base of the inner lip. Aperture ^^ Circulus diomedeae Bartsch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 39, January 9, 1911, p. 232, pi. 40, figs. 1, 2, 3. Dredged "in 62 fathoms, on gray sand and broken shell bottom; bottom temperature 59.6°; in the Bay of Panama." ^^ Sctssilahra Bartsch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 32, February 8, 1907, p. 175. "Type.—Scissilahra dalli." NO. 12 STRONG AND HERTLEIN : MARINE MOLLUSKS 243 nearly circular, very oblique, outer lip fairly thick; inner lip thick, strongly curved, with a strong callus over the body of the shell. The type measures: greater diameter, 1.0 mm; height, 0.4 mm. Holotype: No. 721 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. Nine additional specimens were dredged at the same locality and 8 specimens dredged of^f Taboga Island, Panama. This species appears to be quite similar in shape and sculpture to "Circulus" rossellinus Dall,"^ described from San Diego, California, but it is only half the size. The closing over of the umbilicus is some- what like that in the genus Teinostonia but there is no defined callus pad or tongue, simply a change in the shape of the last whorl. This species is named for Dr. G. Dallas Hanna, Curator of the Department of Paleontology of the California Academy of Sciences. Delphinoidea hambachi Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 22, Figs. 8, 9, 10 Shell small, depressed, semitransparent ; nuclear whorls 2^^, smooth, well rounded, with the apex slightly elevated; postnuclear whorls 2]/^, slightly rounded, sutures closely appressed; spiral sculpture on the first whorl of 6 raised threads Vv^hich gradually increase in number but di- minish in strength until on the last whorl they can hardly be distin- guished; these are crossed by still finer lines of growth which give the threads a granular and the interspaces a pitted appearance under the microscope; peripheiy of the last whorl well rounded; base slightly rounded, umbilicus small, deep, more or less constricted by an expansion of the body whorl back of the base of the inner lip; aperture nearly circular, the posterior angle falling at the upper edge of the rounded periphery, outer lip fairly thick; inner lip greatly thickened, strongly curved, with a moderate callus over the body of the shell. The type measures: greater diameter, 3.2 mm; height, 0.7 mm. Holotype: No. 720 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,228 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. ofiE Taboga Island, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. A second adult and 3 young speci- mens were dredged at the same locality. 70 f Circulus rossellinus Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 56, August 30, 1919, p. 368. "Off South Coronado Island, near San Diego, California, collected by Dr. Fred Baker, in three fathoms." 244 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 In general appearance this species is very similar to Delphinoidea hannai Strong & Hertlein, but it is much larger and flatter, with fewer, less distinct spiral threads and a more open umbilicus. This species is named for Dr. Gustav Hambach, whose library and collections, acquired by the California Academy of Sciences after the earthquake and fire of 1906, have been of great use in research work. Teinostoma hemphilli Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 23, Figs. 5, 8, 11 Shell minute, helicoid, smooth except for fine lines of growth, trans- lucent, shining; nuclear whorls about 2, merging imperceptibly into the following whorls; postnuclear whorls about 2^, well rounded, sutures closely impressed, with the basal portion of the preceding whorl shining through the wall of the succeeding whorl, the last whorl only moder- ately enlarged; periphery and base well rounded; aperture nearly circu- lar, outer lip fairly thick; inner lip strongly curved, thickened, with a spreading callus which forms a pad nearly filling the umbilicus but leaving a narrow open chink. The type measures: greater diameter, 1.1 mm; height, 0.8 mm. Holotype: No. 743 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. Thirteen additional specimens were dredged in the same locality and 2 specimens dredged off Taboga Island, Panama. This species is evidently quite similar to "Vitrinella" regularis C. B. Adams''^^ but is smaller and lacks the "impressed spiral line just below the suture." The new species also has a higher spire and the columella is more nearly vertical than in the species described by Adams. This species is named for Mr. Henry Hemphill, early collector of mollusks on the Pacific coast. Much of his fine collection is now in the California Academy of Sciences. Teinostoma ochsneri Strong & Hertlein, new species Plate 23, Figs. 6, 9, 12 Shell minute, depressed, semitransparent ; nuclear whorls 2, rounded, smooth; postnuclear whorls 2, everywhere marked with curved lines of 71 Vitrinella regularis C. B. Adams, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 5, 1852, pp. 412 (No. 266), 540. "Panama." Teinostoma regularis C. B. Adams, Baker, Hanna & Strong, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 23, no. 15, 1938, p. 239, pi. 22, figs. 1, 2, 3. Maria Madre Island, Tres Marias Islands, Mexico. ! NO. 12 STRONG AND HERTLEIN : MARINE MOLLUSKS 245 growth; sutures impressed; the last whorl with a strong spiral cord on the shoulder, the area between it and the suture concave; periphery well rounded; base rounded, with a spiral cord on the middle similar to that on the upper surface; umbilicus entirely filled with a concave callus pad ; aperture nearly circular, slightly angulated by the basal cord, the posterior angle falling a little below the upper cord, outer lip thin; inner lip thick, strongly curved, with a thin callus over the body of the shell. The type measures: greater diameter, 1.5 mm; height, 0.7 mm. Holotype: No. 744 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27,229 (C.A.S.), dredged in from 3 to 9 fms. in Bahia Honda, Panama. L. G. Hertlein collector. Six additional specimens were dredged at the same locality. Among the specimens described from the west coast this seems to be nearest to Teinostoma supravallata Carpenter'''- from southern and Lower California. The latter has a similar subsutural cord but lacks the one on the base. This species is named for Washington Henry Ochsner, who, as geologist, accompanied the expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Galapagos Islands, 1905-1906. Mr. Ochsner collected many marine and land shells for the Academy's collection during that expedition. 72 Ethalia supravallata Carpenter, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., vol. 3, February, 1866, p. 215. ''Hub. San Diego, Cooper, shell-washings." REPORTS ON THE COLLECTIONS OBTAINED BY ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS OF VELERO III OFF THE COAST OF MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, SOUTH AMERICA, AND GALAPAGOS ISLANDS IN 1932, IN 1933, IN 1934, IN 1935, IN 1937, IN 1938, AND IN 1939. REVISION OF THE NEMERTEAN FAUNA OF THE PACIFIC COASTS OF NORTH, CENTRAL, AND NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA (Plates 24-31) By W. R. COE The University of Southern California Publications Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions Volume 2, Number 13 Issued February 27, 1940 The University of Southern California Press Los Angeles, California ! REVISION OF THE NEMERTEAN FAUNA OF THE PACIFIC COASTS OF NORTH, CENTRAL, AND NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA (Plates 24-31) W. R. COE Osborn Zoological Laboratory, Yale University, and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California* In preparation of this report the collection of nemerteans obtained by the Allan Hancock Expeditions during the cruises of 1933-1939 on the coasts of Mexico, Central America, Ecuador, and Peru has been supple- mented by an extensive series obtained by the writer and others during a number of years on the coast of California and northward. The writer welcomes this opportunity of revising the nomenclature in conformity with modern usage as well as of supplementing the descrip- tions of a number of species which were not included in the 1905 mono- graph or which more recent studies have shown to have been inadequately treated in that publication. Moreover, the known geographical distri- bution of most of the species has been greatly extended by the more recent investigations, and the types of habitat have been found to be more variable for certain species than the earlier accounts would indicate. Opportunity is also offered for the illustration of a number of species of which no figures have been published previously. The monograph on the ribbon worms of the west and northwest coasts of North America (Coe, 1905) contained descriptions of 85 sup- posedly valid species, but more extensive collections in the intervening years have included younger stages, intergrading individuals, and color variations, which prove that 7 of these are specifically identical with other species found on the Pacific coast or in other parts of the world. During these years, 4 new species have been described from these regions, and 7 species already known from European or American shores bordering the Atlantic Ocean have been added to the Pacific coast fauna. The present report includes descriptions of one new genus, Amphi- nemertes, and five additional new species, Euborlasia hancocki, E. nigro- * Contributions from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, New Series, No. 85. [247] K^^^^^i A P 248 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 cincta, Ototyphlonemertes spiralis, Amphiporus peruvianus, and Tetra- stemma sexlineatum, bringing the number of species found on the Pacific coast of North, Central, and South America between the Arctic Ocean and Ecuador to a total of 94. Two of these are bathypelagic. Several new color varieties are also described. Of the 98 species included in this report, 4 are not known to occur north of Peru and 8 others, including one bathypelagic species, have been found only in the region from Ecuador to the Gulf of California. The remaining 86 species, including one that is bathypelagic and one that is limited to fresh water, have been reported at various localities from the coast of California and northward. An appended list includes 17 supposed species reported from Peru and southward which were not represented in the Allan Hancock collections and which appear to differ from those found on the Pacific Coast north of the equator. The geographical distribution as far as at present known of the 111 littoral species recorded from the entire coast from the Arctic Ocean to Patagonia is shown in Table 1. It will be noted that 18 of the species are thought to be identical with well-known European species; 17 of the Pacific Coast species occur also on the Atlantic coasts south of Europe and 13 on the east coast of North America. Some of them appear to have a world-wide distribution. The changes in nomenclature and more particularly the greater variability which has been found in the appearance and coloration of younger and older individuals of the various species have necessitated the formulation of revised keys to the families, genera, and species. Since the ecological conditions on the Pacific coast change gradually and without well-marked faunistic barriers from the Bering Strait to the equatorial regions, there is a constant overlapping in the geographical distribution of the various representatives of the nemertean fauna. For convenience, however, the 10,000 or more miles of seacoast comprising the entire region may be considered as representing 5 intergrading zones. In such a classification, the northern zone would extend from the Aleu- tian Islands to the Arctic Ocean; the north central zone would include the coasts of Alaska and British Columbia from the Aleutian Islands to Puget Sound ; the central zone would then extend from Cape Flattery to Cape Arguelos or Point Conception ; the south central, or semitropical, zone would cover the coast of southern California and Lower California to Cape San Lucas ; and the southern, or tropical, zone the Gulf of Cali- fornia and the entire coast southward to Ecuador. NO, 13 COE : REVISION OF THE NEMERTEAN FAUNA 249 The Peruvian littoral fauna is evidently more closely similar to that of Chile and Patagonia than to the tropical zone on the northward, presumably because of the colder southern waters which flow northward adjacent to the coast. The entire region south of Ecuador would thus comprise a sixth faunal zone. The collections of the Allan Hancock Expeditions included the south central and southern of these 5 faunal zones and the coast of Peru. The known southern range of a considerable number of species has been thereby greatly extended. For the reasons stated above, however, the species of all zones will be grouped together into a comprehensive list which will give also the geographical distribution of each species as far as at present known. Table 1 will indicate the numer of species of each of the genera which have been found in each zone up to the year 1939. In the geographical distribution as given for each species specific localities, if numerous, will be indicated only by the limits of the known range. Bibliographic references to species described previous to the publi- cation of the monograph of 1905 will not be repeated in the literature list to be found at the end of this report. In the synoptic keys which are given for the determination of families, genera, and species, only those groups and species are included which are known to be represented on the North Pacific coast from Ecuador to the Arctic Ocean. Hence, such of the Peruvian species obtained by the Allan Hancock Expeditions as are not also known to occur north of the equator are included only in the descriptive lists of species. 250 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 < u u 03 f- 4.) CO < ^C O U T} CJ C 3 b O M-i U < CO Ph OJ 'G Pb ILI o Ch m S: N-) o O H u D ca 2 H 6 3 tn C Q a < y 5 a. 05 u o u O -3 c S 3 ;5 ? C o « o i~ K < u H a u S u o u < 3 V C F a o 3 3 n h O ^J g o a U «) ex u tj o < u (O H ei y tu CO s ■3 a o Z to O re M o D. 3 4J fc* >-. N CQ ro ■»-H i-H CM : ! ^H tJ- >o ! t^ ; to ; 1-4 i N ; ra ! CO _3 03 3 n u o 3 5 NO. 13 COE : REVISION OF THE NEMERTEAN FAUNA 251 K a. ■2 V. R « R < .2-^ '- o c; a, « ~ a 5 C ^, s^ « 5^ a o Q 03 co< R Vj ^ a R M •31 u Oh o M s C o O c^ C^J •a £ C o -i- oi M o O) c^ N C^J 43 < H o J= Cu o c c a; o OO <-2 "5 u « O gl3 hs ss U) a fq 252 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 LIST OF SPECIES * indicates species not known to occur north of the equator. ** indicates species not known to occur north of the Gulf of California. All others have been found north of Cape San Lucas. TUBULANUS 1. albocinctus 2. capistratus 3. cingulatus 4. frenatus 5. pellucidus 6. polymorphus 7. sexlineatus CARINOMELLA 8. lactea CARINOMA 9. mutabilis PROCEPHALOTHRIX 10. major 11. spiralis BASEODISGUS 12. **delineatus 12a. **delineatus curtus 13. **mexicanus 14. *platei 15. princeps 16. punnetti ZYGEUPOLIA 17. rubens EUBORLASL\ 18. **hancocki 19. **maxima 20. nigrocincta LINEUS 21. *atrocaeruleus 22. bilineatus 23. flavescens 24. **geniculatus 25. pictifrons 26. ruber 27. rubescens 28. torquatus 29. vegetus MICRURA 30. alaskensis 31. impressa 32. nebulosa 33. nigrirostris 34. olivaris 35. pardalis 36. verrilli 37. wilsoni CEREBRATULUS 38. albifrons 39. californiensis 40. *corrugatus 41. herculeus 42. lineolatus 43. longiceps 44. marginatus 45. montgomeryi 46. occidentalis 47. signatus I DIPLOPLEURA 48. ** vivesi EMPLECTONEMA 49. biirgeri 50. gracile 51. purpuratum NEMERTOPSIS 52. gracilis 52a. gracilis bullocki PARANEMERTES 53. californica 54. carnea 55. pallida 56. peregrina DICHONEMERTES 57. hartmanae CARCINONEMERTES 58. epialti NO. 13 COE : REVISION OF THE NEMERTEAN FAUNA 253 OTOTYPHLONEMERTES 59. spiralis PROSORHOCHMUS 60. albidus 61. OERSTEDIA dorsalis ZYGONEMERTES 62. albida 63. thalassina 64. virescens AMPHIPORUS 65. angulatus 66. bimaculatus 67. californicus 68. cruentatus 69. flavescens 70. formidabilis 71. fulvus 72. gelatinosus 73. imparispinosus 73a. imparispinosus similis 74. macracanthus 75. nebulosus 76. occidentalis 77. pacificus 78. paulinus 79. *peruvianus 80. punctatulus 81. rubellus 82. tigrinus AMPHINEMERTES 83. caeca TETR-^STEMMA 84. aberrans 85. bicolor 86. bilineatum 87. candidum 88. nigrifrons 89. quadrilineatum 90. reticulatum 91. sexlineatum 92. signifer PROSTOMA 93. rubrum DREPANOPHORUS 94. **crassus 95. ritteri PLANKTONEMERTES 96. **agassizii NEGTONEMERTES 97. pelagica MALACOBDELLA 98. grossa 254 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 Order PALEONEMERTEA Key to the Families Represented on Pacific Coast 1. Mouth situated immediately behind brain ; nephridia with single pair of large collecting tubules and efferent ducts . . . . , 2 2. Lateral nerves situated at base of body epithelium or external to circular muscles of body walls, at least in anterior portion of body; internal circular musculature relatively thin; lateral sense organs present ; rhynchocoel vessels absent .... Tubulanidae 2. Lateral nerves situated outside muscular layers in anterior por- tion of esophageal region but imbedded in longitudinal muscles in nephridial region and posteriorly; internal circular muscula- ture enormously developed in nephridial region; lateral sense organs absent ; rhynchocoel vessels present .... Carinomidae L Mouth situated far behind brain ; nephridia with very numerous minute efferent ducts; body filiform; head sharply pointed . . Cephalotrichidae Family Tubulanidae Key TO Genera L Lateral nerve cords at base of body epithelium or external to circular musculature throughout body; cerebral sense organs present Tubulanus 1. Lateral nerve cords external to circular musculature anteriorly and imbedded in longitudinal musculature in nephridial region and posteriorly; cerebral sense organs absent . . . Carinomella Genus TUBULANUS Renier Seven species belonging to this genus have been found on the North Pacific coast. Key to Species 1. Body of somewhat homogeneous color, without definite markings 2 L With distinct longitudinal or transverse markings, or both . . 3 2. Body very soft, attaining a length of nearly 2 m when fully extended ; deep red, orange, or bright vermilion . . polymorphus 2. Body minute, very slender; whitish and somewhat translucent i pellucidus 3. Yellow, rosy, or greenish, with black longitudinal and transverse markings. Body large, rather firm, only moderately slender, at- taining a length of 50 cm or more; pale yellowish or rosy, some- times with greenish tinge, with 3 longitudinal velvety black lines and a series of narrow rings of similar color f renatus NO. 13 coe: revision of the nemertean fauna 255 3. Red or brown, with white markings 4 4. Deep red, with a series of narrow white rings but without longi- tudinal lines. Body firm, rather stout, upward of 30 cm long; deep red, with a series of narrow white rings placed at frequent intervals throughout body albocinctus 4. Brown, with longitudinal and transverse white markings . . 5 5. With 3 longitudinal white lines. Slender, up to a meter in length; brown, with numerous narrow transverse rings and 3 parallel longitudinal white lines, of which one is in the dorso- median line and one just below each lateral margin . . capistratus 5. With 4, 5, or 6 longitudinal white lines 6 6. Body slender, subcylindrical, often 15 cm or more in length; deep brown, with a series of white rings and 4 longitudinal white lines, of which 2 are lateral, while the other 2 divide dor- sal surface of body into 3 equal parts cingulatus 6. Body slender, subcylindrical, often half a meter or more in length when fully extended ; brown or chocolate, with numerous narrow white rings and 5 or 6 parallel longitudinal white lines, of which one is in the median dorsal line, 2 on each lateral sur- face, and the sixth, when present, is usually merely indicated in the ventromedian line sexlineatus 1. Tubulanus albocinctus (Coe), 1904 Carinella albocincta Coe, 1904, 1905. Habitat. Dredged among red algae at depths of 100 to 200 m. Distribution. Off the coast of southern California. 2. Tubulanus capistratus (Coe), 1901 Carinella capistrata Coe, 1901, 1904, 1905. Habitat. Lives in delicate, twisted, paperlike tubes beneath stones and among algae and other growths. Distribution. Alaska, and from Puget Sound to Monterey Bay, Cali- fornia. 3. Tubulanus cingulatus (Coe), 1904 Carinella cingulata Coe, 1904, 1905. Habitat. Low water to depths of 30 m or more on soft bottom. Distribution. At present known only from Monterey Bay to San Diego, California. 256 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 4. Tubulanus frenatus (Coe), 1904 Carinella frenata Coe, 1904, 1905. Habitat. Among algae, mussels, and other growths, near low-water mark and below on rocks and piers. Distribution. Southern California. \ 5. Tubulanus pellucidus (Coe), 1895 Carinella pellucida Coe, 1895, 1905. Habitat. In delicate parchmentlike tubes under stones and among algae and other growths between tides. Distribution. Coasts of New England; Monterey Bay to San Diego, California. 6. Tubulanus polymorphus Renier, 1804 T. polymorphus Burger, 1895, 1904; Carinella rubra Griffin, 1898; Coe, 1904, 1905 ; C. speciosa Coe, 1901. Habitat. Beneath stones and among mussels and other growths; be- tween tides in muddy situations and below low-water mark at moderate depths. Distribution. Northern coasts of Europe, Mediterranean; on the Pa- cific coast from the Aleutian Islands, coast of Alaska, British Columbia, Puget Sound, Oregon, and southward to Monterey, California. Reproduction. A large individual of this species will supply a vast number of ova for experimental studies during the summer months. The eggs may be teased from body fragments, washed in clean sea water and sperm added if developmental stages are desired. Development of the direct type proceeds rapidly. 7. Tubulanus sexHneatus (Griffin), 1898 Carinella sexlineata Griffin, 1898; Coe, 1904, 1905; C. dinema Coe, 1901. Habitat. Lives in delicate tubes among algae, mussels, and other growths on rocks and piling between tides and below. Distribution. Alaska to southern California. Genus GARINOMELLA Coe Only a single species of this genus is known at present. I NO. 13 coe: revision of the nemertean fauna 257 8. Carinomella lactea Coe, 1905 Habitat. In sand between tides. Distribution. At present known only from Monterey, San Pedro, and San Diego, California. Family Carinomidae Genus GARINOMA Oudemans Only a single species has been found on the Pacific coast. 9. Garinoma mutabilis Griffin, 1898 (Plate 25, figs. 21, 22) C. griffini Coe, 1901 ; C. mutabilis Coe, 1905. Habitat. In sand, sandy mud, and clay between tides and below. Distribution. British Columbia, Puget Sound, and southward to Gulf of California. (Angeles Bay, Mexico, Hancock Exped.) Reproduction. During the summer months eggs are sometimes depos- ited within a few hours after the worms have been collected and placed in clean sea water. Usually, however, it is necessaiy to obtain a supply for enibi-yological study by cutting the female lengthwise. Sperm may be added from a ripe male. Development of the direct type proceeds rapidly. Family Gephalotrichidae Genus PROCEPHALOTHRIX Wijnhoff Two species of this genus are known from the Pacific coast. Key to Species 1. Body usually twisted, snarled, or knotted into irregular mass, with little tendency to coil in spiral. Pale flesh color, ocher, or straw color, more rosy anteriorly and grayish posteriorly. Length may exceed 1 m; diameter 5 mm or less .... major 1. Body usually coiled spirally when contracted. Whitish, gray, or pale yellow, often with pinkish or greenish tinge. Length up to 15 cm, diameter less than 2 mm spiralis 10. Procephalothrix major (Coe), 1930 (Plate 27, figs. 29, 30) Cephalothrix major Coe, 1930. Body. Filiform, usually twisted, snarled, or knotted into irregular mass with 2-3 cm of anterior end exposed; shows little tendency to coil 258 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 in spiral; head very slender, mouth far back from anterior extremity (Fig. 29). Size. Large individuals exceed 1 m in length, with a diameter of only 2-5 mm or less. Body is very strong and not easily ruptured. Color. Pale flesh color, pale ocher, or straw color, more rosy in an- terior portion, grayish posteriorly. Small individuals grayish white or almost colorless. Ocelli. Absent in mature worm ; a single pair present in larval stages. Nephridia. The peculiar metanephridia (Fig. 30) of this species are large and very numerous (Coe, 1930). Habitat. Beneath stones in hard sand or clay fully exposed to surf. Distribution. At present known only from Montara, California, and southward to Ensenada, Mexico. Regeneration. Individuals of this species are remarkably hardy under laboratory conditions, living for several months in vessels of sea water which is changed occasionally. Posterior regeneration occurs readily, but attempts to obtain anterior regeneration and regulation from body frag- ments have not thus far proved successful. Such fragments may, however, remain alive for several months, during which time the organ systems present become simplified and much reduced in size. Reproduction. During the spring and summer months individuals may be found with mature sexual products. If several individuals are placed together in a vessel of clean sea water, a large number of fertilized eggs may be deposited in strings of mucus during the first or second night after the worms have been collected. Otherwise, eggs may be obtained by cutting the body of a ripe female. Sperm may be added after washing the eggs several times in clean sea water. Development of the direct type pro- ceeds rather slowly, several daj's being required before the young larva leaves the egg membrane. About a month after fertilization the organiza- tion of the adult worm becomes fully established if the lai-va has been suitably fed with mixed cultures of diatoms and other included organisms. 11. Procephalothrix spiralis (Coe), 1930 (Plate 28, fig. 37) Cephalothrix linearis (Rathke) Coe, 1905; C. spiralis Coe, 1930. Body. Filiform in extension, coiled spirally on contraction ; head very long, acutely pointed, mouth situated far back of brain (Fig. 37). Size. Length, 5 to 15 cm when extended; usually only 1-1.5 mm in diameter. NO. 13 COE : REVISION OF THE NEIMERTEAN FAUNA 259 Ocelli. A single pair present in larval stages only. Color. Whitish, gray, or pale yellow, often with pinkish or greenish tinge. Nephridia. The numerous metanephridia of this species have been described by Coe ( 1930) . Habitat. Very common under stones between tides and below in muddy places; often associated with decaying organic matter. Distribution. North Atlantic coast of America, Alaska, British Co- lumbia, Puget Sound to southern California. Regeneration. Posterior regeneration of body fragments takes place rapidly but anterior regeneration has been observed only when cut in front of brain. In the latter case the original proboscis is discharged and a new one replaced from the new cephalic tissues after a month or more. Fragments of the body may remain alive for several months, but a new brain has not been restored in any of the cases under observation. Reproduction. Eggs from ripe females may be obtained during the warmer months of the j^ear. These are usually deposited at night in a string of mucus and are often fertilized at time of deposition or before if both sexes are associated. Development of the direct type occurs also when the eggs are cut from the body of the worm and fertilized artificially. The larva may be fed with cultures of diatoms associated with other minute organisms. As in the case of the other species which have been studied, development proceeds slowly; the larva has a single pair of ocelli, as described for the preceding species. Order HETERONEMERTEA Key to Families 1. Head usually broad and rounded, capable of being withdrawn into body when strongly contracted ; with shallow oblique ce- phalic grooves but without lateral longitudinal grooves. Cutis glands voluminous; connective tissue layer very thick. Proboscis sheath short; proboscis musculature of two layers of which the outer is circular; without muscular crosses. Cephalic glands voluminous Baseodiscidae 1. Head variable in shape; pointed or rounded, according to state of contraction; with deep lateral longitudinal grooves (except in ZygeupoHa). Proboscis musculature usually of three layers (circular, longitudinal, circular) with muscular crosses. Cephalic glands relatively few Lineidae 260 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 Family Baseodiscidae Genus BASEODISGUS Dfesing Four species of this genus have been reported from the North Pacific coast. Key to Species 1. With narrow transverse rings of vi^hite throughout length of body. Body of moderate diameter but may be of great length, sometimes exceeding 2 m; red or brown, with numerous narrow white rings encircling the body ........ mexicanus 1. Without white rings 2 2. Longitudinally striated with numerous interrupted and irregu- larly anastomosing, very narrow black or dark brown lines delineatus 2. Without longitudinal striations 3 3. Yellow, thickly sprinkled with small, irregular, dark red spots; body may reach very large size, sometimes 2 m or more in length princeps 3. Deep red, orange red, mahogany, or reddish brown, sometimes covered with whitish bloom ; anterior portion of head with broad spot of darker color, bordered terminally and laterally by white punnetti 12. Baseodiscus delineatus (Delle Chiaje), 1823-1829 Polia delineata Delle Chiaje, 1823-1829; Eupolia delineate Burger, 1895 ; Baseodiscus delineatus Burger, 1904. Habitat. Beneath stones and among corals and other growths as well as in sand near low-water mark and below. Distribution. One of the most widely distributed of all species of nemerteans, being reported from both Northern and Southern hemi- spheres and under widely diverse temperature conditions; Mediterranean to Cape Verde Islands, Mauritius, Fiji Islands, Barbados, Bermuda, Chile, Gulf of California. One specimen, about 30 cm in length and 7 mm in width, was collected by the Allan Hancock Expedition of 1937 on the shore of San Francisco Island and another at Espiritu Santo Island, both in the Gulf of California. NO. 13 coe: revision of the nemertean fauna 261 12a. Baseodiscus delineatus var. curtus (Hubr.) Polia curta Hubrecht, 1879; Eupolia curta Burger, 1895. This variety differs from the typical form of B. delineatus in having the body less slender and in having the markings composed of small red or brown dots or larger mottlings without definite pattern instead of interlacing longitudinal lines. The two varieties are often associated. Distribution. Of world-wide occurrence; Mediterranean, East Indies, Polynesia, Mauritius, Bermuda, West Indies, on the Pacific coast in the Gulf of California, and on the coast of Chile. 13. Baseodiscus mexicanus (Biirger), 1895 (Plate 26, figs. 24-26) Eupolia mexicana Burger, 1895; Taeniosoma mexicana Coe, 1905; Jou- bin, 1905. Body. Long and slender, moderately flattened even when contracted; usually twisted and knotted into tangled mass ; head demarcated by annu- lar constriction ; body very firm and not easily ruptured. Size. Usually about 20-80 cm in length, occasionally up to 2 m or even 4 m; 2-10 mm or more in width; body when contracted about half as long as when living. Ocelli. Small and numerous, in elongated cluster on each antero- lateral surface of head. Color. Brownish green, maroon, deep red, mahogany, or brownish violet, with numerous white rings encircling body at irregular intervals; head usually bordered anteriorly and laterally by narrow horizontal white band. The number of white rings may exceed 300 in a large indi- vidual. In most specimens the white rings are very thin on ventral surface and often incomplete in the midventral line. Some partial rings are usu- ally situated dorsolaterally in the spaces between two complete rings. The thickness of the rings and their distance apart vary with the state of contraction of each region of the body. This species has been reported previously from the Gulf of California, west coasts of Central America and Panama, and from the Galapagos Islands. It was collected by the Allan Hancock Expeditions at Ballena Bay, Espiritu Santo Island, San Francisco Island, and Agua Verde Bay, Lower California, Mexico; Black Beach Anchorage, Charles Island, Cartago Bay, Albemarle Island, Darwin Bay, Tangales, Bahia Honda, Taboga Island, Panama, and Coconut Beach, Colombia. Several of 262 ALLAN HANCOCK PACIFIC EXPEDITIONS VOL. 2 these specimens exceeded 1 m in length and were 12 to 18 mm in width when contracted. This is evidently the most abundant as well as the most conspicuous species of nemertean on the tropical Pacific coast. Habitat. In twisted tubes of tough mucus beneath stones and among shells and corals along the shore near low-water mark and off shore at depths up to 100 m or more. 14. Baseodiscus platei Burger, 1896 Eupolta platei Burger, 1896; Isler, 1901. This species, previously known only from the coasts of Chile and Peru, was represented in the collections of the Allan Hancock Expedition of 1935 by a single specimen about 23 cm long and 5 mm wide. It was obtained from the shore of the lee side of Vieja Island, Independencia Bay, Peru. 15. Baseodiscus princeps (Coe), 1901 Taeniosoma princeps Coe, 1901, 1904, 1905. Habitat. In mud and under stones in muddy situations between tides. Distribution. At present reported only from the coast of Alaska and Puget Sound. 16. Baseodiscus punnetti (Coe), 1904 Taeniosoma punnetti Coe, 1904, 1905, 1905a; Joubin, 1905. Habitat. Common among red algae, corallines, corals, and other growths from near low-water mark to depths of 100 m or more. Distribution. At present known only from Monterey Bay to San Diego, California, and southward to the Gulf of California, Mexico. Family Lineidae Key to Genera 1. Lateral edges of body folded back over dorsal surface to form longitudinal groove in dorsomedian line Diplopleura 1. Dorsal surface without median longitudinal groove .... 2 2. Without longitudinal cephalic grooves; caudal cirrus present Zygeupolia 2. With longitudinal cephalic grooves 3 NO. 13 COE : REVISION OF THE NEMERTEAN FAUNA 263 3. Caudal cirrus absent; proboscis sheath usually much shorter than body 4 3. Caudal cirrus present; proboscis sheath usually nearly as long as body 5 4. Body remarkably thick and massive, usually nearly cylindrical when fully extended but broad and much flattened in intestinal region when partially contracted; ocelli absent; muscular layers of body wall with reddish tinge Euborlasia 4. Body long and slender, filiform in some species, rounded or flat- tened in others, very contractile; ocelli present in most species Lineus 5. Body rather soft, usually flattened ; lateral margins not thin ; not adapted for swimming; mouth small and round; proboscis sheath often much shorter than body, but proboscis very slender and much longer than body ; ocelli usually present . . . Micrura 5. Body firm, long and ribbonlike; much flattened in intestinal re- gion, with very thin lateral margins and well adapted for swim- ming; body less contractile than in other genera; dorsoventral and diagonal muscles well developed ; mouth large and elon- gated in some species ; ocelli very small or absent in most species Cerebratulus